SIST EN 12195-1:2011

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.VLOLadungssicherung auf Straßenfahrzeugen - Sicherheit - Teil 1: Berechnung von SicherungskräftenDispositifs d'arrimage des charges à bord des véhicules routiers - Sécurité - Partie 1: Calcul des forces de retenueLoad restraining on road vehicles - Safety - Part 1: Calculation of securing forces55.180.99Drugi standardi v zvezi z distribucijo blaga s prevozomOther standards related to freight distribution of goodsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 12195-1:2010SIST EN 12195-1:2011en,fr,de01-junij-2011SIST EN 12195-1:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 12195-1:20041DGRPHãþD

EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 12195-1
November 2010 ICS 55.180.99 Supersedes EN 12195-1:2003English Version
Load restraining on road vehicles - Safety -Part 1: Calculation of securing forces
Dispositifs d'arrimage des charges à bord des véhicules routiers - Sécurité - Partie 1: Calcul des forces de retenue Ladungssicherung auf Straßenfahrzeugen - Sicherheit - Teil 1: Berechnung von Sicherungskräften This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 May 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12195-1:2010: ESIST EN 12195-1:2011

Examples for the calculation of lashing forces . 31Annex B (normative)
Friction . 38B.1 Practical methods for the determination of the friction factor µ . 38B.1.1 General . 38B.1.2 Inclination test . 38B.1.3 Pulling test . 38B.2 Friction factors µ of some usual goods and surfaces . 39Annex C (informative)
Load securing protocol . 41Annex D (normative)
Practical tests for determination of the efficiency of
cargo securing arrangements . 42D.1 Dynamic driving test . 42SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Documentation of practical tests . 47Bibliography . 48 SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Safety, consists of the following parts:  Load restraining on road vehicles
Safety
Part 1: Calculation of securing forces  Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles
Safety
Part 2: Web lashing made from man-made fibres  Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles
Safety
Part 3: Lashing chains  Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles
Safety
Part 4: Lashing steel wire ropes According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

EXAMPLES Ratchets, winches, overcentre buckles. 3.1.4 tension force indicator device which indicates the force applied to the lashing device by means of the tension devices and movement of the load or elastic deformation of the vehicle body, acting on the lashing devices 3.1.5 attachment point rigid part of the load to place the load restraint assembly and lashing devices 3.1.6 lashing point securing device on a load carrier to which a lashing device may be directly attached NOTE A lashing point can be e.g. an oval link, a hook, a D-ring, a lashing rail. 3.1.7 standard tension force STF residual force after physical release of the handle of the tensioning device [EN 12195-3:2001] 3.1.8 frictional lashing method lashing procedure (e.g. top over) where the friction force is enhanced by adding a vertical force component to the weight of the load 3.1.9 direct lashing method lashing procedure where the lashing devices are fixed directly to the solid parts of the load or to attachment points, that are intended for this purpose, and to the load carrier 3.1.10 blocking securing method where the load lies against fixed structures or fixtures on the load carrier, may be in the form of headboards, sideboards, sidewalls, stanchions, wedges, supporting beams, bracing or other devices 3.1.11 securing locking, blocking, lashing or combination of blocking and lashing
to secure a load to all directions on the load carrier to prevent sliding and tilting 3.1.12 bracing method of blocking mostly wooden structure, fixed to the load carrier to keep a load in one or more directions at its place 3.1.13 unstable load load which unsecured will tilt when exposed to the given accelerations SIST EN 12195-1:2011

(Fx = m cx g) 3.2.5 transverse force actuated by the load Fy inertia force, actuated by the load as a result of the load carrier movements in its transverse axis (y-axis)
(Fy = m cy g) 3.2.6 vertical force actuated by the load Fz sum of forces that arise from the weight of the load and the inertia force actuated by the load (Fz = m cz g) due to the load carrier movements during the transport in the vertical axis (z-axis) of a load carrier 3.2.7 friction factor µµµµ friction coefficient between the load and the adjoining surface 3.2.8 internal friction factor µµµµi friction coefficient between rows of unstable loads, forming a load unit 3.2.9 friction force FF force acting due to the friction between load and adjoining surfaces against the movement of the load SIST EN 12195-1:2011

3.2.15 lashing capacity LC maximum allowed force that a lashing device is designed to sustain in use 3.2.16 vertical lashing angle αααα angle between lashing device and the horizontal plane 3.2.17 longitudinal lashing angle ββββx angle between lashing device and longitudinal axis (x-axis) of a load carrier in the plane of the loading area 3.2.18 transverse lashing angle ββββy angle between lashing device and transverse axis (y-axis) of a load carrier in the plane of the loading area 3.2.19 safety factor fS factor to cover uncertainties of distribution of tension forces for frictional lashing 3.2.20 conversion factor fµ ratio of the dynamic friction factor and friction factor in accordance with Annex B 3.2.21 lashing line working leg of one or more lashing devices SIST EN 12195-1:2011

cz — Vertical acceleration coefficient d m Lever arm of the tilting moment fS — Safety factor for frictional lashing
fµ — Conversion factor g m/s² Gravitational acceleration h m Lever arm of the lashing moment i — Index for lashing lines  m Length of the load m kg Mass of the load n — Number of lashing devices N — Number of rows SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Table 1 (continued) Symbol Unit Term p m Horizontal distance from the outer edge of the load to the point where the lashing device acts on the load q — Number of lashing lines r m Horizontal distance from the outer edge of the load to the tipping point s m Vertical distance from the platform to the point where the lashing device acts on the load t m Vertical distance from the platform to the tipping point w m Width of the load α ° Vertical lashing angle βx ° Longitudinal lashing angle βy ° Transverse lashing angle 3 ° Test angle µ — Friction factor µi — Internal friction factor 4 Acceleration coefficients 4.1 General The acceleration coefficients given in the Tables 2, 3 and 4 are specified according to 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 as maximum values for a load on a load carrier for the specific type of transportation. Combinations of longitudinal and transverse accelerations occurring during transport are covered by the values of the tables. In case of combination of different modes of transport the maximum relevant acceleration coefficient, as appropriate, has to be taken into account. Superposition of the weight of the load with high frequency stresses and occasional occurring shock loadings of short duration are absorbed by the elongation of the lashing devices and the shock absorber system of the lorries and trailers. This occurs without any significant increase of stress, so that this can be ignored for the purpose of this European Standard which gives a practical and not a scientific view. Even for cargo with no risk of sliding or tilting, measures (e.g. blocking or lashing) shall be taken to avoid them to be significantly displaced due to vibrations. 4.2 Load on load carriers during road transport The acceleration coefficients for load carriers during road transport shall be as given in Table 2. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

4.3 Load on load carriers during rail transport The acceleration coefficients for load carriers during rail transport shall be as given in Table 3. Table 3 — Acceleration coefficients cx, cy and cz during rail transport Securing in Acceleration coefficients cx, longitudinally cy, transversely cz, minimum vertically down sliding tilting sliding tilting longitudinal direction 1,0 0,6 — 1,0 1,0 transverse direction — — 0,5 0,7 1,0
4.4 Load on load carriers during sea transport The acceleration coefficients for load carriers during sea transport shall be as given in Table 4. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Table 4 — Acceleration coefficients cx, cy and cz during sea transport Sea area Securing in Acceleration coefficients cx, longitudinally cy, transversely cz, minimum ver-tically down A longitudinal direction 0,3 — 0,5 transverse direction — 0,5 1,0 B longitudinal direction 0,3 — 0,3 transverse direction — 0,7 1,0 C longitudinal direction 0,4 — 0,2 transverse direction — 0,8 1,0 NOTE See IMO/ILO/UNECE, Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTUs). A Baltic Sea bordered in west by Jylland and in north by a line between Lysekil and Skagen. B West of Sea area A bordered in north by a line between Kristiansand and Montrose, in west by UK and in
south by a line between Brest and Land's End as well as the Mediterranean Sea. C Unrestricted. 5 Methods of calculation 5.1 General The general requirements for a safe transport are:  the sum of forces in any direction equals zero;  the sum of moments in any plane equals zero. Load securing devices and aids, as e.g. wedges, web lashing devices according to EN 12195-2, lashing chains according to EN 12195-3 and lashing steel wire ropes according to EN 12195-4 have to sustain the forces and moments, longitudinally, transversely and vertically, the restraint device and the cargo unit are supposed to sustain. Generally, load securing consists of balancing the forces of a load by locking, blocking and/or lashing. Locking, a completely positive connection, is mainly used in the transport of containers and is not usually combined with lashing devices. Blocking results in a positive connection in the blocked direction only and therefore is often combined with lashing devices. This is taken into consideration in 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5. All calculation equations given in this European Standard are based on symmetrical (longitudinal and transverse) lashing methods. If the lashings are made unsymmetrical, this shall be taken into account when calculations are performed; this is not dealt with in this European Standard. The two basic lashing methods are:  frictional lashing (see 3.1.8);  direct lashing (see 3.1.9). For the design of the direct lashing method a conversion factor fµ = 0,75 will be used in combination with µ and is included in all appropriate equations. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Key 1 centre of gravity 2 load 3 tilting edge Figure 1 — Stability of an unlashed load 5.3 Blocking For the design of blocking the friction factor µ
is to be used.
Key 1 centre of gravity 2 load 3 blocking device Figure 2 — Load securing by blocking SIST EN 12195-1:2011

The tensioning devices of the lashing devices, if more than one, should be arranged alternatively on the opposing sides of the load. Because of practical reasons, e.g. setting behaviour of the load, retightening after short travelling is recommended. Indicated by the surface of the load, corner protectors should be used. The calculations in the standard are based on theoretical principles. Operational factors can positively or negatively impact the required number of lashing devices, e.g.:  retensioning not feasible;  self-tensioning effect;  influence of the corner frictions. To compensate for uncertainties of the distribution of lashing forces and for acceleration during braking a safety factor fS is to be used. fS = 1,1 in all horizontal directions, except for road transport in forward direction, where fS = 1,25. The tension force of any tensioning device has to meet the following conditions: LCFLC5,01,0T≤≤ (8) For the calculation FT has to be taken as STF if no other values are shown by tension force indicators. NOTE In practice LC and STF are given in decanewtons, but all other forces in newtons. For reasons of comparison however the same unit is used. 5.4.2 Avoiding sliding For the design of frictional lashing the friction factor µ
is used, see Annex B. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Key 1 load 2 vertical axis
3 lashing device 4 tensioning device
5 transverse axis
6 lashing point
7 horizontal plane
8 longitudinal axis Figure 3 — Frictional lashing of a load The equation for the calculation of the tension force is: Szyx,Tsin2)(fngmccFαµµ××××−≥ (9) if the tension force of a lashing device is questioned. If the number of lashing devices is questioned: sTzyx,sin2)(fFgmccn××××−≥αµµ (10) For "frictional lashing" combined with "blocking", Equations (7) and (9) are combined to give: gmccfFnBC××−>×××+)(/sin2zyx,sTµαµ (11) 5.4.3 Avoiding tilting 5.4.3.1 Frictional lashing to avoid tilting This example is similar to the one in 5.4.2. A rigid block with height h and width w is attached to the carrier surface by n lashing devices. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Key
1 tilting edge
2 tension force indicator
3 tensioning device
4 centre of gravity Figure 4 — Frictional lashing of a load to avoid tilting in transverse direction For tilting in transverse direction Equation (12) applies. szyTsin)(fwbcdcgmFn×××−××≥×α (12) In the case of a symmetrical mass centre of the block, 2wb=, 2hd= and Equation (12) becomes: szyTsin2fcwhcngmF×−××≥α (13) szyTsin2fcwhcFgmn×−×××≥α (14) For tilting in longitudinal direction with symmetrically located lashing devices between tilting points (see Figure 5) Equation (15) applies. ()szxT2sin2fbcdcgmlFn×−×≥××α (15) SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Key 1 tilting edge Figure 5 — Frictional lashing of a load to avoid tilting in longitudinal direction 5.4.3.2 Rows of unstable rigid loads Unstable loads with vertical contact areas can be calculated if they form a load unit. The inner friction between the rows may only be taken into account if it can be assured by suitable measures (such as e.g. self secured load units, pressure resistant packaging). NOTE Special loads, like e.g. rows of barrels, should generally be excluded from this procedure, because the barrel segments can shift into one another.
NOTE For this example N = 5. Figure 6 — Unstable loads with vertical contact areas SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Key 1 lashing point
2 attachment point
3 attachment point
4 lashing point Figure 7 — Slope lashing of a load in longitudinal or transverse direction The balance of the forces in longitudinal or transverse direction with two pairs of symmetrically positioned lashing devices is: x,yFRFMRx,y2FFFF=++ (18) gcmFgcmfF××=×+×××+×yx,RzR)sin2(cos2αµαµ (19) )sin(cos2)(zyx,Rαµαµµµ××+××−×=fcfcgmF (20) The requirement for calculating the lashing capacity LC is RFLC≥ (21) NOTE 1 In practice LC is given in decanewtons, but all other forces in newtons. For reasons of comparison however the same unit is used. NOTE 2 The lashing device should be tensioned by the standard hand force, but should not exceed 50 % of LC. 5.5.3 Diagonal lashing 5.5.3.1 Principle The diagonal lashing method is a combination of two sets of lashing devices using two different angles. A longitudinal angle βx and a transverse angle βy occur additionally to the vertical angle α under the lashing device (see Figure 8). This allows for the reduction of the number of lashing devices from 8 to 4 for a completely secured load. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Key 1 load 2 lashing device 3 vertical axis
4 transverse axis
5 longitudinal axis
6 loading plane Figure 8 — Diagonal lashing of a load The equation for calculating the restraining force FR is: )sincos(cos2)(yx,zyx,Rαβαµµ××+×××−×=fµcfµcgmF (22) NOTE In practice LC is given in decanewtons, but all other forces in newtons. For reasons of comparison however the same unit is used. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

a)
b)
Key 1 lashing lines preventing tilting in required direction 2 centre of gravity 3 tilting edge Figure 9 — Diagonal lashing of an unstable load For the diagonal lashing of an unstable load according to Figure 9 the equilibration of moments at edge 3 is: ()[]()[]0sincoscosn1iiiin1iiiy,xiRzyx,ii=−×+−×××−×××−×××∑∑==rptsFbcgmdcgmαβα (23) The equation for the required restraining force of a lashing device to prevent the load from tilting is: ()()[]()[]−×+−×××−×××≥∑∑==n1iiiin1iiiy,xizyx,RsincoscosiirptsbcdcgmFαβα (24) With two symmetrical lashings Equations (23) and (24) will be: []0)(sin)(coscos2yx,Rzyx,=−×+−××××−×××−×××rptsFbcgmdcgmαβα
(25) [])(sin)(coscos2,,rptsbcdcgmFyxzyxR−×+−××××−××≥αβα (26) The equation for calculating the required lashing capacity LC to prevent tilting is cy = 0,6 for road transport (see 4.2). 5.5.3.3 Diagonal lashing to avoid tilting for blocked loads The diagonal lashing of an unstable blocked load (see Figure 10) is calculated according to Equation (27): ()[]()[]2sincoscos2B,R,tFtfwhFtfbcdcgmyxzyx×+++≤+−αµβαµµµ (27) SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Key 1 load 2 lashing point
3 lashing device 4 tensioning device 5 lashing point
6 blocking device 7 centre of gravity Figure 10 — Diagonal lashing of an unstable load combined with blocking 5.5.4 Loop lashing 5.5.4.1 Principle Loop lashing is a kind of slope lashing. As the load has no attachment points it is secured by a minimum of two pairs of lashing devices. It is calculated according to the following equation: 0)(]sin1[coszyR=××−−⋅×++cfµcmgfµFnµµαα (28) Additional securing, e.g. blocking in longitudinal direction, is necessary. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Figure 11 — Loop lashing 5.5.4.2 Loop lashing to prevent sliding
a)
b)
Key 1 first line of lashing 2 second line of lashing 3 centre of gravity Figure 12 — Loop lashing to prevent sliding The balance of forces in transverse direction is: ()()µαµαµβαβαµµµ××−××≥××+××+×+×××fccgmffFnzxxy2121Rsinsinsincossincos21
(29) The equation for required number of pairs of loop lashing devices to prevent sliding is: ()()21x21Rzysinsinsincossincos21αµαµβαβαµµµµ××+××+×+××××−××≥ffFfccgmnx (30) SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Figure 13 — Loop lashing to prevent tilting for one or several cargo rows Taking into account an internal friction factor µi = 0,25, the equilibrium equation at edges Ai is: ∑∑∑−====×××−××××−×××−×−×1N1iR1R1R1iz1iy025,0sincossin1iiwFnhFnwFnbFdFxNNβαα
(31) ()025,01sincossinRx1R1Rzy1=××××−−××××−×××−×××−×××wFnNhFnwFnbcgmdcgmβαα (32) The equation for n pairs of loop lashing devices to prevent tilting: ()()()wNhwFbcdcgmn×−×+××+×××−×××≥125,0sincossin1x11Rzyβαα (33) For n > 2 due to the static overdetermination special consideration shall be taken. For loop lashing to prevent tilting FR is to be taken as max. 0,5 LC. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Figure 14 — Spring lashing 5.5.5.2 Spring lashing to prevent sliding To obtain the required restraining force of a loop lashing device to prevent sliding the equation for the balance of forces is used: 0coscossiniyx,iq1iRq1iRzx=××−×××−××−∑∑==βααµµµµFFffFFi (34) 0coscossinq1iyx,iq1íiRzxi=×+××−××××−××∑∑==βααµµµµfFfcgmcgm (35) where
q is the number of spring lashing lines. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

Key 1 spring lashing lines 2 centre of gravity 3 tilting edge Figure 15 — Spring lashing to prevent tilting For a spring lashing according to Figures (14) and (15) with two spring lashing lines the equilibration of moments at edge 4 is: ()[]()[]0sin2coscos2iiiiiyx,iRzxi=−×−−×××−×−×rptsFbFdFαβα (36) ()[]()[]}{0sin2coscos2iiiiiyx,iRzxi=−×+−×××−×××−×××rptsFbcgmdcgmαβα (37) 6 Parameters 6.1 Friction factor The friction factor µ has to be assumed according to Annex B. The values presented in Table B.1 are valid for dry and wet clean surfaces, free from frost or ice and snow. They are based on several independent practical tests for each combination of materials. The values present a medium of measured static friction values multiplied by 0,925 and measured dynamic friction values divided by 0,925. This is the calculation basis for the purpose of this European Standard. If friction factors µ are determined by tests, it has to be ensured that the used test method is applicable to the tested goods and transport. When special materials for increased friction like skid-inhibiting mats are applied, a certificate for the friction factor µ is required. It has to be ensured that the used friction factors are applicable to the actual transport. If the surface contacts are not swept clean, free from frost, ice and snow a friction factor larger than µ = 0,2 (for sea transport µ = 0,3) shall not be used. Special precautions should be taken for oily and greasy surfaces. SIST EN 12195-1:2011

 static inclination tests according to the description in Annex D. It has to be ensured that the used test method is applicable to the tested goods and transport. Results from practical tests documented according to Annex E may be complemented by calculations. 8 Instruction for use 8.1 General The instruction for use, that shall be provided for the safe use of web lashing devices, lashing chains, lashing steel wire ropes (according to the respective Clauses 7) for Parts 2 to 4 of EN 12195 is based on their Annexes B. The basic requirements given in B.1 and B.2 of EN 12195-2:2000, EN 12195-3:2001 and EN 12195-4:2003 for determining the number and lashing capacity of the load restraint devices, are fulfilled when the equations are used which take the parameters of t
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