PSIST ETR 053:1998

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
PSIST ETR 053:1998
01-november-1998
Radijska oprema in sistemi (RES) - Radijski inženiring na kraju samem za radijsko
opremo in sisteme za mobilne storitve
Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Radio site engineering for radio equipment and
systems in the mobile service
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETR 053 Edition 2
ICS:
33.060.20 Sprejemna in oddajna Receiving and transmitting
oprema equipment
PSIST ETR 053:1998 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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PSIST ETR 053:1998

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PSIST ETR 053:1998
ETSI ETR 053
TECHNICAL September 1996
REPORT Second Edition
Source: ETSI TC-RES Reference: RTR/RES-11001
ICS: 33.020
Key words: Mobile, radio, site engineering
Radio Equipment and Systems (RES);
Radio site engineering for radio equipment and
systems in the mobile service
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
Postal address: F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: secretariat@etsi.fr
Tel.: +33 92 94 42 00 - Fax: +33 93 65 47 16
Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1996. All rights reserved.

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ETR 053: September 1996
Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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Contents
Foreword .9
Introduction.9
1 Scope .11
2 References.11
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations.12
3.1 Definitions .12
3.2 Symbols .12
3.3 Abbreviations .13
4 Choice of site.14
4.1 General .14
4.2 Radio site selection criteria.15
4.2.1 Location chosen by propagation analysis.15
4.2.2 Availability of capacity on existing sites.15
4.2.3 Compatibility.16
4.2.4 Environmental and planning considerations.16
5 System requirements .17
5.1 Private mobile radio (PMR).17
5.1.1 Introduction.17
5.1.2 Analogue PMR systems .17
5.1.2.1 Public Access Mobile Radio .18
5.1.3 Digital PMR systems .18
5.1.4 Potential sources of interference.19
5.2 Paging.19
5.2.1 Introduction.19
5.2.2 On-site radio paging system.19
5.2.3 Wide area paging systems.19
5.2.4 Signalling systems.20
5.2.5 Coverage in confined spaces.20
5.3 Public radiotelephone .20
5.3.1 Introduction.20
5.3.2 Public radiotelephone (analogue).21
5.3.2.1 Frequency re-use.21
5.3.2.2 Hand-over.21
5.3.3 Public radiotelephone (digital) - GSM/DCS 1 800 .21
5.3.3.1 Data bases.22
5.3.3.2 Radio .22
5.3.3.3 Traffic and signalling channel .22
5.3.4 Use of repeaters.23
5.4 Confined space engineering .23
5.4.1 Introduction.23
5.4.2 Characteristics of radiating cable .23
5.4.3 Confined space radiocommunication systems.24
5.4.3.1 Antenna characteristics .24
5.4.3.2 Recommendations for frequency range 150 kHz to
1 000 MHz .24
5.4.4 Installation and maintenance of radiating cables .25
5.5 Repeaters .25
5.5.1 Introduction.25
5.5.2 Types of repeater .26
5.5.3 Repeater characteristics.26

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5.5.4 Installation recommendations. 26
6 Installation recommendations. 27
6.1 Support structure and mechanical considerations . 27
6.1.1 Structural integrity. 27
6.1.2 Wind loading. 27
6.1.3 Protective coatings . 27
6.1.4 Use of dissimilar metals. 28
6.2 Equipment room. 28
6.2.1 Equipment arrangements . 28
6.2.2 Environment. 29
6.3 Electrical supply, protection and lightning protection . 29
6.3.1 Electrical supplies . 29
6.3.2 Lightning effects, protection and responsibilities . 29
6.3.3 Earthing of antenna support structures . 30
6.3.4 Earthing of antennas, feeders and associated plant . 31
6.4 Antennas and feeders . 31
6.4.1 Choice of antenna type. 31
6.4.2 Antenna specification. 32
6.4.3 Location of antennas . 33
6.4.4 Radiation pattern . 33
6.4.5 Gain . 33
6.4.6 Cross-polar performance. 33
6.4.7 Voltage standing wave ratio. 34
6.4.8 Wind vibration. 34
6.4.9 Degradation of antenna performance. 34
6.4.10 Cables, cable routes and connectors . 34
6.4.11 Feeder identification, terminations and earthing. 35
6.4.12 Sealing. 35
6.4.13 Inspection for moisture . 35
7 Problems identified on site. 36
7.1 Generation of unwanted products . 36
7.1.1 Broadband noise and spurious products of transmitters . 36
7.1.1.1 Noise considerations. 37
7.1.1.2 Spurious considerations. 37
7.1.2 Ambient RF noise levels. 38
7.1.3 Intermodulation products between several source frequencies . 38
7.1.4 Intermodulation products caused by external effects . 40
7.2 Intermodulation and blocking effects in receiver systems. 40
7.2.1 Intermodulation between received signals. 40
7.2.2 Saturation of receiver front end . 41
7.2.3 Selectivity of the receiver. 41
7.2.4 Spurious response of the receiver. 42
7.2.5 Receiver protection for low power equipment (I-ETS 300 220 [9]). 42
7.3 EMC issues . 42
7.4 Technical responsibility of the site operator . 42
8 Avoiding radio frequency problems . 42
8.1 Antenna distribution networks . 43
8.2 Receiver distribution networks . 43
8.3 Filters and couplers. 43
8.3.1 Control of unwanted products. 43
8.3.2 The ferrite circulator. 43
8.3.3 The cavity resonator . 44
8.3.4 The spectrum dividing filter. 44
8.3.5 Control of intermodulation, cross modulation and blocking effects in
receiver systems by filter protection . 44
9 Environmental effects . 44
9.1 Standards. 44
9.2 Corrosion and climatic effects. 45
9.3 Ultraviolet degradation .45

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10 Health and safety .45
10.1 Introduction .45
10.2 Radio frequency (non-ionizing radiation) hazards to personnel.46
10.3 Electrical safety.46
10.4 Physical safety .46
10.5 Fire hazards.47
11 Site administration.47
11.1 Site discipline .47
11.2 Site records.47
11.3 Orientation of support structure and antennas .48
11.4 Working arrangements .48
12 Maintenance recommendations.48
12.1 Support structure .48
12.2 Equipment room .48
12.3 Electrical supply and lightning protection.50
12.4 Antennas and feeders.50
12.5 Filters and couplers.51
13 Troubleshooting on radio sites .52
13.1 Method of approach.52
13.2 Case studies .52
13.2.1 Cases where the use of cavity resonators, bandpass filters or ferrite
isolators provided a cure .53
13.2.2 Case where the problem is related to equipment alignment .54
13.2.3 Cases where the problems are related to broadcast transmitters .54
13.2.4 Cases where the problems are related to cables and connectors .56
13.2.5 Cases where the problems are related to site maintenance.56
13.2.6 Cases where the problems are related to faulty equipment.56
13.2.7 Case where the problem is related to site modifications.57
13.2.8 Case where the problem is related to equipment screening .57
13.2.9 Accidental operation of discarded equipment .58
13.2.10 Examples of lack of isolation between systems.58
Annex A: Protection ratios and minimum field strengths required in the mobile services.59
1 VHF and UHF land and maritime mobile services .59
1.1 Protection ratios based on internal noise and distortion in the receiver.59
1.2 Man-made noise .59
1.3 Noise Amplitude Distribution (NAD) determination of degradation.61
1.3.1 Definitions.61
1.3.1.1 Noise amplitude distribution.61
1.3.1.2 Spectrum amplitude.61
1.3.1.3 Impulse rate.61
1.3.1.4 Impulsive-noise tolerance.61
1.3.2 Determination of degradation.62
1.4 Minimum values of field strength to be protected .62
Annex B: Spectral parameters.66
B.1 Spectral parameters for TX-RX compatibility.66
B.2 Evaluation of spectral parameters.68
Annex C: Antennas and feeder systems .71
C.1 Common antenna configurations .71
C.2 Stacking and baying data .72
C.3 Isolation between antennas.74

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C.4 Control of precipitation noise . 75
C.5 Achieved Cross Polar Discrimination (XPD) for antennas mounted at an angle to precise
horizontal and vertical frames of axes . 75
C.6 Antennas and feeders. 76
C.6.1 Calculation of system reflection performance . 76
C.6.2 Points of note concerning the reflection performance of RF systems. 77
C.6.3 Calculation procedure for system reflection performance. 77
C.6.4 Reflection performance calculations for radio site designers. 77
C.6.4.1 Voltage reflection coefficient method. 77
C.6.4.2 Recommended procedure. 77
C.6.4.3 Calculation example . 78
C.6.5 Reflection performance calculations for radio site engineers . 79
C.6.5.1 Return loss method. 79
C.6.5.2 Recommended procedure. 79
C.6.5.3 Example calculations. 80
Annex D: Noise power on typical radio sites. 83
Annex E: The position of metals in the galvanic series. 84
Annex F: Equipment arrangements. 86
Annex G: Typical example of good earthing practice. 87
Annex H: Equipment used to avoid radio frequency problems . 88
H.1 Cavity resonators. 88
H.1.1 Introduction. 88
H.1.2 General. 88
H.1.3 Typical applications . 88
H.1.4 Cavity resonator construction. 89
H.1.5 Alignment . 91
H.2 Ferrite isolators and circulators . 92
H.2.1 Introduction. 92
H.2.2 General. 92
H.2.3 Typical applications . 93
H.2.4 Ferrite isolator construction. 95
H.3 Characteristics of distribution amplifiers. 96
H.3.1 Receiver distribution amplifier system. 96
H.3.2 Receiver distribution amplifier in a 4 way multicoupler system . 97
H.4 Typical filter system . 98
H.5 Trunking combiner. 103
H.5.1 Trunking combiner system. 103
H.5.2 Specification of a TX/RX trunking combiner . 103
Annex J: Interference due to intermodulation products in the land mobile service between 25 and
1 000 MHz . 105
1 Introduction. 105
2 Transmitters. 105
2.1 Coupling loss A . 105
c
2.2 Intermodulation conversion loss, A . 105
I
3 External non-linear elements. 107

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4 Receivers .107
5 Reduction of intermodulation product levels in transmitters.108
5.1 Intermodulation conversion loss .108
5.2 Coupling loss .108
5.3 Identification of the source of an intermodulation product .110
6 Reduction of intermodulation products in receivers .111
7 Reduction of intermodulation interference by frequency arrangements.111
8 Reduction of intermodulation interference by other arrangements .111
Annex K: Sources of unwanted signals in multiple base station sites in the land mobile service .112
1 Introduction.112
2 Simple frequency relationships .112
3 Complex frequency relationships .112
3.1 Generation of intermediate frequency and/or its derivatives .112
3.2 Generation of transmit/receive (TX/Rx) difference frequency .112
4 Intermodulation products.112
4.1 Generated external to the site.112
4.2 Intermodulation products generated on-site by non-linear junctions on the mast .112
4.3 Intermodulation products generated on-site by non-linearity in components of the
system.113
5 Transmitter noise .113
6 External electrical noise .114
7 Summary.114
Annex L: Intermodulation interference .
...