SIST EN 12341:2023
(Main)Ambient air - Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter
Ambient air - Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter
This European Standard describes a standard method for determining the PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentrations of suspendedparticulate matter in ambient air by sampling the particulate matter on filters and weighing them by means of a balance.
Measurements are performed with samplers with inlet designs as specified in Annex A, operating at a nominal flow rate of 2,3 m3/h,over a nominal sampling period of 24 h. Measurement results are expressed in μg/m3, where the volume of air is the volume atambient conditions near the inlet at the time of sampling.
The range of application of this European Standard is for 24 h measurements from approximately 1 μg/m3 (i.e. the limit of detection ofthe standard measurement method expressed as its uncertainty) up to 150 μg/m3 for PM10 and 120 μg/m3 for PM2,5.
This European Standard describes procedures and gives requirements for the testing and use of so-called sequential samplers,equipped with a filter changer, suitable for extended stand-alone operation. Sequential samplers are commonly used throughout theEuropean Union for the measurement of concentrations in ambient air of PM10 or PM2,5. However, this European Standard does notexclude the use of single-filter samplers.
This European Standard represents an evolution of earlier European Standards (EN 12341:1998 and 2014, EN 14907:2005). Newequipment procured shall comply fully with this European Standard.
Older versions of these samplers, including those described in EN 12341:2014 Annex B, have a special status in terms of their use. These samplers can still be used for monitoring purposes and for ongoing quality control, provided that a well justified additionalallowance is made to their uncertainties
This European Standard also provides guidance for the selection and testing of filters with the aim of reducing the measurementuncertainty of the results obtained when applying this European Standard.
Außenluft - Gravimetrisches Standardmessverfahren für die Bestimmung der PM10- oder PM2,5- Massenkonzentration des Schwebstaubes
Dieses Dokument legt ein Standardverfahren zur Bestimmung der PM10- oder PM2,5-Massenkonzentration von Schwebstaub in der Außenluft durch Probenahme der Partikel auf Filtern und deren Wägung mittels einer Waage fest.
Die Messungen werden mit Probenahmegeräten durchgeführt, bei denen die Probeneinlässe entsprechend den Festlegungen in Anhang A ausgeführt sind und die mit einem Nennvolumenstrom von 2,3 m3/h über eine Nennprobenahmedauer von 24 h betrieben werden. Das Verfahren umfasst die Konzentrationsbestimmung spezifischer Partikelfraktionen in der Außenluft in Bereichen, die als ländliche Gebiete, städtischer Hintergrund, verkehrsbezogene Orte und durch industrielle Quellen beeinflusste Orte klassifiziert sind. Die Messergebnisse werden in µg/m3 angegeben, wobei das Luftvolumen das Volumen bei Umgebungsbedingungen in der Nähe des Probeneinlasses während der Probenahme darstellt.
Der Anwendungsbereich dieses Dokuments für 24-h-Messungen reicht von etwa 1 µg/m3 (d. h. der Nachweisgrenze des Standardmessverfahrens, ausgedrückt als dessen Unsicherheit) bis zu 150 µg/m3 bei PM10 und 120 µg/m3 bei PM2,5.
ANMERKUNG 1 Obwohl dieses Dokument nicht für höhere Konzentrationen validiert ist, kann der Anwendungsbereich bei Verwendung von geeigneten Filtermaterialien durchaus auf Konzentrationen in der Luft von bis zu etwa 200 µg/m3 erweitert werden (siehe 5.1.5.2).
Dieses Dokument legt Verfahren für und Anforderungen an die Prüfung und Anwendung sogenannter sequentieller Probenahmeeinrichtungen fest, die mit einem Filterwechsler ausgestattet und für einen längeren autonomen Betrieb geeignet sind. Sequentielle Probenahmeeinrichtungen werden üblicherweise in der gesamten Europäischen Union zur Messung von Konzentrationen von PM10 oder PM2,5 in Luft eingesetzt. Dieses Dokument schließt den Einsatz von Einzelfiltergeräten jedoch nicht aus.
ANMERKUNG 2 Ältere Versionen von Probenahmegeräten, die früheren Versionen von EN 12341 [2], [21] entsprechen, können weiterhin zur Bewertung der Gleichwertigkeit von Kandidatmethoden verwendet werden, wobei die in EN 16450 [5] und in [11] beschriebenen Verfahren anzuwenden sind. Sobald neuere Versionen der nach diesem Dokument geprüften Probenahmegeräte zur Verfügung stehen, sollten die älteren Referenzprobenahmegeräte für Gleichwertigkeitsnachweise nach EN 16450 und nach [11] nicht mehr verwendet werden. Typprüfungsberichte über gleichwertige Verfahren sind weiterhin gültig, wenn sie in Auftrag gegeben wurden, bevor die nach diesem Dokument getesteten eignungsgeprüften Referenzsammlern verfügbar waren.
Dieses Dokument gibt auch Hilfestellung für die Auswahl und Prüfung von Filtern mit dem Ziel der Verringerung der Messunsicherheit der Ergebnisse aus diesem Verfahren.
Air ambiant - Méthode normalisée de mesurage gravimétrique pour la détermination de la concentration massique MP10 ou MP2,5 de matière particulaire en suspension
Le présent document spécifie une méthode normalisée de détermination des concentrations massiques de MP10 ou MP2,5 de la matière particulaire en suspension dans l’air ambiant en prélevant la matière particulaire sur les filtres et en les pesant à l’aide d’une balance.
Les mesurages sont effectués avec des préleveurs dont les têtes de prélèvement sont conçues conformément aux spécifications de l’Annexe A, fonctionnant à un débit nominal de 2,3 m3/h, pendant une période de prélèvement nominale de 24 h. La méthode couvre la détermination des concentrations de fractions spécifiques de matière particulaire en suspension présente dans l’air ambiant dans les zones classées comme zones rurales, périurbaines, proches d’axes de circulation automobile et influencées par des sources industrielles. Les résultats de mesure sont exprimés en μg/m3, le volume d’air étant le volume dans les conditions ambiantes à proximité de la tête de prélèvement pendant le prélèvement.
La gamme d’application du présent document, pour des mesurages sur 24 h, se situe entre environ 1 μg/m3 (c’est-à-dire, la limite de détection de la méthode de mesure normalisée exprimée sous la forme de son incertitude) et 150 μg/m3 pour la MP10 et 120 μg/m3 pour la MP2,5.
NOTE 1 Bien que la présente Norme européenne ne soit pas validée pour des concentrations supérieures, sa gamme d’application peut parfaitement être élargie à des concentrations dans l’air ambiant pouvant atteindre environ 200 μg/m3 en cas d’utilisation de matériaux filtrants appropriés (voir 5.1.5.2).
Le présent document spécifie les modes opératoires et donne les exigences d’essai et d’utilisation des préleveurs dits séquentiels, équipés d’un passeur de filtres, adaptés pour un fonctionnement autonome prolongé. Les préleveurs séquentiels sont couramment utilisés dans toute l’Union européenne pour mesurer les concentrations dans l’air ambiant de MP10 ou MP2,5. Toutefois, le présent document n’exclut pas l’utilisation de préleveurs à filtre unique.
NOTE 2 Les anciens modèles de préleveurs, conformes aux versions antérieures de l’EN 12341 [2 et 21], peuvent encore être utilisés pour évaluer l’équivalence des méthodes candidates, à l’aide des modes opératoires décrits dans l’EN 16450 [5] et en [11]. Dès que des modèles plus récents de préleveurs soumis à essai dans le présent document seront disponibles, cesser d’utiliser les anciens préleveurs de référence mentionnés dans l’EN 16450 et en [11]. Les rapports sur les essais de type des méthodes équivalentes restent valides s’ils ont été demandés avant que les préleveurs de référence de type approuvé soumis à essai dans le présent document ne soient disponibles.
Le présent document fournit également des recommandations pour la sélection et l’analyse des filtres en vue de réduire l’incertitude de mesure des résultats obtenus lors de l’application du présent document.
Zunanji zrak - Standardna gravimetrijska metoda za določevanje masne koncentracije frakcije lebdečih delcev PM10 ali PM2,5
Ta evropski standard opisuje standardno metodo za določanje masne koncentracije frakcije lebdečih delcev PM10 ali PM2,5 v zunanjem zraku z vzorčenjem snovi v filtrih in tehtanjem z uravnoteženjem.
Merjenje se izvede z vzorčniki z dovodnimi oblikami, navedenimi v dodatku A, ki delujejo pri nazivnem pretoku 2,3 m3/h, v nazivnem obdobju vzorčenja 24 ur. Meritve so izražene v μg/m3, kjer je prostornina zraka enaka prostornini pri okoljskih pogojih poleg dovoda v času vzorčenja.
Razpon uporabe tega evropskega standarda za 24-urno merjenje je od približno 1 μg/m3 (tj. omejitev zaznavanja standardne merilne metode, izražene kot negotove) do 150 μg/m3 za PM10 in 120 μg/m3 za PM2,5.
Ta evropski standard opisuje postopke in podaja zahteve za preskušanje in uporabo tako imenovanih sekvenčnih vzorčnikov, opremljenih z menjalom filtra, primernim za samostojno uporabo. Sekvenčni vzorčniki se uporabljajo po vsej Evropski uniji za merjenje koncentracij PM10 ali PM2,5 v zunanjem zraku. Vendar pa ta evropski standard ne izključuje uporabe vzorčnikov z enim filtrom.
Ta evropski standard pomeni razvoj prejšnjih evropskih standardov (EN 12341:1998 in 2014, EN 14907:2005). Na novo pridobljena oprema mora biti v celoti skladna s tem evropskim standardom.
Starejše različice teh vzorčnikov, vključno s tistimi, ki so opisani v dodatku B k standardu EN 12341:2014, imajo poseben status, kar zadeva njihovo uporabo. Te vzorčnike je mogoče še naprej uporabljati za namene nadzora in stalne kontrole kakovosti, če se pri tem upravičeno in dodatno upoštevajo negotovosti v zvezi z njimi.
Ta evropski standard zagotavlja tudi smernice za izbor in preskušanje filtrov, namenjene zmanjšanju merilne negotovosti rezultatov, pridobljenih z uporabo tega evropskega standarda.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 12341:2014
Zunanji zrak - Standardna gravimetrijska metoda za določevanje masne
koncentracije frakcije lebdečih delcev PM10 ali PM2,5
Ambient air - Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the
PM10 or PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter
Außenluft - Gravimetrisches Standardmessverfahren für die Bestimmung der PM10-
oder PM2,5- Massenkonzentration des Schwebstaubes
Air ambiant - Méthode normalisée de mesurage gravimétrique pour la détermination de
la concentration massique MP10 ou MP2,5 de matière particulaire en suspension
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 12341:2023
ICS:
13.040.20 Kakovost okoljskega zraka Ambient atmospheres
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 12341
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
August 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.040.20 Supersedes EN 12341:2014
English Version
Ambient air - Standard gravimetric measurement method
for the determination of the PM10 or PM2,5 mass
concentration of suspended particulate matter
Air ambiant - Méthode normalisée de mesurage Außenluft - Gravimetrisches Standardmessverfahren
gravimétrique pour la détermination de la für die Bestimmung der PM10- oder PM2,5-
concentration massique MP10 ou MP2,5 de matière Massenkonzentration des Schwebstaubes
particulaire en suspension
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 April 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 12341:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents Page
European foreword . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 6
3.1 Terms and definitions . 6
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations . 10
4 Principle . 12
4.1 Description of the standard measuring principle . 12
4.2 Initial use and procedures for ongoing QA/QC . 12
4.3 Evaluation of measurement uncertainty . 12
5 Equipment, facilities and testing . 12
5.1 Sampling system components and programme for type testing . 12
5.1.1 General. 12
5.1.2 Sampler design . 16
5.1.3 Standard inlet design . 16
5.1.4 Connecting pipe work . 17
5.1.5 Filter holder and filter . 17
5.1.6 Flow control system . 18
5.1.7 Temperature sensors . 20
5.1.8 Ambient pressure sensor . 20
5.1.9 Sampling period . 20
5.1.10 Leak tightness of the sampling system . 20
5.1.11 Storage conditions . 22
5.1.12 Recording of operational parameters . 22
5.1.13 Effect of failure of mains power . 23
5.1.14 Effect of ending sampling early due to filter clogging . 23
5.1.15 Firmware, software and manual versions . 23
5.2 Sampling system components and programme for type testing . 24
5.3 Field tests for type testing . 25
5.3.1 General. 25
5.3.2 Performance tests . 25
5.4 Type testing report . 26
6 Filter conditioning, sampling, weighing facilities and weighing procedures . 26
6.1 General. 26
6.2 Weighing Facilities . 28
6.2.1 Weighing room . 28
6.2.2 Balance . 28
6.3 Filter conditioning and weighing prior to sampling . 28
6.4 Sampling procedure . 29
6.4.1 Filter cassette loading . 29
6.4.2 Filter sampling . 29
6.4.3 Sample storage and transport procedures . 29
6.5 Filter conditioning and weighing after sampling . 29
6.6 Weighing room procedures . 30
6.7 Filter blanks for ongoing quality control . 30
6.7.1 General. 30
6.7.2 Weighing room blanks . 30
6.7.3 Field blanks . 31
7 Ongoing quality control . 31
7.1 General . 31
7.2 Frequency of calibrations, checks and maintenance . 31
7.3 Recording of operational parameters . 32
7.4 Maintenance of the sampling system . 33
7.5 Checks of sampler sensors . 33
7.6 Calibration of sampler sensors . 33
7.7 Checks of the sampler flow rate . 34
7.8 Calibration of the sampler flow rate . 34
7.9 Leak check of the sampling system . 34
7.10 Checks of weighing facility sensors . 34
7.11 Calibration of weighing facility sensors . 34
7.12 Balance . 34
7.13 Check of the accuracy of sampler clock . 35
8 Expression of results . 35
9 Performance characteristics of the method . 35
9.1 General . 35
9.2 GUM concept . 35
9.3 Individual uncertainty sources . 37
9.3.1 General . 37
9.3.2 Collected particulate mass . 37
9.3.3 Time (t) . 40
9.3.4 Uncertainty budget . 40
9.4 Expanded uncertainty vs. EU Data Quality Objectives . 42
Bibliography . 59
European foreword
This document (EN 12341:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”,
the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2024, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by February 2024.
This document supersedes EN 12341:2014.
Technical modifications which have been made in comparison with the previous edition are summarized
in Annex I.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
For relationship with EU Directive(s), see the introduction.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the United
Kingdom.
Introduction
For air quality across the European Union to be assessed on a consistent basis, Member States need to
employ standard measurement techniques and procedures. The aim of this document is to present a
harmonized methodology for monitoring the mass concentrations of suspended particulate matter (PM
and PM respectively) in ambient air, following Directive 2008/50/EC on ambient air quality and
2,5
cleaner air for Europe [1] which sets the parameters specific to the assessment of ambient concentration
levels of particulate matter.
NOTE In principle, the methodology described in this document may also be used for measurement of mass
concentrations of other PM fractions such as PM . However, this document does not describe standardized sampling
inlets for such fractions.
The European Standard method described in this document is focused primarily on harmonization and
improvement of the data quality of measurement methods used in monitoring networks with regard to
avoiding unnecessary discontinuities with historical data. It is a method that is suited for practical use in
routine monitoring, but not necessarily the method with the highest metrological quality.
There are no reference materials currently available to provide traceability for PM or PM
10 2,5
measurements in ambient air. Therefore, the standard method defines the measured quantity by
convention, specifically by the sample inlet design and associated operational parameters covering the
whole measurement process. This document contains:
— a description of a manual gravimetric standard measurement method for PM or PM using
10 2,5
sequential samplers or single-filter samplers;
— a summary of performance requirements of the method, together with associated type testing
requirements for the sampler;
— requirements for suitability testing of facilities and equipment on initial application of the method;
— requirements for ongoing quality assurance / quality control when applying the method in the field;
— the assessment of measurement uncertainty of the results of this document method;
— criteria and test methods for the evaluation of the suitability of filters for application using this
method.
The performance characteristics and requirements described in this document were partly determined
in different comparative and validation trials. The trials were sponsored by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association.
The requirements of this document are targeted firstly towards obtaining optimum results for the
measurement of mass concentrations of PM or PM .
10 2,5
However, the filters collected for the purpose of determining the mass concentrations of PM or PM
10 2,5
can be used for further speciation, e.g. for the determination of concentrations of:
— heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (see EN 14902 [6], EN 15549 [7]) and CEN/TS
16645 [20] in conformity with Directive 2004/107/EC [8], as amended by Directive 2015/1480/EU
[26].
— constituents of PM2,5 (see EN 16909 [9] and EN 16913 [10]) to be used for source apportionment as
required by Directive 2008/50/EC.
Additional requirements might have to be considered for those purposes (e.g. blank values of chemical
constituents).
1 Scope
This document specifies a standard method for determining the PM or PM mass concentrations of
10 2,5
suspended particulate matter in ambient air by sampling the particulate matter on filters and weighing
them by means of a balance.
Measurements are performed with samplers with inlet designs as specified in Annex A, operating at a
nominal flow rate of 2,3 m /h, over a nominal sampling period of 24 h. The method covers the
determination of ambient air concentrations of specific fractions of suspended particulate matter in
zones classified as rural areas, urban-background areas, traffic-orientated locations and locations
influenced by industrial sources. Measurement results are expressed in µg/m , where the volume of air
is the volume at ambient conditions near the inlet at the time of sampling.
The range of application of this document is for 24 h measurements from approximately 1 µg/m (i.e. the
limit of detection of the standard measurement method expressed as its uncertainty) up to 150 µg/m
for PM and 120 µg/m for PM .
10 2,5
NOTE 1 Although the European Standard is not validated for higher concentrations, its range of application could
well be extended to ambient air concentrations up to circa 200 µg/m when using suitable filter materials (see
5.1.5.2).
This document specifies procedures and gives requirements for the testing and use of so-called
sequential samplers, equipped with a filter changer, suitable for extended stand-alone operation.
Sequential samplers are commonly used throughout the European Union for the measurement of
concentrations in ambient air of PM or PM . However, this document does not exclude the use of single-
10 2,5
filter samplers.
NOTE 2 Older versions of samplers, which conform to previous versions of EN 12341 [2 and 21], can still be used
to evaluate equivalence of candidate methods, using the procedures described in EN 16450 [5] and in [11]. As newer
versions of samplers tested under this document become available, discontinue the use of older reference samplers
in EN 16450 and in [11]. Type testing reports of equivalent methods are still valid if they were commissioned prior
to the availability of type approved reference samplers tested under this document.
This document also provides guidance for the selection and testing of filters with the aim of reducing the
measurement uncertainty of the results obtained when applying this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
JCGM 100, Evaluation of measurement data — Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement
EN 15267-1:2009, Air quality - Certification of automated measuring systems - Part 1: General principles
EN 15267-2:2009, Air quality - Certification of automated measuring systems - Part 2: Initial assessment of
the AMS manufacturer’s quality management system and post certification surveillance for the
manufacturing process
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1.1
accuracy of measurement
closeness of the agreement between the result of a measurement and a true value of the measurand
NOTE 1 to entry: “Accuracy” is a qualitative concept.
NOTE 2 to entry: The term precision should not be used for “accuracy”.
[SOURCE: JCGM 100]
3.1.2
ambient air
outdoor air in the troposphere, excluding workplaces where provisions concerning health and safety at
work apply and to which members of the public do not have regular access
[SOURCE: Directive 2008/50/EC; Directive 89/654/EEC [12]]
3.1.3
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity
values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding
indications with associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this information to
establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication
[SOURCE: JCGM 200 [13]]
3.1.4
combined standard uncertainty
standard uncertainty of the result of a measurement when that result is obtained from the values of a
number of other quantities, equal to the positive square root of a sum of terms, the terms being the
variances or covariances of these other quantities weighted according to how the measurement result
varies with changes in these quantities
[SOURCE: JCGM 100]
3.1.5
competent authority
organization which implements the requirements of EU Directives and regulates installations, which
complies with the requirements of applicable European Standards
Note 1 to entry: In ambient air quality monitoring this is an authority that performs one or more of the tasks listed
in Article 3 of Directive 2008/50/EC.
3.1.6
competent body
organization which can demonstrate its competence for a specific task to the competent authority in the
Member State
Note 1 to entry: It is recommended that the competent body performing the required tests be able to demonstrate
that it works in conformity with the requirements of internationally accepted standards for test laboratories.
Note 2 to entry: EN ISO/IEC 17025 is the harmonized internationally accepted standard that applies.
Note 3 to entry: A formal accreditation by a member body of the European Accreditation Organization to
EN ISO/IEC 17025 is a demonstration of conformity.
3.1.7
coverage factor
numerical factor used as a multiplier of the combined standard uncertainty in order to obtain an
expanded uncertainty
[SOURCE: JCGM 100]
3.1.8
expanded uncertainty
quantity defining an interval about the result of a measurement that may be expected to encompass a
large fraction of the distribution of values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
Note 1 to entry: The fraction may be viewed as the coverage probability or level of confidence of the interval.
Note 2 to entry: To associate a specific level of confidence with the interval defined by the expanded uncertainty
requires explicit or implicit assumptions regarding the probability distribution characterized by the measurement
result and its combined standard uncertainty. The level of confidence that may be attributed to this interval can be
known only to the extent to which such assumptions may be justified.
[SOURCE: JCGM 100]
3.1.9
field blank
filter that undergoes the same procedures of conditioning and weighing as a sample filter, including
transport to and from, and storage in the field, but is not used for sampling air
3.1.10
limit value
level fixed on the basis of scientific knowledge, with the aim of avoiding, preventing or reducing harmful
effects on human health and/or the environment as a whole, to be attained within a given period and not
to be exceeded once attained
[SOURCE: 2008/50/EC]
3.1.11
monitoring station
enclosure located in the field in which a sampler has been installed to measure particulate matter in such
a way that its performance and operation comply with the prescribed requirements
3.1.12
parallel measurement
measurements from measuring systems, sampling from the same air over the same time period
3.1.13
performance characteristic
one of the parameters assigned to a sampler in order to define its performance
3.1.14
performance criterion
limiting quantitative numerical value assigned to a performance characteristic, to which conformance is
tested
3.1.15
period of unattended operation
time period over which the sampler can be operated without requiring operator intervention
3.1.16
PMx
particulate matter suspended in air which is small enough to pass through a size-selective inlet with a
50 % efficiency cut-off at x µm aerodynamic diameter
Note 1 to entry: By convention, the size-selective standard inlet designs prescribed in this document – used at the
prescribed flow rates – possess the required characteristics to sample the relevant PM fraction suspended in
ambient air.
Note 2 to entry: The efficiency of the size selectiveness of other inlets used may have a significant effect on the
fraction of PM surrounding the cut-off, and, consequently on the mass concentration of PMx determined.
3.1.17
reference method
RM
measurement method(ology) which, by convention, gives the accepted reference value of the measurand
3.1.18
reference sampler
sampling system which has been proved to be compliant to the requirements of the design and
performance characteristics of this document
3.1.19
sampled air
ambient air that has been sampled through the sampling inlet and sampling system
3.1.20
sampling inlet
entrance to the sampling system where ambient air is collected from the atmosphere
3.1.21
standard uncertainty
uncertainty of the result of a measurement expressed as a standard deviation
[SOURCE: JCGM 100]
3.1.22
suspended particulate matter
SPM
notion of all particles surrounded by air in a given, undisturbed volume of air
3.1.23
type testing
examination of two or more samplers of the same model (identical in hardware and firmware) which are
submitted by a manufacturer to a competent body for testing of performance requirements
3.1.24
uncertainty of measurement
parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterizes the dispersion of the values
that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
[SOURCE: JCGM 100]
3.1.25
weighing room blank
filter that undergoes the same procedures of conditioning and weighing as a sample filter, but is stored
in the weighing room
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
— φ Flow rate related to standard conditions
— φ Flow rate related to ambient conditions (T , P )
a a a
— ∆P Pressure difference determined for the time interval ∆t (leak test)
— ∆t Time interval needed for the pressure rise (leak test)
— C Concentration of PM (µg/m ) at ambient conditions
— k Coverage factor
— m Filter mass
— mc Mass of blank conditioned filter
— m Mass of sampled filter
l
— m Mass of sampled and conditioned filter
s
— m Mass of unsampled filter
u
— P Pressure at t = 0 (leak test)
— P Ambient pressure
a
— Q Percentage leak rate
l
— t Sampling time
— T Ambient temperature
a
— u Standard uncertainty
Between-sampler uncertainty
— ubs
— u Uncertainty of flow
f
— u Uncertainty due to the effect of humidity on a blank filter
mfb
— u Uncertainty due to hysteresis effects on mass of PM
mh
— u Uncertainty of the mass of PM (ml – mu)
m
— u Uncertainty due to buoyancy
mb
— u Uncertainty due to balance calibration
mba
— u Uncertainty due to contamination
mc
— u Uncertainty due to lack of filter efficiency
mfe
— u Uncertainty due to the interaction with gases
mg
— u Uncertainty due to the effect of humidity on particulate matter
mhp
— u Uncertainty due to inlet performance
mip
— u Uncertainty of the mass of a sampled filter
ml
— ums Uncertainty due to static charging of the filter
— u Uncertainty due to losses of PM on transport and storage
mtl
— u Uncertainty of the mass of an unsampled filter
mu
— u Uncertainty due to balance zero drift
mzd
— u Uncertainty of the volumetric flow using the results of flow checks of the samplers from
v,rel
control card
— u Uncertainty of the flow meter (Oriflow flow meter)
v,ref
— φ Leak flow rate (leak test)
L
— V flow rate measured after the filter housing
o
— V flow rate measured at the sample inlet
i
— V Estimated total volume of the system (dead volume)
sys
— w Relative uncertainty
— W Expanded relative uncertainty
— x Individual measurement result from a sampler
i
— u Uncertainty due to flow calibration
fc
— u Uncertainty due to flow drift
fd
— u Uncertainty of sample time
t
— EU European Union
— GDE Guide to the Demonstration of Equivalence of Ambient Air Monitoring Methods
— GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement
— JCGM Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology
— PM Particulate Matter
— POM Polyoxymethylene
— PTFE Polytetrafluoroethylene
— QA/QC Quality Assurance / Quality Control
— RH Relative Humidity
— RM Reference Method(ology)
— SPM Suspended Particulate Matter
4 Principle
4.1 Description of the standard measuring principle
Ambient air is passed through a size-selective inlet at a known, constant flow rate. The relevant PM
fraction is collected on a filter for a known period of nominally 24 h. The mass of the PM material is
determined by weighing the filter at pre-specified, constant conditions before and after collection of the
particulate matter.
Key factors which can affect the result of the measurement, and which are addressed by the procedures
prescribed within this document, include:
— (variations in) the design and construction of the size-selective inlet;
— the sampling flow rate;
— deposition losses of PM within the pipework between the inlet and the filter;
— uncontrolled losses within the pipework between the inlet and the filter, and on the filter due to
volatilization of water and semi-volatile PM at any time between collection and weighing;
— changes in weight of the filters or PM due to, e.g. the behaviour of water and semi-volatile compounds
on the filter and PM, spurious addition or loss of material, buoyancy, or static electricity.
In order to minimize the effects of these factors, this document gives requirements for a series of
parameters that determine the magnitudes of these effects.
4.2 Initial use and procedures for ongoing QA/QC
QA/QC procedures are described for sample collection, filter transport and handling, and filter weighing.
The QA/QC procedures within this document are separated into those activities typically carried out with
each measurement, and those carried out less frequently.
QA/QC procedures which are used for each measurement, including filter handling and conditioning,
weighing room conditions, proper functioning of the weighing instrument, and the use of blank filters,
are described in Clause 6.
It is of particular importance that the facilities used for the weighing of the filters before and after
sampling fulfil the requirements of this document. Consequently, a series of tests is described through
which the user may ensure the proper operation of the facilities.
Additional QA/QC procedures which are used on a less frequent basis, including flow calibration,
calibration of the weighing instrument, and maintenance (inlet cleaning) and leak testing of the sampling
system, are described in Clause 7.
4.3 Evaluation of measurement uncertainty
Procedures for the user to evaluate the measurement uncertainty contributions are described in Clause 9.
5 Equipment, facilities and testing
5.1 Sampling system components and programme for type testing
5.1.1 General
This document specifies the designs for the sampling systems to be used within the standard method.
This document represents an evolution of earlier European Standards (EN 12341 [2] and [21], EN 14907
[3]). New reference sampler procured shall comply fully with this document. Older versions of these
samplers, including those described in EN 12341:2014 Annex B [21], have a special status in terms of
their use. These samplers can still be used for monitoring purposes and for ongoing quality control,
provided that a well justified additional allowance is made to their uncertainties. An appropriate
procedure for calculating the additional uncertainty allowance is provided in EN 12341:2014 Annex B
[21].
The determination of the concentration of PM or PM in ambient air shall fulfil the requirement within
10 2,5
the maximum uncertainty of the measured values, which is prescribed by Directive 2008/50/EC. In order
to achieve an uncertainty less than (or equal to) this required uncertainty, the sampler shall fulfil all the
criteria for a number of performance characteristics which are given in this standard. The values of the
selected performance characteristics shall be evaluated by means of laboratory tests and field tests. By
combining uncertainties derived from the values of the selected performance characteristics in the
expanded uncertainty calculation, a judgement shall be made as to whether or not the sampler meets the
criterion of maximum uncertainty prescribed by Directive 2008/50/EC.
This process of assessment of the values of the performance characteristics comprises laboratory tests
and field tests and the calculation of the expanded uncertainty. Two samplers of the same model shall be
tested in the laboratory and in the field tests. All samplers tested are required to pass their respective
tests.
It is permitted for testing in the laboratory and field to use two samplers of the same model consecutively
or separately with four samplers of the same model.
The type testing according to Clause 7 and subsequent QA/QC and verification procedures according to
Clause 9 provide evidence that the defined requirements concerning data quality objectives laid out in
relevant EU Directives can be satisfied. A competent body shall perform the type testing. The type
approval shall be awarded by, or on behalf of, the competent authority of a Member State. The type testing
report shall be publicly available.
The type testing is based on the evaluation of performance characteristics determined under a prescribed
series of tests. In this document, test procedures are described for the determination of the actual values
of the performance characteristics for two samplers of the same model in a laboratory and in the field.
The evaluation for type testing of the sampler includes the calculation of the expanded uncertainty of the
measuring result based on the numerical values of the tested performance characteristics and then by
comparison of this result with a prescribed maximum uncertainty.
Appropriate experimental evidence shall be provided by:
a) type testing performed under conditions of intended use of the specified method of measurement,
and
b) calculation of expanded uncertainty of results of measurement.
In order to assess the performance of single or sequential samplers, it is necessary to undergo a series of
laboratory and field tests. The requirements of these tests are given in Table 1, described further in the
accompanying clauses. The requirements shall be assessed via a combination of laboratory and field tests,
as prescribed in Table 1.
Table 1 — Requirements for sampling equipment
Type Test
Design/performance
Requirement (Lab Clause
characteristic
(L)/Field(F))
1 Sampler design The sampler design shall be as prescribed. L 5.1.2, 5.1.4,
5.1.5
2 Inlet design The design of the inlet shall be as L 5.1.3,
prescribed. normative
Annex A
3 Temperature of air Within ± 5 °K of climate chamber L 5.1.5
through the sample temperature at 20 °C.
filter during sampling
4 Nominal flow rate 2,3 m /h at ambient conditions. L/F 5.1.6
≤ 2,0 % of nominal flow rate
at −20 °C, 20 °C and 50 °C by default for
outdoor environments under lab tests.
Ambient conditions under field trials.
5 Constancy of sample 2,3 m /h at ambient conditions. L 5.1.6
volumetric flow
≤ 2,0 % of rated flow over sampling time
≤ 5,0 % rated flow (instantaneous flow)
at −20 °C, 20 °C and 50 °C by default for
outdoor environments.
6 Leak tightness of the φ ≤ 1,0 % of sample flow rate L/F 5.1.10
L
sampling system
7 Single-filter cycle time 24 h L 5.1.9
8 Maximum bias of ±5 min (in 30 d) F 5.1.9
sampler clock
9 Maximum bias of ≤ 2 K L 5.1.7
sensor for ambient
at −20 °C, 20 °C and 50 °C by default for
temperature
outdoor environments.
measurement or, if
applicable, the sensor
for measurement of
temperature in the
flow measuring device
Type Test
Design/performance
Requirement (Lab Clause
characteristic
(L)/Field(F))
10 Maximum bias of ≤ 1 kPa L 5.1.8
sensor for ambient
pressure
measurement or, if
applicable, the sensor
for measurement of
pressure in the flow
measuring device
11 Maximum bias of ≤ 2 K L 5.1.7
sensors for internal
temperatures (filter
during sampling; filter
during storage)
12 Minimum hourly The sampler shall be able to record at a L/F 5.1.12
recording and minimum hourly rate and transmit – at
transmission of minimum – the following parameters:
operational
• Average flow rate
parameters
• Sampling time and sample volume
• Average air temperature in filter
section
• Average ambient temperature
• Average temperature of filter storage
• Average ambient pressure
The sampler shall continue to record
these operational parameters while in
standby mode, i.e. when the sampler is
not actively sampling but exposed
sampler filters remain in storage.
13 Effect of failure of Instrument parameters shall be secured L 5.1.13
mains voltage against loss. On return of mains voltage
the instrument shall automatically
resume functioning.
14 Ending of sampling Instruments with filter changers shall L 5.1.14
due to filter have the ability to restart automatically
overloading with a new filter if the previous filter
sample was ended due to a high pressure
drop across the filter.
Type Test
Design/performance
Requirement (Lab Clause
characteristic
(L)/Field(F))
15 Between-sampler ≤ 2,0 µg/m . F 5.3.2
uncertainty
16 Availability At least 95 % F 5.3.2
17 Firmware / Software Shall be documented in the report. L/F 5.1.15
/ Manuals versions Firmware and software versions shall be
recorded on the instrument
When the manufacturer makes design changes (software and/or hardware) to a type-tested sampler it
shall follow the requirements of EN 15267-1 and EN 15267-2.
5.1.2 Sampler design
Sampling systems for the standard measurement methods for PM and PM typically consist of the
10 2,5
following elements, an example of which is illustrated schematically in Annex B:
— size-selective inlets, whose designs are prescribed in 5.1.3;
— connecting pipe-work between the inlet and the filter holder, described in 5.1.4;
— filter holder and filter, described in 5.1.5;
— flow control system, given by performance specifications in 5.1.6;
— sample changer (for sequential samplers);
— storage facility for filters in the sampler (for sequential samplers).
NOTE 1 Different filter storage configurations are possible. An example is provided in Annex B.
The sampler shall be designed in a way that it is possible to check and calibrate all sensors that are
important to ensure the correct performance of the sampler. The manual of the sampler shall contain
instructions on how to access and test the sensors, together with any specific tools required to achieve
this.
It is recommended to design the sampling device to minimize the effect of high temperatures as a result
of solar gain.
5.1.3 Standard inlet design
A standard drawing of the inlet design for the sampling of PM and PM is given in Annex A.
10 2,5
The inlet shall be made of an inert, non-corroding, electrically conducting material such as stainless steel,
aluminium alloy or anodized aluminium.
For a correct size-selective sampling of PM and PM the sampling flow shall be kept at a nominal flow
10 2,5
rate of 2,3 m /h (see 5.1.5 and Annex F).
The design of the inlet shall be checked with standards for dimensional measurements traceable to
Internationally accepted standards with uncertainties according to: ISO 2768-1 [18] tolerance class m,
tolerance H7 (for critical components) and EN ISO 286-2 [19] (for all other measurements). The
manufacturer shall also provide a disassembled sample nozzle of each type for type testing in order for
the internal dimensions to be assessed for compliance.
5.1.4 Connecting pipe work
The requirements for the connecting pipe work between the inlet and the filter holder are to minimize
deposition losses of particulate matter by kinetic processes, as well as losses due to thermal, chemical or
electrostatic processes.
— The pipe work shall be made of an inert, non-corroding, electrically conducting material such as
stainless steel, aluminium alloy or anodized aluminium.
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