SIST EN 12195-1:2011

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.VLOLadungssicherung auf Straßenfahrzeugen - Sicherheit - Teil 1: Berechnung von SicherungskräftenDispositifs d'arrimage des charges à bord des véhicules routiers - Sécurité - Partie 1: Calcul des forces de retenueLoad restraining on road vehicles - Safety - Part 1: Calculation of securing forces55.180.99Drugi standardi v zvezi z distribucijo blaga s prevozomOther standards related to freight distribution of goodsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 12195-1:2010SIST EN 12195-1:2011en,fr,de01-junij-2011SIST EN 12195-1:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 12195-1:20041DGRPHãþD



SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 12195-1
November 2010 ICS 55.180.99 Supersedes EN 12195-1:2003English Version
Load restraining on road vehicles - Safety -Part 1: Calculation of securing forces
Dispositifs d'arrimage des charges à bord des véhicules routiers - Sécurité - Partie 1: Calcul des forces de retenue Ladungssicherung auf Straßenfahrzeugen - Sicherheit - Teil 1: Berechnung von Sicherungskräften This European Standard was approved by CEN on 12 May 2010.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 12195-1:2010: ESIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword . 4Introduction . 51 Scope . 62 Normative references . 63 Terms, definitions, symbols, units and abbreviations. 63.1 General terms and definitions . 63.2 Terms and definition of calculation parameters . 83.3 Symbols, units and terms . 104 Acceleration coefficients . 114.1 General . 114.2 Load on load carriers during road transport . 114.3 Load on load carriers during rail transport . 124.4 Load on load carriers during sea transport . 125 Methods of calculation . 135.1 General . 135.2 Stability of unsecured load . 145.3 Blocking . 155.4 Frictional lashing . 165.4.1 General . 165.4.2 Avoiding sliding . 165.4.3 Avoiding tilting . 175.5 Direct lashing . 205.5.1 General . 205.5.2 Slope lashing in longitudinal or transverse direction. 205.5.3 Diagonal lashing . 215.5.4 Loop lashing . 245.5.5 Spring lashing . 276 Parameters . 286.1 Friction factor . 286.2 Transmission of force during frictional lashing . 297 Cargo securing testing . 298 Instruction for use . 298.1 General . 298.2 Marking . 30Annex A (informative)
Examples for the calculation of lashing forces . 31Annex B (normative)
Friction . 38B.1 Practical methods for the determination of the friction factor µ . 38B.1.1 General . 38B.1.2 Inclination test . 38B.1.3 Pulling test . 38B.2 Friction factors µ of some usual goods and surfaces . 39Annex C (informative)
Load securing protocol . 41Annex D (normative)
Practical tests for determination of the efficiency of
cargo securing arrangements . 42D.1 Dynamic driving test . 42SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 3 D.2 Inclination test . 42D.2.1 Description of test . 42D.2.2 Example . 44D.2.3 Theoretical background . 45Annex E (informative)
Documentation of practical tests . 47Bibliography . 48 SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 12195-1:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 168 “Chains, ropes, webbing, slings and accessories – Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2011. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document supersedes EN 12195-1:2003. The main changes compared to the previous edition of EN 12195-1 are: a) title changed; b) k-factor deleted; c) tilting factor altered; d) safety factors fS = 1,1 and fS = 1,25 and conversion factor fµ = 0,75 for friction introduced; e) Annex B on friction factors µ made normative and friction factors revised; f) test methods for the determination of the friction µ and verification of securing arrangements included; g) static and dynamic friction factors deleted and friction factors µ in accordance with Annex B introduced. EN 12195, Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles
Safety, consists of the following parts:  Load restraining on road vehicles
Safety
Part 1: Calculation of securing forces  Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles
Safety
Part 2: Web lashing made from man-made fibres  Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles
Safety
Part 3: Lashing chains  Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles
Safety
Part 4: Lashing steel wire ropes According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 5 Introduction This part of EN 12195 has been prepared to provide a means of conforming with the essential safety requirements to calculate securing forces for load restraint assemblies to be used in the Common European Market and thus enabling unrestricted transport of cargo. This part of EN 12195 contributes to the harmonization of the calculation of load securing on road vehicles by giving the different procedures and equations of load securing. Blocking and lashing procedures and appropriate combinations are described for load securing. The equations used are based on relevant scientific and, in particular, on mechanical laws and practical experience. For this purpose, a suitable vehicle with appropriate assemblies for blocking, bracing and securing should be used to ensure safe load transportation. Transportation safety should be guaranteed by the dimensioning of load securing according to this European Standard. The extent to which the hazards acting on the load during transport and resulting from the forces of load are addressed is given in the scope of this European Standard. In addition, load restraint assemblies for securing of loads on vehicles with respect to their securing and load bearing ability, which are not covered by this European Standard, should conform to the other parts of this standard and to EN ISO 12100-2. SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 6 1 Scope This European Standard is applicable to the design of securing methods (blocking, lashing, and combinations) for securing of loads for surface transport by road vehicles or parts of them (lorries, trailers, containers and swap bodies), including their transport on vessels or by rail and/or combinations thereof. Hump shunting with acceleration over 1 g during railway transport is excluded, as it is not foreseen in combined transport. (Web lashings see EN 12195-2, lashing chains see EN 12195-3, lashing steel wire ropes see EN 12195-4). This European Standard does not apply for vehicles with a total weight equal to or lower than 3 500 kg. NOTE Lighter vehicles can have driving characteristics, which give higher values of acceleration on the road. For dimensioning of load securing a distinction is made between stable loads and loads liable to tilting. Furthermore, the acceleration coefficients for surface transport are specified. For over top lashing the force loss in the tension force of the lashing at the outer edges between load and lashing is taken into account. The securing forces to be chosen for calculation in this EN 12195-1 are static forces produced by blocking or tensioning of lashings and dynamic forces, which act on the lashing as a reaction of the load movements. Examples for the application of calculations are given in Annex A. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12195-2:2000, Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles — Safety — Part 2: Web lashing made from man-made fibres EN 12195-3:2001, Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles — Safety — Part 3: Lashing chains EN 12195-4:2003, Load restraint assemblies on road vehicles — Safety — Part 4: Lashing steel wire ropes EN 12642:2006, Securing of cargo on road vehicles — Body structure of commercial vehicles — Minimum requirements EN ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1: Tension/compression testing machines — Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system (ISO 7500-1:2004) 3 Terms, definitions, symbols, units and abbreviations For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions, symbols, units and abbreviations apply. 3.1 General terms and definitions 3.1.1 lashing securing method where bendable devices are used in the securing of the load on a load carrier 3.1.2 lashing device flexible device used in the securing of the load on a load carrier SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 7 3.1.3 tensioning device mechanical device inducing and maintaining a securing force in a load restraint assembly
EXAMPLES Ratchets, winches, overcentre buckles. 3.1.4 tension force indicator device which indicates the force applied to the lashing device by means of the tension devices and movement of the load or elastic deformation of the vehicle body, acting on the lashing devices 3.1.5 attachment point rigid part of the load to place the load restraint assembly and lashing devices 3.1.6 lashing point securing device on a load carrier to which a lashing device may be directly attached NOTE A lashing point can be e.g. an oval link, a hook, a D-ring, a lashing rail. 3.1.7 standard tension force STF residual force after physical release of the handle of the tensioning device [EN 12195-3:2001] 3.1.8 frictional lashing method lashing procedure (e.g. top over) where the friction force is enhanced by adding a vertical force component to the weight of the load 3.1.9 direct lashing method lashing procedure where the lashing devices are fixed directly to the solid parts of the load or to attachment points, that are intended for this purpose, and to the load carrier 3.1.10 blocking securing method where the load lies against fixed structures or fixtures on the load carrier, may be in the form of headboards, sideboards, sidewalls, stanchions, wedges, supporting beams, bracing or other devices 3.1.11 securing locking, blocking, lashing or combination of blocking and lashing
to secure a load to all directions on the load carrier to prevent sliding and tilting 3.1.12 bracing method of blocking mostly wooden structure, fixed to the load carrier to keep a load in one or more directions at its place 3.1.13 unstable load load which unsecured will tilt when exposed to the given accelerations SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 8 3.1.14 load carrier road vehicle or part of it 3.1.15 locking securing method where the load is secured by mechanical devices e.g. twist-locks on a load carrier 3.2 Terms and definition of calculation parameters 3.2.1 mass of the load m mass which is to be secured 3.2.2 acceleration of the load a maximum acceleration of the load during a specific type of transportation 3.2.3 acceleration coefficient c coefficient which when multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity g gives the acceleration a = c × g of the load during a specific type of transportation 3.2.4 longitudinal force actuated by the load Fx inertia force, actuated by the load as a result of the load carrier movements in its longitudinal axis (x-axis)
(Fx = m cx g) 3.2.5 transverse force actuated by the load Fy inertia force, actuated by the load as a result of the load carrier movements in its transverse axis (y-axis)
(Fy = m cy g) 3.2.6 vertical force actuated by the load Fz sum of forces that arise from the weight of the load and the inertia force actuated by the load (Fz = m cz g) due to the load carrier movements during the transport in the vertical axis (z-axis) of a load carrier 3.2.7 friction factor µµµµ friction coefficient between the load and the adjoining surface 3.2.8 internal friction factor µµµµi friction coefficient between rows of unstable loads, forming a load unit 3.2.9 friction force FF force acting due to the friction between load and adjoining surfaces against the movement of the load SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 9 3.2.10 blocking force FB force acting on a blocking device in a specified direction 3.2.11 blocking capacity BC maximum force that a blocking device is designed to carry in a specified direction 3.2.12 number n number of lashing devices or lashing lines 3.2.13 tension force of a lashing device FT force in the lashing device created by tensioning of a tensioning device 3.2.14 restraining force of a lashing device FR force carried by a lashing device to prevent movements of a load in relation to a load carrier during transport
3.2.15 lashing capacity LC maximum allowed force that a lashing device is designed to sustain in use 3.2.16 vertical lashing angle αααα angle between lashing device and the horizontal plane 3.2.17 longitudinal lashing angle ββββx angle between lashing device and longitudinal axis (x-axis) of a load carrier in the plane of the loading area 3.2.18 transverse lashing angle ββββy angle between lashing device and transverse axis (y-axis) of a load carrier in the plane of the loading area 3.2.19 safety factor fS factor to cover uncertainties of distribution of tension forces for frictional lashing 3.2.20 conversion factor fµ ratio of the dynamic friction factor and friction factor in accordance with Annex B 3.2.21 lashing line working leg of one or more lashing devices SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 10 3.3 Symbols, units and terms Table 1 — Symbols, units and terms Symbol Unit Term B m Total width of the load section BC N Blocking capacity F N Force FB N Blocking force FR N Restraining force of a lashing device FT N Tension force of a lashing device Fx N Longitudinal force actuated by the load Fy N Transverse force actuated by the load Fz N Vertical force actuated by the load FF N Friction force FFM N Friction force as result of the vertical force Fz FFR N Friction force as result of the restraining force FR FFT N Friction force as result of the tension force FT FLP N Maximum force to which a lashing point is designed H m Total height of the load section LC daN Lashing capacity STF daN Standard tension force a m/s² Acceleration b m Lever arm of the standing moment c — Acceleration coefficient cx — Longitudinal acceleration coefficient cy — Transverse acceleration coefficient
cz — Vertical acceleration coefficient d m Lever arm of the tilting moment fS — Safety factor for frictional lashing
fµ — Conversion factor g m/s² Gravitational acceleration h m Lever arm of the lashing moment i — Index for lashing lines  m Length of the load m kg Mass of the load n — Number of lashing devices N — Number of rows SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 11
Table 1 (continued) Symbol Unit Term p m Horizontal distance from the outer edge of the load to the point where the lashing device acts on the load q — Number of lashing lines r m Horizontal distance from the outer edge of the load to the tipping point s m Vertical distance from the platform to the point where the lashing device acts on the load t m Vertical distance from the platform to the tipping point w m Width of the load α ° Vertical lashing angle βx ° Longitudinal lashing angle βy ° Transverse lashing angle 3 ° Test angle µ — Friction factor µi — Internal friction factor 4 Acceleration coefficients 4.1 General The acceleration coefficients given in the Tables 2, 3 and 4 are specified according to 3.2.2 and 3.2.3 as maximum values for a load on a load carrier for the specific type of transportation. Combinations of longitudinal and transverse accelerations occurring during transport are covered by the values of the tables. In case of combination of different modes of transport the maximum relevant acceleration coefficient, as appropriate, has to be taken into account. Superposition of the weight of the load with high frequency stresses and occasional occurring shock loadings of short duration are absorbed by the elongation of the lashing devices and the shock absorber system of the lorries and trailers. This occurs without any significant increase of stress, so that this can be ignored for the purpose of this European Standard which gives a practical and not a scientific view. Even for cargo with no risk of sliding or tilting, measures (e.g. blocking or lashing) shall be taken to avoid them to be significantly displaced due to vibrations. 4.2 Load on load carriers during road transport The acceleration coefficients for load carriers during road transport shall be as given in Table 2. SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 12 Table 2 — Acceleration coefficients cx, cy and cz during road transport Securing in Acceleration coefficients cx, longitudinally cy, transversely cz, vertically down forward rearward sliding only tilting longitudinal direction 0,8 0,5 — — 1,0 transverse direction — — 0,5 0,5/0,6 a1,0 a See 5.1.
4.3 Load on load carriers during rail transport The acceleration coefficients for load carriers during rail transport shall be as given in Table 3. Table 3 — Acceleration coefficients cx, cy and cz during rail transport Securing in Acceleration coefficients cx, longitudinally cy, transversely cz, minimum vertically down sliding tilting sliding tilting longitudinal direction 1,0 0,6 — 1,0 1,0 transverse direction — — 0,5 0,7 1,0
4.4 Load on load carriers during sea transport The acceleration coefficients for load carriers during sea transport shall be as given in Table 4. SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 13
Table 4 — Acceleration coefficients cx, cy and cz during sea transport Sea area Securing in Acceleration coefficients cx, longitudinally cy, transversely cz, minimum ver-tically down A longitudinal direction 0,3 — 0,5 transverse direction — 0,5 1,0 B longitudinal direction 0,3 — 0,3 transverse direction — 0,7 1,0 C longitudinal direction 0,4 — 0,2 transverse direction — 0,8 1,0 NOTE See IMO/ILO/UNECE, Guidelines for packing of cargo transport units (CTUs). A Baltic Sea bordered in west by Jylland and in north by a line between Lysekil and Skagen. B West of Sea area A bordered in north by a line between Kristiansand and Montrose, in west by UK and in
south by a line between Brest and Land's End as well as the Mediterranean Sea. C Unrestricted. 5 Methods of calculation 5.1 General The general requirements for a safe transport are:  the sum of forces in any direction equals zero;  the sum of moments in any plane equals zero. Load securing devices and aids, as e.g. wedges, web lashing devices according to EN 12195-2, lashing chains according to EN 12195-3 and lashing steel wire ropes according to EN 12195-4 have to sustain the forces and moments, longitudinally, transversely and vertically, the restraint device and the cargo unit are supposed to sustain. Generally, load securing consists of balancing the forces of a load by locking, blocking and/or lashing. Locking, a completely positive connection, is mainly used in the transport of containers and is not usually combined with lashing devices. Blocking results in a positive connection in the blocked direction only and therefore is often combined with lashing devices. This is taken into consideration in 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5. All calculation equations given in this European Standard are based on symmetrical (longitudinal and transverse) lashing methods. If the lashings are made unsymmetrical, this shall be taken into account when calculations are performed; this is not dealt with in this European Standard. The two basic lashing methods are:  frictional lashing (see 3.1.8);  direct lashing (see 3.1.9). For the design of the direct lashing method a conversion factor fµ = 0,75 will be used in combination with µ and is included in all appropriate equations. SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 14 The frictional lashing method is described in 5.4, the direct lashing method in 5.5. For load of which the effectiveness of the load securing arrangements cannot be determined by means of calculations in this European Standard (e.g. for some non rigid goods), the calculations can be replaced by suitable tests (see Clause 7) reflecting basic design parameters (see 4.2 to 4.4). For unstable goods in combination with frictional lashing, the increased force in the lashing device due to tilting of the goods should not exceed half of the LC. The number of lashing devices to be used should be the largest of the following two calculations:  cy = 0,5 calculated with FT = STF;  cy = 0,6 calculated with FT = 0,5 LC. In the case of the direct lashing method the calculation should be used based on:  cy = 0,6 calculated with FR = LC. 5.2 Stability of unsecured load The stability of a load should be determined both in longitudinal direction (x-axis) and in transverse direction (y-axis). Using the designations of Figure 1, the stability condition for a load is specified as follows: dFbF×>×yx,yx,z (1) dFFbzx,yx,y> (2) dccbzx,yx,y> (3) The quantities cx, cy and cz are the acceleration coefficients in accordance with Clause 4 (for road transport cy to be taken as 0,5). If the condition of Equation (1) is met, a load is stable. An unstable load will have a high centre of gravity in relation to the dimensions of the bottom surface. In the case of an unstable load the risk of tilting over has to be taken into account. SIST EN 12195-1:2011



EN 12195-1:2010 (E) 15
Key 1 centre of gravity 2 load 3 tilting edge Figure 1 — Stability of an unlashed load 5.3 Blocking For the design of blocking the friction factor µ
is to be used.
Key 1 centre of gravity 2 load 3 blocking device Figure 2 — Load securing by blocking SIST EN 12195-1:2011



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