SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016
01-december-2016
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SIST EN 61340-2-3:2001
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Electrostatics - Part 2-3: Methods of test for determining the resistance and resistivity of
solid materials used to avoid electrostatic charge accumulation (IEC 61340-2-3:2016)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 61340-2-3:2016
ICS:
17.220.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi z Other standards related to
elektriko in magnetizmom electricity and magnetism
SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016

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SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016


EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 61340-2-3

NORME EUROPÉENNE

EUROPÄISCHE NORM
October 2016
ICS 17.220.99; 29.020 Supersedes EN 61340-2-3:2000
English Version
Electrostatics - Part 2-3: Methods of test for determining the
resistance and resistivity of solid materials used to avoid
electrostatic charge accumulation
(IEC 61340-2-3:2016)
Électrostatique - Partie 2-3: Méthodes d'essais pour la Elektrostatik - Teil 2-3: Prüfverfahren zur Bestimmung des
détermination de la résistance et de la résistivité des Widerstandes und des spezifischen Widerstandes von
matériaux solides destinés à éviter les charges festen Werkstoffen, die zur Vermeidung elektrostatischer
électrostatiques Aufladung verwendet werden
(IEC 61340-2-3:2016) (IEC 61340-2-3:2016)
This European Standard was approved by CENELEC on 2016-07-28. CENELEC members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC
Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre or to any CENELEC member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CENELEC member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the
same status as the official versions.
CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.


European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2016 CENELEC All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC Members.
 Ref. No. EN 61340-2-3:2016 E

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SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016
EN 61340-2-3:2016
European foreword
The text of document 101/470/CDV, future edition 2 of IEC 61340-2-3, prepared by
IEC/TC 101 "Electrostatics" was submitted to the IEC-CENELEC parallel vote and approved by
CENELEC as EN 61340-2-3:2016.

The following dates are fixed:
(dop) 2017-04-28
• latest date by which the document has to be
implemented at national level by
publication of an identical national
standard or by endorsement
• latest date by which the national (dow) 2019-07-28
standards conflicting with the
document have to be withdrawn

This document supersedes EN 61340-2-3:2000.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CENELEC [and/or CEN] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such
patent rights.

Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard IEC 61340-2-3:2016 was approved by CENELEC as a
European Standard without any modification.
2

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SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016
EN 61340-2-3:2016
Annex ZA
(normative)

Normative references to international publications
with their corresponding European publications

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

NOTE 1 When an International Publication has been modified by common modifications, indicated by (mod), the relevant
EN/HD applies.

NOTE 2 Up-to-date information on the latest versions of the European Standards listed in this annex is available here:
www.cenelec.eu

Publication Year Title EN/HD Year

IEC 62631-3-1 -  Dielectric and resistive properties of solid EN 62631-3-1 -
insulating materials -
Part 3-1 Determination of resistive
properties (DC Methods) - Volume
resistance and volume resistivity, general
method
IEC 62631-3-2 -  Dielectric and resistive properties of solid EN 62631-3-2 -
insulating materials -
Part 3-2 Determination of resistive
properties (DC Methods) - Surface
resistance and surface resistivity
IEC 62631-3-3 -  Dielectric and resistive properties of solid EN 62631-3-3 -
insulating materials -
Part 3-3: Determination of resistive
properties (DC methods) - Insulation
resistance
ISO 1853 -  Conducting and dissipative rubbers, - -
vulcanized or thermoplastic -
Measurement of resistivity
ISO 2951 -  Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - - -
Determination of insulation resistance
ISO 3915 -  Plastics - Measurement of resistivity of EN ISO 3915 -
conductive plastics
ISO 7619-1 -  Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - - -
Determination of indentation hardness -
Part-1: Durometer method (Shore
hardness)

3

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SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016

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SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016



IEC 61340-2-3

®


Edition 2.0 2016-06




INTERNATIONAL



STANDARD




NORME



INTERNATIONALE











Electrostatics –

Part 2-3: Methods of test for determining the resistance and resistivity of solid

materials used to avoid electrostatic charge accumulation




Électrostatique –

Partie 2-3: Méthodes d'essais pour la détermination de la résistance et de la


résistivité des matériaux solides destinés à éviter les charges électrostatiques













INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL

COMMISSION


COMMISSION

ELECTROTECHNIQUE


INTERNATIONALE




ICS 17.220.99; 29.020 ISBN 978-2-8322-3475-4



Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale

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SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016
– 2 – IEC 61340-2-3:2016 © IEC 2016
CONTENTS
FOREWORD .4
INTRODUCTION .6
1 Scope .7
2 Normative references .7
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 Conditioning and test environment .9
5 Selection of test method .9
6 Resistance measurements for solid conductive materials . 10
7 Resistance measurements for solid insulating materials . 10
8 Resistance measurements for planar electrostatic dissipative materials (used to
avoid electrostatic charge accumulation) . 10
8.1 Instrumentation . 10
8.1.1 General . 10
8.1.2 Instrumentation for laboratory evaluation . 10
8.1.3 Instrumentation for acceptance testing . 10
8.1.4 Instrumentation for compliance verification (periodic testing) . 11
8.2 Electrode assemblies . 11
8.2.1 General . 11
8.2.2 Assembly for the measurement of surface resistance. 11
8.2.3 Assembly for the measurement of volume resistance . 12
8.2.4 Assembly for the measurement of resistance to ground/groundable
point and point-to-point resistance . 12
8.2.5 Test support . 13
8.3 Sample preparation and handling . 13
8.4 Test procedures . 14
8.4.1 Surface resistance measurements . 14
8.4.2 Volume resistance measurements . 14
8.4.3 Resistance to groundable point measurements . 15
8.4.4 Point-to-point resistance measurements . 16
9 Conversion to resistivity values . 17
9.1 Surface resistivity ρ . 17
s
9.2 Volume resistivity ρ . 17
v
10 Resistance measurements for non-planar materials and products with small structures
. 18
10.1 General considerations . 18
10.2 Equipment . 18
10.2.1 Probe . 18
10.2.2 Sample support surface . 20
10.2.3 Resistance measurement apparatus . 20
10.2.4 Test leads . 21
10.3 Test procedure . 22
11 Repeatability and reproducibility . 22
12 Test report . 23
Annex A (normative) System verification . 25
A.1 System verification for surface resistance measurements . 25

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A.1.1 Fixture and procedure for lower resistance range . 25
A.1.2 Fixture and procedure for upper resistance range and determination of
electrification period . 26
A.2 System verification for volume resistance measurements . 27
A.2.1 Fixture and procedure for lower resistance range . 27
A.2.2 Fixture and procedure for upper resistance range and determination of
electrification period . 27
A.3 System verification for resistance measurements for non-planar materials
and products with small structures . 27
A.3.1 Verification fixtures . 27
A.3.2 Verification procedure . 28

Figure 1 – Example of an assembly for the measurement of surface and volume
resistance. 12
Figure 2 – Example of an assembly for the measurement of resistance to
ground/groundable point and point-to-point resistance . 13
Figure 3 – Basic connections of the electrodes for surface resistance measurements . 14
Figure 4 – Basic connections of the electrodes for volume resistance measurements . 15
Figure 5 – Principle of resistance to groundable point measurements . 16
Figure 6 – Principle of point-to-point measurements . 17
Figure 7 – Configuration for the conversion to surface or volume resistivity . 18
Figure 8 – Two-point probe configuration . 20
Figure 9 – Probe to instrumentation connection . 21
Figure 10 – Spring compression for measurement . 22
Figure A.1 – Lower resistance range verification fixture for surface resistance
measurements . 25
Figure A.2 – Upper resistance range verification fixture for surface resistance
measurements . 26
Figure A.3 – Resistance verification fixture . 28

Table 1 – Material for two-point probe . 19

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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________

ELECTROSTATICS –

Part 2-3: Methods of test for determining the resistance
and resistivity of solid materials used
to avoid electrostatic charge accumulation

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
governmental organizations liaising with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely
with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and
expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 61340-2-3 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 101:
Electrostatics.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2000. This edition
constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) a distinction has been introduced between instrumentation used for laboratory
evaluations, instrumentation used for acceptance testing and instrumentation used for
compliance verification (periodic testing);

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IEC 61340-2-3:2016 © IEC 2016 – 5 –
–
b) an alternative electrode assembly is described, which can be used on non-planar
products or when the dimensions of the product under test are too small to allow the
larger electrode assembly to be used;
c) the formulae for calculating surface and volume resistivity have been modified to
correspond with common industry practice in the main areas of application for the
IEC 61340 series.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
101/470/CDV 101/494/RVC

Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all the parts in the IEC 61340 series, published under the general title Electrostatics,
can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.

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SIST EN 61340-2-3:2016
– 6 – IEC 61340-2-3:2016 © IEC 2016
INTRODUCTION
Measurements of resistances and related calculations of resistivities belong to the
fundamental objectives of electrical measuring techniques along with measurements of
voltage and current.
Resistivity is the electrical characteristic having the widest range, extending over some thirty
orders of magnitude from the most conductive metal to almost perfect insulators.
The basis is Ohm's law and is valid for DC current and instantaneous values of AC current in
electron conductors (metals, carbon, etc.). Values of resistance measurements using AC
current can be influenced by capacitive/inductive reactance, depending on the frequency.
Thus, existing national and international standards dealing with resistance measurements of
solid materials normally require the application of DC current.
Most non-metal materials such as plastics are classified as polymers and ion conductors. The
transport of charges can be dependent upon the applied electrical field strength during the
measurement. Beside the measuring current, there exists a charging current that polarizes
and/or electrostatically charges the material, indicated by an asymptotic decay of the
measuring current with time and causing an apparent change in resistance. If this effect is
observed, it will be advisable to repeat the measurement immediately after a definite
electrification time has elapsed using the reverse polarity for the measuring current and
averaging both obtained values.

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IEC 61340-2-3:2016 © IEC 2016 – 7 –
–
ELECTROSTATICS –

Part 2-3: Methods of test for determining the resistance
and resistivity of solid materials used
to avoid electrostatic charge accumulation



1 Scope
This part of IEC 61340 describes test methods for the determination of the electrical
resistance and resistivity of solid materials used to avoid electrostatic charge accumulation,
4 12
Ω to 10 Ω.
in which the measured resistance is in the range 10
It takes account of existing IEC/ISO standards and other published information, and gives
recommendations and guidelines on the appropriate method.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document
and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 62631-3-1, Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials – Part 3-1:
Determination of resistive properties (DC Methods) – Volume resistance and volume
resistivity – General method
IEC 62631-3-2, Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials – Part 3-2:
Determination of resistive properties (DC Methods) – Surface resistance and surface
resistivity
IEC 62631-3-3, Dielectric and resistive properties of solid insulating materials – Part 3-3:
Determination of resistive properties (DC Methods) – Insulation resistance
ISO 1853, Conducting and dissipative rubbers, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Measurement of
resistivity
ISO 2951, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of insulation resistance
ISO 3915, Plastics – Measurement of resistivity of conductive plastics
ISO 7619-1, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic – Determination of indentation hardness –
Part 1: Durometer method (Shore hardness)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply:
3.1
electrode
conductor of defined shape, size and configuration being in contact with the specimen to be
measured

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3.2
resistance
R
ratio of a DC voltage (V) applied between two points and the steady-state current (A)
between the two points
Note 1 to entry: Resistance is expressed in ohms.
3.3
resistance to ground
R
g
resistance measured between an electrode placed on the surface of a test specimen and a
local ground
Note 1 to entry: Resistance to ground is expressed in ohms.
3.4
resistance to groundable point
R
gp
resistance measured between an electrode placed on the surface of a test specimen and a
groundable point fitted to the test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Resistance to groundable point is expressed in ohms.
3.5
point-to-point resistance
R
pp
resistance measured between two electrodes placed a specified distance apart on the same
surface of a test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Point-to-point resistance is expressed in ohms.
3.6
surface resistance
R
s
resistance measured between a central disc electrode and a surrounding concentric ring
electrode placed on the surface of a test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Surface resistance is expressed in ohms.
3.7
surface resistivity
ρ
s
resistivity equivalent to the surface resistance of a square area, having the electrodes at two
opposite sides
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit of surface resistivity (Ω) is sometimes referred to as Ω/sq (ohms per square), to
distinguish resistivity values from resistance values. However, the use of Ω/sq is deprecated because it may imply
a resistance per unit area, which is not correct.
3.8
volume resistance
R
v
resistance measured between two electrodes placed on opposite surfaces of a test specimen
Note 1 to entry: Volume resistance is expressed in ohms.

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3.9
volume resistivity
ρ
v
2
ratio of a DC field strength (V/m) and the steady-state current density (A/m ) within the
material
Note 1 to entry: In practice, it is equivalent to the volume resistance of a cube with unit length, having the
electrodes at two opposite surfaces.
Note 2 to entry: Volume resistivity is not an appropriate characteristic for materials that are electrically
inhomogeneous.
Note 3 to entry: Volume resistivity is expressed in ohm meters.
4 Conditioning and test environment
The electrostatic behaviour of materials is influenced by environmental conditions, such as
relative humidity and temperature.
For this reason, measurements shall be performed under controlled conditions. The selection
of the appropriate conditions for testing shall be decided according to the type of material
(product specification) and the intended application, based on the most severe conditions
expected to occur during usage (e.g. lowest humidity and highest humidity).
Unless otherwise agreed, the atmosphere for conditioning and testing shall be (23 ± 2) °C
and (12 ± 3) % relative humidity, and the conditioning time prior to testing shall be at least
24 h.
If it is required to test that the measured resistance is not below a minimum limit, additional
testing at high humidity is required. Unless otherwise agreed, the atmosphere for conditioning
and testing at high humidity shall be (23 ± 2) °C and (60 ± 10) % relative humidity, and the
conditioning time prior to testing shall be at least 24 h.
Specimens shall normally be conditioned and measured in the same climate, if not specified
differently. However, preconditioning may be necessary in order to eliminate the effects of
stress appearing after the moulding process of some plastic materials or as a drying
treatment before the test procedure starts. Preconditioning is normally done in a different
environment.
Adequate devices are a desiccator in an oven or a climate chamber preferably equipped with
forced circulation and interchange of air.
5 Selection of test method
For planar materials, the following procedure shall be used to select the test method:
a) if the range of electrical resistance of a material to be tested is known, then use the
relevant clause (Clause 6, 7, 8 or 10) where appropriate standards are listed or methods
described;
b) for a material of initially unknown resistivity, start the measurements by using methods for
conductive materials according to Clause 6.
If the measurement is not possible or the obtained result exceeds the given range for the
application of the test method, it shall be regarded as being inadequate and the result shall
not be taken into account. The measurement shall be repeated according to Clause 8 or
Clause 10 for electrostatic dissipative materials. If the situation described above occurs
again, the measurement
...