SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2023

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 17636-1:2013
Neporušitveno preskušanje zvarnih spojev - Radiografsko preskušanje - 1. del:
Tehnike z rentgenskimi in gama žarki z uporabo filmov (ISO 17636-1:2022)
Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing - Part 1: X- and gamma-ray
techniques with film (ISO 17636-1:2022)
Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen - Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1:
Röntgen- und Gammastrahlungstechniken mit Filmen (ISO 17636-1:2022)
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés - Contrôle par radiographie - Partie 1:
Techniques par rayons X ou gamma à l'aide de film (ISO 17636-1:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 17636-1:2022
ICS:
25.160.40 Varjeni spoji in vari Welded joints and welds
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 17636-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
August 2022
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 25.160.40 Supersedes EN ISO 17636-1:2013
English Version
Non-destructive testing of welds - Radiographic testing -
Part 1: X- and gamma-ray techniques with film (ISO
17636-1:2022)
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés - Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung von Schweißverbindungen -
Contrôle par radiographie - Partie 1: Techniques par Durchstrahlungsprüfung - Teil 1: Röntgen- und
rayons X ou gamma à l'aide de film (ISO 17636-1:2022) Gammastrahlungstechniken mit Filmen (ISO 17636-
1:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 June 2022.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 17636-1:2022 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 17636-1:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44 "Welding
and allied processes" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 121 “Welding and allied
processes” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2023, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2023.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 17636-1:2013.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards
body/national committee. A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 17636-1:2022 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 17636-1:2022 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17636-1
Second edition
2022-07
Non-destructive testing of welds —
Radiographic testing —
Part 1:
X- and gamma-ray techniques with
film
Essais non destructifs des assemblages soudés — Contrôle par
radiographie —
Partie 1: Techniques par rayons X ou gamma à l'aide de film
Reference number
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms.3
5 Classification of radiographic techniques . 4
6 General preparations and requirements . 4
6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation . 4
6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture . 4
6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph . 5
6.4 Identification of radiographs . 5
6.5 Marking . 5
6.6 Overlap of films . 5
6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQIs) . 5
6.8 E valuation of image quality . 6
6.9 Minimum image quality values. 6
6.10 Personnel qualification . 7
7 Recommended techniques . 7
7.1 Test arrangements . 7
7.1.1 General . 7
7.1.2 Single-wall penetration of plane objects (see Figure 1) . 8
7.1.3 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source outside the
object (see Figures 2 to 4) . 8
7.1.4 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source inside the object
for panoramic exposure (see Figures 5 to 7) . 9
7.1.5 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source located off-
centre and inside the object (see Figures 8 to 10) . 10
7.1.6 Double-wall penetration and double-image evaluation (DWDI) of pipes
with the elliptic technique and the source and the film outside the object
(see Figure 11) . 11
7.1.7 Double-wall penetration and double-image evaluation (DWDI) with the
perpendicular technique and source and film outside the object (see
Figure 12) . 11
7.1.8 Double-wall penetration and single-image evaluation (DWSI) of curved
objects for evaluation of the wall next to the film (see Figures 13 to 16) . 11
7.1.9 Penetration of objects with different material thicknesses (see Figure 17
to 19) .13
7.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source . 13
7.2.1 X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV . 13
7.2.2 Other radiation sources . 14
7.3 Film systems and metal screens . 15
7.4 Alignment of beam . 17
7.5 Reduction of scattered radiation . 17
7.5.1 Metal filters and collimators . 17
7.5.2 Interception of backscattered radiation . 17
7.6 Source-to-object distance . 18
7.7 Maximum area for a single exposure . 20
7.8 Optical density of radiograph . 20
7.9 Processing . 21
7.10 Film viewing conditions . 21
8 Test report .21
iii
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Annex A (normative) Number of exposures for acceptable testing of a circumferential butt
weld .23
Annex B (normative) Minimum image quality values .28
Annex C (informative) Calculation of maximum X-ray tube voltages from Figure 20 .35
Bibliography .36
iv
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/
iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes,
Subcommittee SC 5, Testing and inspection of welds, in collaboration with the European Committee for
Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 121, Welding and allied processes, in accordance
with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 17636-1:2013), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— the normative references have been updated;
— the Figures have been updated;
— references to Figures 1 to 19 have been updated throughout the document;
— in 6.7 the use of ASTM wires and other image quality indicators (IQIs) by agreement of contracting
parties has been added;
— in 6.7 a) the acceptance of a shorter wire visibility than 10 mm for pipes with an external
diameter < 50 mm has been added;
— in 6.7, 6.8 and 6.9 a clarification for the IQI usage for the double-wall double-image (DWDI) technique
has been added;
— in 6.9 and 7.2.2 the lower thickness limit for Se 75 applications has been deleted;
— measurement of optical density in the root of the weld has been clarified;
— IQI use for the DWDI technique has been clarified.
A list of all parts in the ISO 17636 series can be found on the ISO website.
v
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html. Official interpretations of
ISO/TC 44 documents, where they exist, are available from this page: https://committee.iso.org/sites/
tc44/home/interpretation.html.
vi
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Non-destructive testing of welds — Radiographic testing —
Part 1:
X- and gamma-ray techniques with film
1 Scope
This document specifies techniques of radiographic testing of fusion-welded joints in metallic materials
using industrial radiographic film techniques with the object of enabling satisfactory and repeatable
results. The techniques are based on generally recognized practice and fundamental theory of the
subject.
It applies to the joints of plates and pipes in metallic materials. Besides its conventional meaning, “pipe”
as used in this document covers other cylindrical bodies, such as tubes, penstocks, boiler drums and
pressure vessels.
This document does not specify acceptance levels for any of the indications found on the radiographs.
The ISO 10675 series provides information on acceptance levels for weld evaluation.
If contracting parties apply lower test criteria, it is possible that the quality achieved will be significantly
lower than when this document is strictly applied.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 5576, Non-destructive testing — Industrial X-ray and gamma-ray radiology — Vocabulary
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel
ISO 11699-1, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic film — Part 1: Classification of film
systems for industrial radiography
ISO 11699-2, Non-destructive testing — Industrial radiographic films — Part 2: Control of film processing
by means of reference values
ISO 19232-1, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 1: Determination of the
image quality value using wire-type image quality indicators
ISO 19232-2, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 2: Determination of the
image quality value using step/hole-type image quality indicators
ISO 19232-4, Non-destructive testing — Image quality of radiographs — Part 4: Experimental evaluation
of image quality values and image quality tables
ASTM E 747, Standard Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire
Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
EN 12543 (all parts), Non-destructive testing — Characteristics of focal spots in industrial X-ray systems
for use in non-destructive testing
EN 12679, Non-destructive testing — Radiographic testing — Determination of the size of industrial
radiographic gamma sources
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
JIS Z2306, Radiographic image quality indicators for non-destructive testing
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 5576 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
nominal thickness
t
thickness of the parent material only where manufacturing tolerances do not have to be considered
3.2
penetration thickness change
Δt
change of penetrated thickness (3.3) relative to the nominal thickness (3.1) due to beam angle
3.3
penetrated thickness
w
thickness of material in the direction of the radiation beam calculated on the basis of the nominal
thicknesses (3.1) of all penetrated walls
3.4
object-to-film distance
b
distance between the radiation side of the radiographed part of the test object and the film surface,
measured along the central axis of the radiation beam
Note 1 to entry: The abbreviated term OFD can also be used.
3.5
source size
d
size of the radiation source or focal spot size
Note 1 to entry: See the EN 12543 series or EN 12679.
3.6
source-to-film distance
SFD
distance between the source of radiation and the film, measured in the direction of the beam
Note 1 to entry: SFD = f + b
where
f is source-to-object distance (3.7);
b is object-to-film distance (3.4).
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
3.7
source-to-object distance
f
distance between the source of radiation and the source side of the test object, measured along the
central axis of the radiation beam
Note 1 to entry: The abbreviated term SOD can also be used.
3.8
external diameter
D
e
nominal diameter of the outer surface of the pipe
3.9
weld area to evaluate
WAE
area to be evaluated on the radiograph, which contains the weld and the heat-affected zone (3.11) on
both sides
3.10
area of interest
AoI
minimum area which should be evaluated on the radiograph and which contains the weld, the heat-
affected zone (3.11) on both sides and all lead letters, markers and image quality indicators (IQIs)
3.11
heat-affected zone
HAZ
area beside the weld influenced by the heating and cooling process of the welding
Note 1 to entry: This is considered to be the two areas beside the weld, each with the same width as the weld cap
but with at least 10 mm to be considered for evaluation.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the symbols and abbreviated terms given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and abbreviated terms
Symbol or abbreviated Definition
term
AoI area of interest
b object-to-film distance
b′ object-to-film distance perpendicular to test object
d source size, focal spot size (see EN 12679 and the EN 12543 series)
D external diameter
e
d value of the diagonal extension of the film, used for testing
f
DWDI double-wall double-image
DWSI double-wall single-image
f source-to-object distance
f′ source-to-object distance perpendicular to test object
F film
f minimum source-to-object distance
min
NOTE The source-to-detector-distance (SDD), as used in digital radiography (see ISO 17636-2), is equivalent to SFD in
film radiography.
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol or abbreviated Definition
term
HAZ heat-affected zone
IQI image quality indicator
S radiation source
SFD source-to-film distance
t nominal thickness
Δt penetration thickness change
w penetrated thickness
WAE weld area to evaluate
β opening angle of source window or collimator to central beam
NOTE The source-to-detector-distance (SDD), as used in digital radiography (see ISO 17636-2), is equivalent to SFD in
film radiography.
5 Classification of radiographic techniques
The radiographic techniques are divided into two testing classes:
— testing class A: basic techniques;
— testing class B: improved techniques.
Testing class B techniques are used when testing class A techniques are insufficiently sensitive.
Radiographic techniques providing higher sensitivity than testing class B are possible and may be
agreed between the contracting parties by specification of all appropriate test parameters.
The choice of radiographic technique shall be agreed between the contracting parties.
If, for technical or industrial reasons, it is not possible to meet one of the conditions specified for testing
class B, such as the type of radiation source or the source-to-object distance, f, it may be agreed by
contracting parties that the condition selected can be that specified for testing class A. The loss of
sensitivity shall be compensated by an increase of minimum density to 3,0 or by selection of a better
film system testing class with a minimum optical density of 2,6. The other conditions for testing class
B remain unchanged, especially the image quality achieved (see Tables B.1 to B.12 and 6.9). Because of
the better sensitivity than testing class A, the test specimen may be regarded as being tested to testing
class B. This does not apply if the special SFD reductions as described in 7.6 for test arrangements 7.1.4
and 7.1.5 (Figures 5 to 10) are used.
6 General preparations and requirements
6.1 Protection against ionizing radiation
WARNING — Exposure of any part of the human body to X-rays or gamma-rays can be highly
injurious to health. Wherever X-ray equipment or radioactive sources are in use, appropriate
health and safety requirements shall be applied.
NOTE Local, national and international regulations and safety precautions provide additional information.
6.2 Surface preparation and stage of manufacture
In general, surface preparation is not necessary, but where surface imperfections or coatings can cause
difficulty in detecting defects, the surface shall be ground smooth or the coatings shall be removed.
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Unless otherwise specified, radiography shall be carried out after the final stage of manufacture, for
example after grinding or heat treatment.
6.3 Location of the weld in the radiograph
Where the radiograph does not show the weld, high-density markers shall be placed on both sides of
the weld outside the WAE.
6.4 Identification of radiographs
Symbols shall be affixed to each section of the object being radiographed. The images of these symbols
shall appear in the radiograph outside the WAE where possible and shall ensure unambiguous
identification of the section. Another identification system may be part of the contract agreement.
6.5 Marking
Permanent markings on the object to be tested shall be made in order to accurately locate the position
of each radiograph, for example zero-point, direction, identification, measure.
Where the nature of the material and/or its service conditions do not permit permanent marking, the
location may be recorded by means of accurate sketches or photographs.
6.6 Overlap of films
When radiographing an area with two or more separate films, the films shall overlap sufficiently to
ensure that the complete WAE is radiographed. This shall be verified by a high-density marker on the
surface of the object which is to appear on each film.
6.7 Types and positions of image quality indicators (IQIs)
The quality of images shall be verified by the use of IQIs in accordance with ISO 19232-1 or ISO 19232-2.
IQIs according to ASTM E 747 or JIS Z2306 may be used, instead, if their material group fits better
to the test object or component. Tables for the conversion of wire numbers of ASTM E 747, JIS Z2306
and ISO 19232-1 can be found in these documents. By agreement between contracting parties, other
IQIs with the same radiographic attenuation as the test object and the same dimensions as defined in
ISO 19232-1 or ISO 19232-2 may be used.
The single wire or step hole IQIs used shall be placed on the source side of the test object at the centre of
the AoI on the parent metal beside the weld. The identification symbols and, when used, the lead letter
F shall not be in the WAE, except when geometric configuration makes it impractical. The IQI shall be in
close contact with the surface of the object. Its location shall be made in a section of uniform thickness
characterized by a uniform optical density on the film.
According to the IQI type used, cases a) and b) shall be considered.
a) When using a wire IQI, the wires shall be directed perpendicular to the weld and its location shall
ensure that at least 10 mm of the wire length shows in a section of uniform optical density, which is
normally in the parent metal adjacent to the weld. For exposures in accordance with 7.1.6 and 7.1.7
(Figures 11 and 12), the IQI should be placed with the wires across the pipe axis and they should
not be projected into the image of the weld. The visible wire length may be shorter than 10 mm for
external pipe diameters smaller than 50 mm. In this case, the visible wire length shall be ≥ 20 % of
the external pipe diameter.
b) When using a step hole IQI, it shall be placed in such way that the required hole is placed close to
the weld.
For single-wall exposures in accordance with 7.1.4 and 7.1.5 (Figures 5 to 10), the IQI type used may be
placed either on the source side (use Tables B.1 to B.4) or on the film side. If the IQIs cannot be placed at
the source side, the IQIs are placed on the film side and the image quality shall be determined at least
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
once from comparison exposure, with one IQI placed at the source side and one at the film side under
the same conditions.
For double-wall exposures in accordance with 7.1.6 and 7.1.7 (Figures 11 to 12), the IQI type used shall
be placed on the source side (use Tables B.5 to B.8). By agreement between contracting parties, the IQI
may be placed on the film side (use Tables B.9 to B.12).
For double-wall exposures in accordance with 7.1.8 (Figures 13 to 16), the IQI type used may be placed
on the film side. When the IQI is placed on the film side, refer to Tables B.9 to B.12.
Where the IQIs are placed on the film side, the letter F shall be placed near the IQI and shall be visible in
the radiographic image and this shall be stated in the test report.
If steps have been taken to guarantee that radiographs of similar test objects and regions are produced
with identical exposure and processing techniques, and no differences in the image quality value are
likely, the image quality does not need to be verified for every radiograph. The extent of image quality
verification should be subject to agreement between the contracting parties.
For exposures of pipes with the source centrally located, at least three IQIs should be placed equally
spaced at the circumference. The films showing IQI images are then considered representative for the
whole circumference.
6.8 E valuation of image quality
The films shall be viewed in accordance with 7.10.
From the evaluation of the image of the IQI on the radiograph, the number of the smallest wire or hole
which can be discerned shall be determined. The image of a wire is accepted if a continuous length of at
least 10 mm is clearly visible in a section of uniform optical density, typically in the HAZ near the weld
[see 6.7 a) for pipes with smaller diameters]. In the case of the step hole type IQI, if there are two holes
of the same diameter, both shall be discernible in order that the step be considered as visible. See also
6.7 a), for the exception of DWDI evaluation of small pipes.
The IQI value obtained shall be indicated in the test report of the radiographic testing. In each case, the
type of indicator used shall be clearly stated, as shown on the IQI.
6.9 Minimum image quality values
The minimum image quality values given in Annex B shall be used. Tables B.1 to B.12 show the
minimum IQI values for metallic materials. For other materials, these requirements or corresponding
requirements may be agreed upon by contracting parties and shall be noted in the report. The
requirements shall be determined in accordance with ISO 19232-4.
In cases where Ir 192 or Se 75 sources are used for copper-based alloys, steel or nickel-based alloys, IQI
values poorer than the ones listed in Tables B.1 to B.12 may be accepted exceptionally as follows. This
shall be noted in the report.
For DWDI techniques, values shown in Tables B.5 to B.12, both testing class A and testing class B
(w = 2t):
— 10 mm < w ≤ 25 mm: one wire value fewer or one step hole value more for Ir 192;
— w ≤ 12 mm: one wire value fewer or one step hole value more for Se 75.
For single-wall single-image and double-wall (w = 2t) single-image techniques, values shown in
Tables B.1, B.2, B.9 and B.10, testing class A:
— 10 mm < w ≤ 24 mm: two wire values fewer or two step hole values more for Ir 192;
— 24 mm < w ≤ 30 mm: one wire value fewer or one step hole value more for Ir 192;
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
— w ≤ 24 mm: one wire value fewer or one step hole value more for Se 75.
For single-wall single-image and double-wall single-image techniques, values shown in Tables B.3, B.4,
B.11 and B.12, testing class B:
— 10 mm < w ≤ 40 mm: one wire value fewer or one step hole value more for Ir 192;
— w ≤ 20 mm: one wire value fewer or one step hole value more for Se 75.
For Se 75 and penetrated thicknesses less than 12 mm, it can be difficult to achieve the IQI values
required for testing class B. In this particular case, the minimum optical density shall be increased to
3,0 and at least one film system class better shall be used than required in Table 3 or Table 4.
If the IQI values for Se 75 and penetrated thicknesses less than 12 mm cannot be achieved as described,
the required IQI values and test conditions shall be agreed by the contracting parties based on
ISO 19232-4.
6.10 Personnel qualification
Personnel performing non-destructive testing in accordance with this document shall be certified
in radiographic testing in accordance with ISO 9712 or an equivalent internationally or nationally
accepted certification scheme to an appropriate level in the relevant industrial sector.
7 Recommended techniques
7.1 Test arrangements
7.1.1 General
Radiographic techniques in accordance with 7.1.2 to 7.1.9 (Figures 1 to 19) shall be used, if possible.
Films shall be placed as close as possible to the object.
The elliptical technique (double-wall and double-image) in accordance with Figure 11 should only be
used for D ≤ 100 mm, wall thickness t ≤ 8 mm and weld width ≤ D /4. Two 90° displaced images are
e e
sufficient if t/D < 0,12; otherwise, three elliptical images are needed. The distance between the two
e
projected weld images shall be about one weld width.
When it is not possible to carry out an elliptical testing for D ≤ 100 mm, the perpendicular technique
e
in accordance with 7.1.7 (Figure 12) may be used. In this case, three exposures 120° or 60° apart are
required, depending on the access around the pipe.
For test arrangements in accordance with Figures 13 and 14, the inclination of the beam shall be kept
as small as possible and be such as to prevent superimposition of the two images. The source-to-
object distance, f′, shall be kept as small as possible for the technique shown in Figures 13 and 14, in
accordance with 7.6. The IQI shall be placed on the film side close to the film with a lead letter F.
Radiographic techniques other than those in 7.1.2 to 7.1.9 (Figures 1 to 19) may be agreed by the
contracting parties when it is useful, for example for reasons such as the geometry of the piece or
differences in material thickness. In 7.1.9 (Figures 17 to 19) an example of such a case is presented.
Additionally, thickness compensation with the same material may be applied. Multi-film techniques
shall not be used to reduce exposure times on uniform sections.
If radiation protection is a major concern, a maximum of two films may be exposed during one exposure
by agreement of contracting parties.
In Annex A, the minimum number of radiographs required is given in order to obtain an acceptable
radiographic coverage of the total circumference of a butt weld in pipe.
NOTE Unless otherwise noted, definitions of the symbols used in Figures 1 to 21 and in the annexes can be
found in Clause 4.
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
7.1.2 Single-wall penetration of plane objects (see Figure 1)
NOTE If the distance, b, in Figure 1 is less than 1,2 t, then the nominal thickness t can be used for b and f can
be considered as the distance from the source to the parent material surface.
Figure 1 — Arrangement for testing of planar welds with the radiation source on one side and
the film on the opposite side
7.1.3 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source outside the object (see
Figures 2 to 4)
NOTE If the distance, b, in Figure 2 is less than 1,2 t, then the nominal thickness, t, can be used for b and f can
be considered as the distance from the source to the parent material surface.
Figure 2 — Arrangement for testing of curved objects with the radiation source outside and the
film inside
Figure 3 — Arrangement for testing of set-in welds with the radiation source outside and the
film inside
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Figure 4 — Arrangement for testing of set-on welds with the radiation source outside and the
film inside
7.1.4 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source inside the object for panoramic
exposure (see Figures 5 to 7)
Figure 5 — Arrangement for testing of welds with a centrally located radiation source (central
projection) and the film outside
Figure 6 — Arrangement for testing of set-in welds with a radiation source, located on the
central pipe axis and perpendicular to the weld centre, and the film outside
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Figure 7 — Arrangement for testing of set-on welds with a radiation source, located on the
central pipe axis and perpendicular to the weld centre, and the film outside
7.1.5 Single-wall penetration of curved objects with the source located off-centre and inside
the object (see Figures 8 to 10)
Figure 8 — Arrangement for testing of welds with the radiation source located off-centre inside
the object and the film outside
Figure 9 — Arrangement for testing of set-in welds with the radiation source located off-centre
inside the object and the film outside
Figure 10 — Arrangement for testing of set-on welds with the radiation source located off-
centre inside the object and the film outside
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
7.1.6 Double-wall penetration and double-image evaluation (DWDI) of pipes with the elliptic
technique and the source and the film outside the object (see Figure 11)
NOTE The source-to-object distance can be calculated by the perpendicular distance f ′, calculated from b’.
Figure 11 — Arrangement for testing of both walls of pipes with the elliptic technique
7.1.7 Double-wall penetration and double-image evaluation (DWDI) with the perpendicular
technique and source and film outside the object (see Figure 12)
Figure 12 — Arrangement for testing of both walls of pipes with the perpendicular technique
7.1.8 Double-wall penetration and single-image evaluation (DWSI) of curved objects for
evaluation of the wall next to the film (see Figures 13 to 16)
Figure 13 — Arrangement for testing of curved objects with the radiation source outside and
evaluation of the wall next to the film with the IQI placed close to the film
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Figure 14 — Arrangement for testing of curved objects with the radiation source outside,
located directly on the surface and evaluation of the wall next to the film with the IQI placed
close to the film
Figure 15 — Arrangement for testing of pipes with longitudinal welds with the radiation source
outside and evaluation of the wall next to the film with the IQI placed close to the film
Figure 16 — Arrangement for testing of set-in welds with the radiation source outside and
evaluation of the wall next to the film with the IQI placed close to the film
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
7.1.9 Penetration of objects with different material thicknesses (see Figure 17 to 19)
a) Arrangement for testing without b) Arrangement for testing with
compensating edge compensating edge
Key
1 compensating edge
Figure 17 — Arrangement for testing of fillet welds with an oblique film position
Figure 18 — Arrangement for testing of fillet welds with a perpendicular film position
Figure 19 — Arrangement for testing with a multi-film technique
7.2 Choice of tube voltage and radiation source
7.2.1 X-ray devices up to 1 000 kV
To maintain a good flaw sensitivity, the X-ray tube voltage should be as low as possible. The maximum
values of X-ray tube voltage versus penetrated thickness are given in Figure 20.
ISO 17636-1:2022(E)
Key
U X-ray tube voltage, kV 1 copper and nickel and its alloys
w penetrated thickness, mm 2 ste
...