SIST EN 15442:2011

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur ProbenahmeCombustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes d'échantillonnageSolid recovered fuels - Methods for sampling75.160.10Trda gorivaSolid fuelsICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 15442:2011SIST EN 15442:2011en,de01-maj-2011SIST EN 15442:2011SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST-TS CEN/TS 15442:20071DGRPHãþD



SIST EN 15442:2011



EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 15442
March 2011 ICS 75.160.10 Supersedes CEN/TS 15442:2006English Version
Solid recovered fuels - Methods for sampling
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthodes d'échantillonnage
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Probenahme This European Standard was approved by CEN on 22 January 2011.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2011 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 15442:2011: ESIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 2 Contents Page Foreword .4Introduction .51Scope .72Normative references .73Terms and definitions .74Symbols and abbreviated terms . 105Principle . 116Development of a sampling plan . 116.1Principle . 116.2Definition of overall objectives . 136.3Definition of a lot and determining lot size . 136.4Determination of the sampling procedure . 146.5Determination of the number of increments . 146.6Determination of minimum sample size . 156.7Determination of the minimum increment size . 156.8Determination of the effective increment and sample sizes . 156.9Selection of distribution of increments over a lot . 167Implementation of the sampling plan . 187.1Steps before actual sampling . 187.2Steps during sampling . 187.3Steps after sampling . 198Handling and storage of samples . 199Precision . 19Annex A (normative)
Procedure for the development of a sampling plan . 20A.1Introduction . 20A.2Principle . 20A.3Procedure . 20Annex B (informative)
Guideline for a sampling plan . 23B.1Introduction . 23B.2Form for the sampling plan . 23Annex C (normative)
Sampling equipment and implements . 28C.1Introduction . 28C.2Principle . 28C.3Selection of an apparatus . 28C.4Examples for sampling from a moving conveyor or drop flow . 28C.5Sampling frame . 30C.6Sampling scoop . 31C.7Mechanical probe. 32Annex D (normative)
Determination of minimum sample size . 34D.1Introduction . 34D.2Principle . 34D.3Determination of factors necessary for the minimum sample size . 34D.4Calculation of the minimum sample size . 36D.5Quick determination of minimum sample size . 37SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 3 Annex E (normative)
Determination of minimum increment size for sampling from material flows . 39E.1Introduction . 39E.2Principle. 39E.3Determination of minimum increment size for mechanical sampling from a drop flow . 39E.4Determination of minimum increment size for manual sampling from a drop flow . 40E.5Determination of minimum increment size for sampling from a conveyor . 41Annex F (normative)
Determination of minimum increment size for sampling from static lots or vehicles. 43F.1Introduction . 43F.2Principle. 43F.3Procedure . 43Annex G (normative)
Implementation of sampling plan from a material flow . 44G.1Introduction . 44G.2Principle. 44G.3Procedure verification of sampling aspects . 44G.4Procedure: Mechanical or manual sampling from the drop flow . 44G.5Procedure: Mechanical sampling from a moving conveyor . 46G.6Procedure: Manual sampling from a stationary conveyor . 47Annex H (normative)
Implementation of the sampling plan from a static lot or vehicle . 49H.1Introduction . 49H.2Principle. 49H.3Procedure . 49H.4Implementation of sampling in locations chosen in a stratified random way . 50Annex I (normative)
Minimum sample size required for analysis. 51I.1Introduction . 51I.2Principle. 51I.3Procedure . 51Annex J (normative)
Standard sampling plans for common situations . 56J.1Introduction . 56J.2Sampling of granular SRF <25 mm from a moving conveyor . 56J.3Sampling of granular SRF <25 mm from a static lot . 59J.4Sampling of granular SRF <25 mm from a vehicle . 62Annex K (informative)
Additional information about precision . 66K.1Introduction . 66K.2Scope . 66K.3Trueness . 66K.4Repeatability and reproducibility . 66K.5Robustness . 67Annex L (informative)
Distribution of increments . 69L.1Scope . 69L.2Stratified sampling . 69L.3Stratified random sampling . 70Bibliography . 72 SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 4 Foreword This document (EN 15442:2011) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2011, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2011. This document supersedes CEN/TS 15442:2006. Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the European Free Trade Association. This document is one of a series of European Standards dealing with solid recovered fuel. EN 15442, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for sampling. EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the preparation of the laboratory sample. EN 154131), Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the preparation of the test sample from the laboratory sample. This document differs from CEN/TS 15442:2006 mainly as follows: a) results of interlaboratory tests supplemented as an informative Annex F; b) whole document editorially revised. According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
1) To be published. SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 5 Introduction The testing of solid recovered fuel enables informed decisions about their subsequent handling and use. In order to carry out a test on a solid recovered fuel a sample of the material is required. Before any sampling operation is devised it is important that the objectives for sampling are clearly identified and subsequently well executed to ensure that the expectations of any involved parties are recognized and satisfied. The identification of objectives helps to define the level of testing required, e.g. thorough examination or routine testing and in addition desired reliability of testing / assessment and frequency of testing. The sampling objectives, along with the sequence of operations required to fulfill them are detailed in an overall sampling plan. After a sampling plan has been prepared the sampling of solid recovered fuels (SRF's) itself can be implemented. Figure 1 shows the links between the essential elements of a testing program. Sampling procedures are provided for a range of process streams and common storage conditions. The sampling technique adopted depends on a combination of different characteristics of the material and circumstances encountered at the sampling location. The determining factors are:  the type of solid recovered fuel;  the situation at the sampling location / the way in which the material occurs (e.g. in a stockpile, on a conveyor belt, in a lorry);  the (expected) degree of heterogeneity (e.g. monostreams, mixed fuels, blended fuels). This European Standard is primarily geared toward laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of solid recovered fuels, but is also useful for the authorities and inspection organizations. Standards for sampling of solid biofuels are available from Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” CEN/TR 14589:2003, CEN/TR 15018:2005 and CEN/TR 15310:2006 for the sampling for the purpose of the characterization of waste are available from CEN/TC 292. SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 6
Figure 1 — Links between the essential elements of a testing program SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 7 1 Scope This European Standard specifies methods for taking samples of solid recovered fuels for example from production plants, from deliveries or from stock. It includes manual and mechanical methods. It is not applicable to solid recovered fuels that are formed by liquid or sludge, but it includes dewatered sludge. 2 Normative references The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 15357:2011, Solid recovered fuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions CEN/TS 15401:2010, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of bulk density EN 154132), Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the preparation of the test sample from the laboratory sample EN 15415-12), Solid recovered fuels — Determination of particle size distribution — Part 1: Screen method for small dimension particles EN 15443, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the preparation of the laboratory sample 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15357:2011 and the following apply. 3.1 coefficient of variation estimate of the standard deviation of a population from a sample of n results divided by the mean of that sample. Frequently stated as a percentage NOTE
Adapted from Eurachem/Citac Guide CG 4 [26]. 3.2 duplicate sample two samples taken under comparable conditions, whereby this selection can be accomplished by taking units adjacent in time or space NOTE 1
Although the replicate samples are expected to be identical, often the only thing replicated is the act of taking the physical sample. NOTE 2
A duplicate sample is a replicate sample consisting of two portions. NOTE 3
The replicate sample is usually used to estimate sample variability. 3.3 effective increment size minimum sample size divided by the number of increments
2) To be published. SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 8 NOTE The effective increment size should never be smaller than the minimum increment size. 3.4 effective sample size effective increment size multiplied by the number of increments NOTE The effective sample size should never be smaller than the minimum sample size. 3.5 granular more or less spherical or cubic 3.6 heterogeneity degree to which a property or type of particle of a solid recovered fuel component is not uniformly distributed throughout a quantity of material 3.7 homogeneity degree to which a property or a type of particle of a solid recovered fuel component is uniformly distributed throughout a quantity of material 3.8 increment portion of fuel extracted in a single operation of the sampling device 3.9 lot defined quantity of fuel for which the quality is to be determined 3.10 minimum increment size minimum dimension or size of the increment that is taken from a lot, from the point of view of preserving its representativeness NOTE The product of the minimum increment size and the number of increments to be taken should never be smaller than the minimum sample size. 3.11 minimum sample size minimum sample size or dimension of the sample required during sampling and sample preparation from the point of view of preserving its representativeness NOTE The minimum sample size is equal to the effective increment size multiplied by the number of increments, and is linked directly to the nominal top size. 3.12 nominal top size d95 aperture size of the sieve used for determining the particle size distribution of solid fuels through which at least 95 % by mass of the material passes 3.13 precision closeness of agreement between independent test/measurement results obtained under stipulated conditions NOTE 1 Precision depends only on the distribution of random errors and does not relate to the true value or the specified value. SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 9 NOTE 2 The measure of precision is usually expressed in terms of imprecision and computed as a standard deviation of the test results or measurement results. Less precision is reflected by a larger standard deviation. NOTE 3 Quantitative measures of precision depend critically on the stipulated conditions. NOTE 4 Adapted from ISO 3534-2:2006. 3.14 random sampling taking a sample at a random location within a specified range or from a specified lot. A random location is determined by lot 3.15 repeatability
precision under repeatability conditions NOTE 1
Adapted from ISO 3534-2:2006. NOTE 2
Repeatability can be expressed quantitatively in terms of the dispersion characteristics of the results. 3.16 reproducibility precision under reproducibility conditions NOTE 1
Adapted from ISO 3534-2:2006. NOTE 2
Reproducibility can be expressed quantitatively in terms of the dispersion characteristics of the results. NOTE 3
Results are usually understood to be corrected results. 3.17 sample quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the quality is to be determined 3.18 sample preparation actions taken to obtain representative analysis samples or test portions from the original sample 3.19 sampling process of drawing or constituting a sample NOTE Adapted from ISO 3534-1:2006 [22]. 3.20 sampling plan predetermined procedure for the selection, withdrawal, preservation, transportation and preparation of the portions to be removed from a lot as a sample
NOTE Adapted from ISO 11074:2005 [23]. 3.21 sampling record report which serves as a check list and provides the investigator with all necessary information about the sampling techniques applied at the site and any additional important information NOTE Adapted from ISO 11074:2005. SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 10 3.22 shape factor factor that corrects the minimum sample size if the particles in a lot have not a regular shape (e.g. spherical or cubic) 3.23 static lot lot that is not in motion during the sampling, or transported by a conveyor or alternative transport system 3.24 stratified sampling sampling consisting of portions obtained from identified subparts (strata) of the parent population 3.25 stratified random sampling sampling consisting of portions obtained from identified subparts (strata) of the parent population NOTE Within each stratum, the samples are taken randomly. 3.26 test portion sub-sample either of a laboratory sample or a test sample required for the specific measurement 3.27 trueness closeness of agreement between the expectation of a test result or a measurement result and a true value NOTE 1
Adapted from ISO 3534-2:2006. NOTE 2
The measure of trueness is usually expressed in terms of bias. NOTE 3
Trueness is sometimes referred to as “accuracy of the mean”. This usage is not recommended. NOTE 4
In practice, the accepted reference value is substituted for the true value. NOTE 5
The determination of the exact trueness for waste and from waste derived materials such as solid recovered fuels is by definition not possible. 4 Symbols and abbreviated terms For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply. b
is the breadth of the flow, in m cv
is the coefficient of variation d05
is the nominal minimum size (a mass fraction of 5 % of the particles are smaller than d05), in mm d95
is the nominal top size of a particle (a mass fraction of 95 % of the particles are smaller than d95), in mm g
is the correction factor for distribution in the particle size G
is the conveyor load, in kg/m λb
is the bulk density of the solid recovered fuel, in kg/m3 λp
is the particle density, in kg/m3 SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 11 m
is mass, in kg n
is the number of increments to be taken per lot p is the fraction of the particles with a specific characteristic (such as a specific contaminant), in kg/kg, and is equal to 0,1 f
is the bulk density of the flow, in kg/m3 d
is the drop flow, in kg/s
f
is the shape factor, in m3/m3
V
is volume, in m3 v
is conveyor velocity, in m/s 5 Principle Every particle in the lot or sub-lot to be represented by the sample should have an equal probability of being included in the sample. When this principle cannot be applied in practice, the sampler shall note the limitations in the sampling plan. 6 Development of a sampling plan 6.1 Principle From a pre-defined lot of solid recovered fuel, samples shall be taken representatively on the basis of a sampling plan that shall be drawn up before the sampling takes place. Annex A specifies how this sampling plan shall be made. Annex J specifies simplified sampling plans for three common situations according to this clause and Annex A. Figure 2 determines whether a simplified sampling plan can be used.
SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 12
Figure 2 — Check for the standard sampling plan The sampling plan shall be drawn up on the basis of the objective for the sampling process, using the available data on a solid recovered fuel and the accessibility of the lot, see Annex B. The sampling plan shall be completed. If certain estimates concerning specific parameters relating to the lot cannot be determined with sufficient certainty on the basis of the information available, these shall be verified in the field. If necessary, the sampling plan shall be adjusted in the field and the deviations shall be reported in the sampling record. Figure 3 shows the actions that are necessary for the development of a sampling plan. SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 13
Figure 3 — Necessary elements for the development of a sampling plan 6.2 Definition of overall objectives The sampling plan shall specify the objectives of the sampling program through consultation with all involved parties. These involved parties are e.g. the client, the producer of the solid recovered fuel, the sampler. The sampling plan shall specify the primary objectives of the sampling program. The sampling plan shall meet the requirements of objectives. If it is not possible to meet all requirements following the objectives for sampling in one single document sampling plan, two or more sampling plans shall be made in order to achieve adequate sampling plans for all objectives. The sampling plan(s) shall identify any special precautions to be followed where the solid recovered fuel to be sampled is hazardous to human health. 6.3 Definition of a lot and determining lot size 6.3.1 General The lot shall be defined on the basis of the way in which the material is or has been produced and/or is offered (upon delivery, upon acceptance, upon storage or in store, for instance). The lot size relates to a quantity of material delivered on the basis of one specification and production process. This material is agreed on by contract as a unit, and is identifiable as such. The maximum weight of a lot or sub-lot, for sampling purposes, shall be no more than 1,5 × 106 kg. SIST EN 15442:2011



EN 15442:2011 (E) 14 If the contracted lot weighs more than 1,5 × 106 kg it shall be split into two or more separate lots in order to maintain the lot size below or at the maximum lot size. The lot definitions in 6.3.2 to 6.3.5 are possible: 6.3.2 Definition of a lot in case sampling from a material flow The lot shall be either defined as a period of production or as the period in which a certain amount of solid recovered fuel is transported through the material flow. 6.3.3 Definition of a lot in case of transport by a v
...