SIST EN 15316-2-1:2007

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Heating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies - Part 2-1: Space heating emission systemsSystemes de chauffage dans les bâtiments - Méthode de calcul des besoins énergétiques et d'efficacité des systemes - Partie 2-1: Systemes d'émission de chauffage des locauxHeizsysteme in Gebäuden - Verfahren zur Berechnung des Energiebedarfs und der Nutzungsgrade der Systeme - Teil 2-1: Wärmeabgabesysteme für die RaumheizungTa slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15316-2-1:2007SIST EN 15316-2-1:2007en91.140.10Sistemi centralnega ogrevanjaCentral heating systemsICS:SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 15316-2-1:200701-november-2007







EUROPEAN STANDARDNORME EUROPÉENNEEUROPÄISCHE NORMEN 15316-2-1July 2007ICS 91.140.10 English VersionHeating systems in buildings - Method for calculation of systemenergy requirements and system efficiencies - Part 2-1: Spaceheating emission systemsSystèmes de chauffage dans les bâtiments - Méthode decalcul des besoins énergétiques et des rendements dessystèmes - Partie 2-1 : Systèmes d'émission de chauffagedes locauxHeizungsanlagen in Gebäuden - Verfahren zur Berechnungder Energieanforderungen und Nutzungsgrad der Anlagen -Teil 2-1: Wärmeübergabesysteme für die RaumheizungThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 June 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this EuropeanStandard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such nationalstandards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translationunder the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as theofficial versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATIONCOMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIONEUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNGManagement Centre: rue de Stassart, 36
B-1050 Brussels© 2007 CENAll rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reservedworldwide for CEN national Members.Ref. No. EN 15316-2-1:2007: E



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword.4 Introduction.6 1 Scope.7 2 Normative references.7 3 Terms and definitions, symbols and units.7 3.1 Terms and definitions.7 3.2 Symbols and units.9 4 Relation to other EPBD-standards.10 5 Principle of the method.12 5.1 Energy calculation.12 5.2 Thermal energy required for heat emission.12 5.3 Auxiliary energy Wem,aux.13 5.4 Recoverable system thermal losses Qem,ls,rbl and non-recoverable system thermal losses Qem,ls,nrbl.13 5.5 Heat demand for space heating, building heat requirement QH.13 5.6 System thermal losses Qem,ls.14 5.7 Calculation periods.14 5.8 Splitting or branching of the space heating system.14 6 Energy calculation for a heat emission system.14 6.1 General.14 6.2 Heat loss due to non-uniform temperature distribution.15 6.3 Heat loss due to embedded surface heating devices.16 6.4 Heat loss due to control of the indoor temperature.16 6.5 Auxiliary energy, Wem,aux.17 7 Recommended calculation methods.17 7.1 General.17 7.2 Method using efficiencies.18 7.3 Method using equivalent increase in internal temperature.18 Annex A (informative)
Energy losses of the heat emission system,
adapted from German regulation DIN 18599.20 A.1 Heat emission.20 A.2 Efficiencies for free heating surfaces (radiators); room heights ≤ 4 m.22 A.3 Efficiencies for component integrated heating surfaces (panel heaters) (room heights ≤ 4 m).24 A.4 Efficiencies for electrical heating (room heights ≤4 m).26 A.5 Efficiencies air heating (non-domestic ventilation systems) (room heights ≤ 4 m).27 A.6 Efficiencies for room spaces with heights ≥4 m (large indoor space buildings).28 A.7 Efficiencies for room spaces with heights > 10 m.29 Annex B (informative)
Equivalent increase in internal temperature - adapted from the French regulation RT2005.31 B.1 General.31 B.2 Zones.31 B.3 Spatial variation of temperature due to stratification.31 B.4 Variation of temperature due to control.32



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 3 Annex C (informative)
Auxiliary energy.34 C.1 General.34 C.2 Large indoor space buildings (h > 4 m).35 Bibliography.38



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 15316-2-1:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 228 “Heating systems in buildings”, the secretariat of which is held by DS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by January 2008, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by January 2008. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association (Mandate M/343), and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2002/91/EC on the energy performance of buildings (EPBD). It forms part of a series of standards aimed at European harmonisation of the methodology for calculation of the energy performance of buildings. An overview of the whole set of standards is given in prCEN/TR 15615. The subjects covered by CEN/TC 228 are the following:  design of heating systems (water based, electrical etc.);  installation of heating systems;  commissioning of heating systems;  instructions for operation, maintenance and use of heating systems;  methods for calculation of the design heat loss and heat loads;  methods for calculation of the energy performance of heating systems. Heating systems also include the effect of attached systems such as hot water production systems. All these standards are systems standards, i.e. they are based on requirements addressed to the system as a whole and not dealing with requirements to the products within the system. Where possible, reference is made to other European or International Standards, a.o. product standards. However, use of products complying with relevant product standards is no guarantee of compliance with the system requirements. The requirements are mainly expressed as functional requirements, i.e. requirements dealing with the function of the system and not specifying shape, material, dimensions or the like. The guidelines describe ways to meet the requirements, but other ways to fulfil the functional requirements might be used if fulfilment can be proved. Heating systems differ among the member countries due to climate, traditions and national regulations. In some cases requirements are given as classes so national or individual needs may be accommodated. In cases where the standards contradict with national regulations, the latter should be followed. EN 15316 Heating systems in buildings — Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies consists of the following parts: Part 1: General



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 5 Part 2-1: Space heating emission systems Part 2-3: Space heating distribution systems Part 3-1: Domestic hot water systems, characterisation of needs (tapping requirements) Part 3-2: Domestic hot water systems, distribution Part 3-3: Domestic hot water systems, generation Part 4-1: Space heating generation systems, combustion systems (boilers) Part 4-2: Space heating generation systems, heat pump systems Part 4-3: Heat generation systems, thermal solar systems Part 4-4: Heat generation systems, building-integrated cogeneration systems Part 4-5: Space heating generation systems, the performance and quality of district heating and large volume systems Part 4-6: Heat generation systems, photovoltaic systems Part 4-7: Space heating generation systems, biomass combustion systems According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 6 Introduction This European Standard constitutes the specific part related to space heating emission, of the set of
prEN 15316 standards on methods for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies of space heating systems and domestic hot water systems in buildings. This European Standard specifies the structure for calculation of the system energy losses and energy requirements of a heat emission system for meeting the building net energy demand. The calculation method is used for the following applications:  calculation of the system energy losses of the heat emission system;  optimisation of the energy performance of a planned heat emission system, by applying the method to several possible options;  assessing the effect of possible energy conservation measures on an existing heat emission system, by calculation of the energy requirements with and without the energy conservation measure implemented. The user needs to refer to other European Standards or to national documents for input data and detailed calculation procedures not provided by this European Standard.



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 7 1 Scope The scope of this European Standard is to standardise the required inputs, the outputs and the links (structure) of the calculation method in order to achieve a common European calculation method. The energy performance may be assessed either by values of the heat emission system efficiency or by values of the increased space temperatures due to heat emission system inefficiencies. The method is based on an analysis of the following characteristics of a space heating emission system, including control:  non-uniform space temperature distribution;  heat emitters embedded in the building structure;  control accuracy of the indoor temperature. The energy required by the emission system is calculated separately for thermal energy and electrical energy, in order to facilitate determination of the final energy and subsequently the corresponding primary energy according to other standards. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12831, Heating systems in buildings — Method for calculation of the design heat load EN 15316-1, Heating systems in buildings — Method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies — Part 1: General EN ISO 7345:1995, Thermal insulation — Physical quantities and definitions (ISO 7345:1987) EN ISO 13370, Thermal performance of buildings — Heat transfer via the ground — Calculation methods (ISO 13370:1998) EN ISO 13790, Thermal performance of buildings — Calculation of energy use for space heating
(ISO 13790:2004) 3 Terms and definitions, symbols and units 3.1 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 7345:1995 and the following apply. 3.1.1 calculation period period of time over which the calculation is performed NOTE The calculation period can be divided into a number of calculation steps.



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 8 3.1.2 conditioned zone part of a conditioned space with a given set-point temperature or set-point temperatures, throughout which there is the same occupancy pattern and the internal temperature is assumed to have negligible spatial variations, and which is controlled by a single heating system, cooling system and/or ventilation system 3.1.3 energy use for space heating energy input to the heating system to satisfy the energy need for heating 3.1.4 delivered energy energy content, expressed per energy carrier, supplied to the technical building systems through the system boundary, to satisfy the uses taken into account (e.g. heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water, lighting, appliances) or to produce electricity NOTE 1 For active solar and wind energy systems, the incident solar radiation on solar panels or on solar collectors or the kinetic energy of wind is not part of the energy balance of the building. It is decided on a national level whether or not renewable energy produced on site constitutes part of the delivered energy. NOTE 2 Delivered energy can be calculated for defined energy uses or it can be measured. 3.1.5 energy need for heating heat to be delivered to a heated space to maintain the intended temperature during a given period of time NOTE 1 The energy need is calculated and cannot easily be measured. NOTE 2 The energy need can include additional heat transfer resulting from non-uniform temperature distribution and non-ideal temperature control, if they are taken into account by increasing the effective temperature for heating and not included in the heat transfer due to the heating system. 3.1.6 equivalent internal temperature constant minimum internal temperature, assumed for the calculation of the energy for heating, or maximum internal temperature, assumed for the calculation of the energy for cooling, leading approximately to the same average heat transfer as would apply with intermittent heating or cooling, and with inaccuracy of room temperature control 3.1.7 heated space room or enclosure which for the purposes of the calculation is assumed to be heated to a given set-point temperature or set-point temperatures 3.1.8 heating system thermal losses, emission heat losses through the building envelope due to non-uniform temperature distribution, control inefficiencies and losses of emitters embedded in the building structure 3.1.9 heating system thermal losses, total sum of the thermal losses from the heating system, including recoverable heat loss 3.1.10 primary energy energy that has not been subjected to any conversion or transformation process NOTE 1 Primary energy includes non-renewable energy and renewable energy. If both are taken into account, it can be called total primary energy.



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 9 NOTE 2 For a building, it is the energy used to produce the energy delivered to the building. It is calculated from the delivered and exported amounts of energy carriers, using conversion factors. 3.1.11 recoverable system thermal loss part of the system thermal loss which can be recovered to lower either the energy need for heating or cooling or the energy use of the heating or cooling system 3.1.12 recovered system heat loss part of the recoverable system thermal loss which has been recovered to lower either the energy need for heating or cooling or the energy use of the heating or cooling system 3.2 Symbols and units For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and units (Table 1) and indices (Table 2) apply. Table 1 — Symbols and units
Symbol Quantity Unit A area m2 b temperature reduction factor - E energy in general, including primary energy, energy carriers (except quantity of heat, mechanical work and auxiliary (electrical) energy) J f factor - y gain/loss ratio - k part of recoverable auxiliary energy -
L steady state part of heat loss % Q quantity of heat J R thermal resistance m2·K/W t time, period of time s T thermodynamic temperature K U thermal transmittance W/m2·K W auxiliary (electrical) energy, mechanical work J Φ heat flow rate, thermal power W η efficiency factor -
utilisation factor - θ Celsius temperature °C



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 10 Table 2 — Indices an auxiliary gn gains out output (from system) aux auxiliary H heating (energy) P primary avg average hydr hydraulic
pmp pump ctr control im intermittent
rad radiant del delivered in input (to system) rbl recoverable e external inc increased rvd recovered el electricity
int internal str stratification em emission
ls loss ut utilised emb embedded
mn mean (time or space) ∆ additional
fan fan nrbl not recoverable
G ground nrvd not recovered
4 Relation to other EPBD-standards The present standard follows the general concept outlined in EN 15316-1. The user shall refer to other European Standards or to national documents for input data and detailed calculation procedures not provided by this European Standard. The interaction with other standards is shown in Figure 1. The method for calculation of the building net heating energy is provided by EN ISO 13790. The results of calculations according to this European Standard are used as input data in EN 15316-2-3 for calculations of the space heating distribution sub-system and in EN 15316-4-x for calculations of heat generators. More detailed information on control systems can be found in EN 15232.



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 11
Figure 1 — Sample sub-system for heat emission (for the symbols used, refer to 3.2)



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 12 5 Principle of the method 5.1 Energy calculation System energy losses of the heat emission system and control of the indoor temperature in a building depend on:  building energy need for space heating (building thermal properties and the indoor and outdoor climate);  non-uniform internal temperature distribution in each conditioned zone (stratification, heat emitters along outside wall/window, differences between air temperature and mean radiant temperature);  heat emitters embedded in the building structure towards the outside or unheated spaces;  control of the operative temperature (e.g. local, central, set-back, thermal mass);  auxiliary energy consumption. Calculation of the system thermal losses shall take into account:  energy interaction between type of heat emitters (radiator, convector, floor/wall/ceiling heating systems) and space;  type of room/zone thermal control strategy and equipment (thermostatic valve, P, PI, PID control etc.) and their capability to reduce the temperature variations and drift;  position and characteristics of heat emitters. Based on these data, the following output data of the heat emission sub-system, including control, shall be calculated:  system thermal losses;  auxiliary energy consumption;  recoverable system thermal losses. The calculation may be based on tabulated values or more detailed calculation methods. The net energy demand for space heating, without taking into account the system energy losses, shall be calculated under standardised conditions according to EN ISO 13790 or similar national method. The system energy losses are calculated separately for thermal energy and electrical energy. 5.2 Thermal energy required for heat emission The thermal energy required for heat emission, Qem,in is given by:
Qem,in = Qem,out
-
k · Wem,aux
+
Qem,ls [J] (1) where Qem,out is the thermal output of the heat emission system in Joule (J). This is equal to the net heating energy of the building, QH (EN ISO 13790); k
is the recovered part of auxiliary energy (-);



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 13 Qem,ls
are the system thermal losses in Joule (J); Wem,aux is the auxiliary energy in Joule (J). 5.3 Auxiliary energy Wem,aux Auxiliary energy, normally in the form of electrical energy, is used for fans which facilitate the heat emission (fan coil), valves and control. Parts of the auxiliary energy may be recovered directly in the heat emission system as heat Qem,aux,rvd :
Qem,aux,rvd = k · Wem,aux [J]
(2) 5.4 Recoverable system thermal losses Qem,ls,rbl and non-recoverable system thermal losses Qem,ls,nrbl Not all of the calculated system thermal losses, Qem,ls are necessarily lost. Some of the losses are recoverable for space heating. However, only parts of the recoverable system thermal losses are actually recovered. This depends on the utilisation factor (gain/loss ratio), because if the gains of a heated space are very high in comparison with the losses of the space, only few gains can be recovered (see EN ISO 13790). For the heat emission system, only parts of the auxiliary energy may be recoverable for space heating (and are taken into account by Qem,ls,rbl ). Heat losses to an unheated space or to the outside (embedded, back of radiator) are regarded as losses. 5.5 Heat demand for space heating, building heat requirement QH The heat use of the building or a part of the building, QH, shall be calculated according to EN ISO 13790 or similar national method as:
QH = Qls -
· Qgn [J] (3) where Qls are the heat losses in Joule (J); Qgn are the heat gains in Joule (J);
is the utilisation factor (-). This calculation takes into account the heat losses of the building envelope and the recovered part of the total heat gains (metabolic gains from occupants, power consumption of lighting devices, household appliances and solar gains). However, it does not take into account the system thermal losses due to non-uniform temperature distribution, control inefficiencies, recoverable losses and auxiliary energy. Depending on the input data chosen for the set-point temperature, EN ISO 13790 provides a method to calculate directly the sum of the heat demand and the heat losses of the heat emission system, without differentiating one from the other. The way to determine an increased internal temperature, for taking into account the system thermal losses, is defined in the present standard. The effects of intermittent space heating with an ideal programming device, can be calculated according to
EN ISO 13790 and are taken into account in determination of the heat demand, QH. The effect of a non-ideal space temperature control is taken into account in the present standard.



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 14 5.6 System thermal losses Qem,ls The system thermal losses of the heat emission system are calculated as:
Qem,ls = Qem,str + Qem,emb + Qem,ctr
[J] (4) where Qem,str
is the heat loss due to non-uniform temperature distribution in Joule (J); Qem,emb
is the heat loss due to heat emitter position (e.g. embedded) in Joule (J); Qem,ctr
is the heat loss due to control of indoor temperature in Joule (J). Methods for calculation of these heat losses are given in Clause 7. 5.7 Calculation periods The objective of the calculation is to determine the annual energy demand of the space heating emission system. This may be done in one of the following two different ways:  by using annual data for the system operation period and performing the calculations using annual average values;  by dividing the year into a number of calculation periods (e.g. year, month, week, day, hour, boosted sub-period), performing the calculations for each period using period-dependent values and sum up the results for all the periods over the year. 5.8 Splitting or branching of the space heating system A heating system may, as required, be split up in zones with different heat emission systems, and the heat loss calculations can be applied individually for each zone. The considerations given in EN 15316-1 regarding splitting up or branching of the heating system shall be followed. If the principle of adding up the heat losses is respected, it is always possible to combine zones with different heat emission systems. 6 Energy calculation for a heat emission system 6.1 General Detailed methods for calculation of system energy losses of the heat emission system are given in the following. This concept is subsequently exemplified by two different approaches in Clause 7, with accompanying default values being provided in informative annexes:  method using efficiencies, see 7.2 and Annex A;  method using equivalent internal temperature, see 7.3 and Annex B. A method for calculation of the auxiliary energy is provided in Annex C and can be applied with both above methods.



EN 15316-2-1:2007 (E) 15 6.2 Heat loss due to non-uniform temperature distribution The additional energy loss can be caused by (see Figure 2):  temperature stratification, resulting in an increased internal temperature under the ceiling and upper parts of the room;  increased internal temperature and heat transfer coefficient near windows;  convection and radiation from the heat emission system through other outside surfaces.
Figure 2 — Effects due to non-uniform temperature distribution and position of heat emitter The heat loss due to a non-uniform temperature distribution is calculated using the general equation for transmission heat loss, taking into account the increased internal temperature, θ int,inc, and the increased heat transfer coefficient, which is included in the U-value, Uinc, of the surface area exposed:
Qem,str =Σ A · Uinc · (θint,inc - θe) · t
[J] (5) where A
is the area of the ceiling, outside wall behind heat emitter or window in square metres (m²); Uinc
is calculated from the insulation of the surface and the surface thermal transmittance coefficient in Watts per square metre per Kelvin (W/m²·K). This is influenced by e.g.
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