SIST EN IEC 62812:2019

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN IEC 62812:2019
01-oktober-2019
Meritve nizke upornosti - Metode in navodila (IEC 62812:2019)
Low resistance measurements - Methods and guidance (IEC 62812:2019)
Messung niederohmiger Widerstände - Verfahren und Leitfaden (IEC 62812:2019)
Mesures de faibles résistances - Méthodes et recommandations (IEC 62812:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN IEC 62812:2019
ICS:
31.040.01 Upori splošno Resistors in general
SIST EN IEC 62812:2019 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN IEC 62812:2019

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SIST EN IEC 62812:2019


EUROPEAN STANDARD EN IEC 62812

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
July 2019
ICS 31.040.01

English Version
Low resistance measurements - Methods and guidance
(IEC 62812:2019)
Mesures de faibles résistances - Méthodes et Messung niederohmiger Widerstände - Verfahren und
recommandations Leitfaden
(IEC 62812:2019) (IEC 62812:2019)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2019-06-06. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.


European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
 Ref. No. EN IEC 62812:2019 E

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SIST EN IEC 62812:2019
EN IEC 62812:2019 (E)
European foreword
The text of document 40/2665/FDIS, future edition 1 of IEC 62812, prepared by IEC/TC 40
"Capacitors and resistors for electronic equipment" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote
and approved by CENELEC as EN IEC 62812:2019.
The following dates are fixed:
• latest date by which the document has to be implemented at national (dop) 2020-03-06
level by publication of an identical national standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national standards conflicting with the (dow) 2022-06-06
document have to be withdrawn

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 62812:2019 was approved by CENELEC as a European
Standard without any modification.

In the official version, for Bibliography, the following notes have to be added for the standards
indicated:
IEC 60115-2 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60115-2
IEC 60115-8 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60115-8
IEC 60301 NOTE Harmonized as EN 60301
IEC 61249-5-1 NOTE Harmonized as EN 61249-5-1

2

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SIST EN IEC 62812:2019
EN IEC 62812:2019 (E)
Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments)
applies.
NOTE 1  Where an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.
NOTE 2  Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu.
Publication Year Title EN/HD Year
IEC 60068-1 -  Environmental testing - Part 1: General and guidance EN 60068-1 -
IEC 60115-1 (mod) 2008 Fixed resistors for use in electronic equipment - Part EN 60115-1 2011
1: Generic specification
- -   + A11 2015
IEC 60294 -  Measurement of the dimensions of a cylindrical EN 60294 -
component with axial terminations



3

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SIST EN IEC 62812:2019



IEC 62812

®


Edition 1.0 2019-05




INTERNATIONAL



STANDARD




NORME



INTERNATIONALE











Low resistance measurements – Methods and guidance



Mesures de faibles résistances – Méthodes et recommandations



















INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL

COMMISSION


COMMISSION

ELECTROTECHNIQUE


INTERNATIONALE




ICS 31.040.01 ISBN 978-2-8322-6870-4



Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale

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CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Resistance measurement phenomena . 7
4.1 General . 7
4.2 Lead and contact resistance . 7
4.3 Self-heating . 9
4.4 Variation of resistance with temperature . 10
4.5 Thermoelectric e.m.f. . 12
4.6 Peltier effect . 15
5 Methods of measurement . 16
5.1 General . 16
5.2 Four-wire resistance measurement . 16
5.3 Offset compensation method . 19
5.4 Current inversion method . 22
5.5 Differential current inversion method . 25
5.6 Short-term trigger method . 28
6 Connecting the specimen . 32
6.1 Resistors with lead wires for soldered assembly . 32
6.1.1 Connecting leaded resistors in a test fixture . 32
6.2 Resistors with solder terminations for surface mount assembly . 33
6.2.1 Connecting SMD resistors on a test substrate. 33
6.2.2 Connecting SMD resistors in a test fixture . 35
7 Information to be given in the relevant component specification . 36
Annex A (normative) Letter symbols and abbreviated terms . 37
A.1 Letter symbols . 37
A.2 Abbreviated terms . 38
Annex B (informative) Test results of soldering pad with Kelvin connection for surface
mount resistors . 39
B.1 General . 39
B.2 Test procedures . 39
B.2.1 Test substrates . 39
B.2.2 Test method . 41
B.3 Measurement result and studies . 42
Bibliography . 45

Figure 1 – Resistance measurement using two-wire sensing . 8
Figure 2 – Variation of resistance with temperature (random example) . 10
Figure 3 – Resistances on a resistor with lead wires . 11
Figure 4 – SMD chip resistor on a PCB . 12
Figure 5 – Thermoelectric e.m.f. . 13
Figure 6 – Thermocouples on a resistor with lead wires . 14
Figure 7 – Resistance measurement affected by thermoelectric e.m.f. . 15

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Figure 8 – Four-wire resistance measurement . 17
Figure 9 – Offset compensation method for resistance measurement . 19
Figure 10 – Current and voltage in the offset compensation method . 20
Figure 11 – Current inversion method for resistance measurement . 22
Figure 12 – Current and voltage in the current inversion method . 23
Figure 13 – Current and voltage in the differential current inversion method . 26
Figure 14 – Example of resistor specimen. 31
Figure 15 – Connecting leaded resistors in a test fixture . 32
Figure 16 – Resistance of cylindrical copper lead wires . 33
Figure 17 – Soldering pad of test substrate for Kelvin (four-point) connections . 34
Figure 18 – Resistance of PCB conductor tracks with 35 µm copper thickness. 35
Figure 19 – Example for connecting SMD resistors on a test fixture . 36
Figure B.1 – Lengths of soldering pad . 40
Figure B.2 – Position of voltage sense conductor . 40
Figure B.3 – Thickness of the solder printing screen and position of sense line . 43
Figure B.4 – Position of voltage-sensing line. 43
Figure B.5 – Soldering pad length . 44
Figure B.6 – Recommended soldering pad . 44

Table 1 – Relative Seebeck coefficients of selected metals. 13
Table A.1 – Letter symbols . 37
Table B.1 – Thickness of solder printing screen . 41
Table B.2 – Table of test conditions . 42

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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

LOW RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS –
METHODS AND GUIDANCE

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62812 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 40:
Capacitors and resistors for electronic equipment.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
40/2665/FDIS 40/2671/RVD

Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

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SIST EN IEC 62812:2019
IEC 62812:2019 © IEC 2019 – 5 –
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

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LOW RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS –
METHODS AND GUIDANCE



1 Scope
Resistance measurements are typically compromised by a variety of phenomena, for example
serial resistance in the measurement path, self-heating or non-ohmic properties. Whether the
effect of such phenomena on a resistance measurement is acceptable or not depends on the
magnitude of each effect in comparison to the resistance and to the required accuracy. Hence,
the risk of erroneous resistance measurements increases with decreasing resistance and with
a tightening of the permissible tolerance.
This document specifies methods of measurement and associated test conditions that
eliminate or reduce the influence of adverse phenomena in order to improve the attainable
accuracy of low-resistance measurements.
The methods described in this document are applicable for the individual measurements of
the resistance of individual resistors, and also for resistance measurements as part of a test
sequence. They are applied if prescribed by a relevant component specification, or if agreed
between a customer and a manufacturer.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60068-1, Environmental testing – Part 1: General and guidance
IEC 60115-1:2008, Fixed resistors for use in electronic equipment – Part 1: Generic
specification
IEC 60294, Measurement of the dimensions of a cylindrical component with axial terminations
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 60115-1 and the
following apply.
A list of used letter symbols and abbreviated terms is provided in Annex A.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
electromotive force
e.m.f.
difference in potential that gives rise to an electric current

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SIST EN IEC 62812:2019
IEC 62812:2019 © IEC 2019 – 7 –
3.2
thermoelectric e.m.f.
E
T
potential difference occurring at the junctions of dissimilar conductors when a temperature
difference exists between the junctions
3.3
low resistance
resistance for which the predictable error when measured with a conventional two-wire
sensing method is significant in comparison to the required precision or to the stated
tolerance
3.4
four-wire sensing
Kelvin sensing
four-terminal sensing
four-point sensing
electrical impedance measuring technique using separate pairs of wires for carrying the
measuring current and for sensing the potential difference in order to eliminate the impedance
contribution of wiring and contact resistances
3.5
two-wire sensing
conventional electrical impedance measuring technique using one pair of wires for carrying
the measuring current and for sensing the potential difference on the same wires
4 Resistance measurement phenomena
4.1 General
The measurement of a low resistance usually relies on the measurement of a low voltage,
which requires a number of precautions against typical detrimental phenomena such as offset
voltages, radio frequency interference, electromagnetic interference, electrical noise, or non-
ohmic contacts. However, these phenomena are not discussed here as they are not
specifically related to the measurement of resistance.
The voltage to be measured increases with an increase of the measuring current, which may
also result in effects which are adverse to the measurement. Such phenomena are discussed
in Clause 4.
4.2 Lead and contact resistance
A conventional method for measuring a resistance is to use a constant current source with a
known (or measured) output current and a voltmeter for measuring the voltage across the
unknown resistor, while the connection is built with a single pair of test leads, as shown in
Figure 1.

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SIST EN IEC 62812:2019
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R
I L
M
I
V
I
0
U U R
V R x
CS
VM
R
L

IEC
Key
CS current source
VM voltmeter, measuring voltage U
V
R lead resistance, including contact resistance to the specimen
L
R resistance to be measured
x
I supply current from current source
O
I current passing through the voltmeter
V
I current passing through the unknown resistor
M
Figure 1 – Resistance measurement using two-wire sensing
In this circuit, the source current I splits up into the current I passing through the path with
0 M
the unknown resistor and the current I passing through the voltmeter, where I depends on
V V
the measured voltage U and the voltmeter's impedance R .
V V
II + I (1)
0 MV
U
V
I = (2)
V
R
V
The voltmeter measures the following voltage drop of current I along both lead and contact
M
resistances R , plus along the unknown resistor R :
L x
U =I ⋅ 2RR+ (3)
( )
VM L x
This leads to the apparent result of the resistance measurement, R′, based on the measured
voltage U and the known sourced current I :
V 0
U I 2RR+
V M Lx
′
R= = ⋅(2RR+=) (4)
Lx
2RR+
I II+
Lx
0 MV
1+
R
V
With I → 0, which is the case if R >> (2R + R ), the apparent result tends towards:
V V L x
UI
VM
R′= = ⋅( 22RR+=) RR+ (5)
Lx Lx
I I + 0
0 M
This final apparent result still bears the error ∆R of
=

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IEC 62812:2019 © IEC 2019 – 9 –
′
ΔR=R−=R 2R (6)
xL
This error will only be negligible if (2R ) << R , where the negligibility depends on the required
L x
accuracy for the measurement of R .
x
2
EXAMPLE 1 A 1 m copper wire with a cross section of 0,5 mm has a resistance of 35 mΩ. Using a pair of these
wires for two-wire sensing for measuring a 100 mΩ resistor results in an unacceptable error of 70 %. The current
passing through the voltmeter due to its limited impedance is not likely to gain any significance on the error figure.
EXAMPLE 2 Using the same circuit for measuring a 10 Ω resistor results in 0,7 % error, while first assuming the
current through the voltmeter to be zero. This 0,7 % error may be acceptable if the relative tolerance of the
resistance is given as ±10 %, but not if it is only ±1 %.
Using a voltmeter in this circuit with an impedance of 1 MΩ results in only a −0,001 % additional error, which is not
significant compared to the error caused by the lead wires. If the voltmeter, however, has an impedance of only
10 kΩ, the additional error is −0,1 % and thus may no longer be negligible.
EXAMPLE 3 For a resistor of 1 kΩ, measured as above, even the seemingly small error of only 0,007 % renders
the described circuit useless, if it is a high precision type with, for example, a relative tolerance of ±0,01 %.
Using a voltmeter in this circuit with an impedance of 1 MΩ results in the additional error of −0,1 %. Comparing the
absolute error contributions, this influence is even larger than the error caused by the lead wires.
4.3 Self-heating
The measuring current I passing through the unknown resistor with its resistance R causes
M x
dissipation of the power P
R
2
PI ⋅ R (7)
RM x
The dissipation P produces a temperature rise on the unknown resistor, which depends on
R
the ability of the test assembly or fixture to dissipate heat to the environment, expressed as
the thermal resistance R . The steady-state temperature rise ∆ϑ on the unknown resistor
th R∝
is
Δϑ R⋅ P (8)
R ∞ th R
which adds to the ambient temperature next to the specimen, ϑ , and thereby leads to the
amb
steady-state temperature ϑ on the unknown resistor of
R∝
ϑ ϑ +Δϑ ϑ +⋅R P (9)
R am∞∞b R amb th R
NOTE The heat conduction out of the unknown resistor is considered to be a linear system for the purpose of this
specification. This is based on the general observation that radiation and convection from the body of most low-
power resistors only have a minor share in the total heat dissipation. A more complex consideration can be suitable
for large resistors where radiation and convection from the body's surface prevail over conduction through the
terminals or lead wires.
The temporal rise of the temperature ϑ (t) on the unknown resistor before reaching the
R
steady state is determined by the thermal time constant τ of the unknown resistor in its test
th
assembly or fixture:
t
−
τ
th
ϑϑ(te) +Δϑ ⋅−(1 ) (10)
x amb R ∞
Knowledge of the thermal time constant τ is necessary for measurements aiming at the
th
steady state and for determination of the timing of switched measurements alike.
=
= =
=
=

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The raised temperature on the unknown resistor due to self-heating not only affects the
specimen, but also spreads the heat to the test assembly or mounting and affects those parts
of the measurement circuit as well. Therefore, the raised temperature will be root cause of the
variation of resistance with temperature, as discussed in 4.4, and of the thermoelectric e.m.f.,
as discussed in 4.5.
Self-heating is decreased by reducing the measuring current I as much as possible while
M
still providing the required voltage for a measurement with the desired accuracy. However,
setting the measuring current is not a common feature with resistance meters. Other options
to reduce the self-heating are to activate the measuring current for a short period only, as
discussed in Clause 5, and of course to enhance the heat flow from the specimen and the test
fixture.
4.4 Variation of resistance with temperature
One of the reference conditions prescribed in IEC 60115-1 for measuring the resistance is the
reference temperature of 20 °C. For practical reasons, however, most tests and
measurements are permitted to be executed under standard atmospheric conditions for
testing as defined in IEC 60068-1, which includes a permissible range for the ambient
temperature from 15 °C to 35 °C.
If measured with sufficient accuracy, a resistor measured at 15 °C or at 35 °C will not show
the same resistance as when measured at 20 °C. In fact, there is a variation of resistance
with temperature for almost every type of resistor, which typically does not follow a linear
relationship. The slope and the amount of variation depend substantially on the technology
and manufacturing of the resistor and in some cases also on the actual resistance.
+α
max
ϑ
ϑ ϑ
min max
20 °C
−α
max
IEC

Key
α temperature coefficient of resistance
ΔR resistance change
Figure 2 – Variation of resistance with temperature
(random example)
As a specification figure for resistors, the limitation of the permissible range for such
resistance variation in a given temperature range is usually given by a pair of symmetrical
linear slopes through the reference point at 20 °C, +α and −α as shown in Figure 2.
max max
The value α is the absolute value of the specified temperature coefficient of resistance, or
max
TCR.
−6
EXAMPLE 1 Thick film chip resistors of 100 mΩ or lower ar
...