ISO 12199:2000

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12199
First edition
2000-08-01
Alphabetical ordering of multilingual
terminological and lexicographical data
represented in the Latin alphabet
Mise en ordre alphabétique des données lexicographiques et
terminologiques multilingues représentées dans l'alphabet latin
Reference number
©
ISO 2000
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ii © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword.iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope .1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Preparatory procedures.2
5 First ordering level .3
5.1 First-ordering-level values.3
5.2 First-ordering-level sequence .3
5.3 Equivalence between special Latin letters and basic letters.4
6 Second ordering level .4
6.1 Second-ordering-level values .4
6.2 Special Latin letters and letters with diacritical marks .4
7 Third ordering level .6
7.1 Third-ordering-level values .6
7.2 Ordering according to capitalization.6
8 Fourth ordering level.6
8.1 Fourth-ordering-level values.6
8.2 Ordering according to special characters .6
Annex A (normative) Word-by-word ordering.7
Annex B (informative) Special rules for lexicographical and terminological ordering.9
Annex C (informative) Ordering rules for chemical names.10
Annex D (informative) Character repertoire of the Latin alphabet .12
Annex E (informative) Languages using the Latin alphabet.19
Annex F (informative) Alphabetical sequences and character repertoires.22
Annex G (normative) Formal description of the rules of the main body of this International Standard .32
Bibliography .38
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting.
Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO 12199 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 37, Terminology (principles and
coordination), Subcommittee SC 2, Layout of vocabularies.
It complements other International Standards prepared by ISO/TC 37, such as ISO 10241:1992, International
terminology standards — Preparation and layout and ISO 12200:1999, Computer applications in terminology —
Machine-readable terminology interchange format (MARTIF) — Negotiated interchange.
Annexes A and G form a normative part of this International Standard. Annexes B to F are for information only.
iv © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

Introduction
In the development of international terminologies, both in printed form and in databases, it is essential to have
uniform and internationally recognized rules for the alphabetical ordering of terminological and lexicographical data,
to make these terminologies more easily accessible for the users. In addition, it will facilitate the interchange of
terminological and lexicographical data.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 12199:2000(E)
Alphabetical ordering of multilingual terminological and
lexicographical data represented in the Latin alphabet
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the sequence of characters to be used in the alphabetical ordering of
multilingual terminological and lexicographical data (terms, term elements, or words) represented in the Latin
alphabet. Character sets of languages represented in the Latin alphabet are taken into account insofar as
terminological or lexicographical data have been recorded. Character sets used in internationally standardized
transliteration into Latin script are also taken into account.
The sequence of alphabetical characters given is intended for multilingual purposes only and is not intended to
affect the alphabetical order of any specific language.
The main part of this International Standard specifies letter-by-letter ordering of character strings. Normative annex A
treats word-by-word ordering, which is a widely used alternative to this system.
Informative annex B gives two additional rules that may be useful for lexicographical and terminological ordering.
Informative annex C gives ordering rules for chemical names.
Informative annex D lists the character repertoire of the Latin alphabet.
Informative annex E lists languages using the Latin alphabet.
Informative annex F gives alphabetical sequences derived from the sequence specified in this International
Standard for a number of languages that use the Latin alphabet.
Normative annex G gives a formal description of the rules laid down in the main part of this International Standard
conforming with ISO/IEC 14651.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of
this International Standard. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these
publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this International Standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents indicated below. For
undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies. Members of ISO and IEC
maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
ISO 1087:1990, Terminology — Vocabulary.
1)
ISO 1087-1:— , Terminology work — Vocabulary — Part 1: Theory and application.
ISO 1087-2:2000, Terminology work — Vocabulary — Part 2: Computer applications.
ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993, Information technology — Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set (UCS) — Part 1:
Architecture and Basic Multilingual Plane.
1)
ISO/IEC 14651:— , Information technology — International string ordering — Method for comparing character
strings and description of a default tailorable ordering.
______________________
1) To be published.
3 Terms and definitions
For definitions of terminological concepts, see ISO 1087, ISO 1087-1 and ISO 1087-2.
For the purpose of this International Standard, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
character
member of a set of elements used for the organization, control or representation of data
3.2
letter
character used for writing natural language, often representing a sound in the language
3.3
digit
character used to represent the numeric value, or part thereof, of a number
3.4
special character
character that is not a letter nor a digit
EXAMPLE The space character is a special character.
3.5
ligature
character resulting from the joining of two or more letters
NOTE The resulting character is, in some cases, considered a separate letter.
3.6
polygraph
two or more consecutive letters that are regarded as one letter for some purpose
NOTE A polygraph consisting of two or three letters may be referred to as a digraph or a trigraph respectively.
3.7
diacritical mark
character that is not a letter and is placed over, under, or through a letter or a combination of letters
3.8
ordering
act of bringing strings of characters into a well-defined sequence according to a string comparison specification
4 Preparatory procedures
In the process of alphabetical ordering, character strings are compared according to a set of rules. This
International Standard specifies the set of rules to be used for the ordering, but does not address the means of
selection of relevant character strings, nor any modification of the strings that may be needed for a given purpose.
Consequently, certain preparatory procedures may be needed before applying the ordering rules. Depending on
the needs in each individual case
― the relevant character strings may have to be selected, e.g. relevant terms may have to be extracted from a
corpus,
― the character strings may have to be modified, e.g. sentence-initial uppercase letters may have to be changed
to lowercase letters, plural form of words may have to be changed to singular form, or
― leading zeroes or spaces may be added e.g. in lists containing numerals.
Polygraphs are treated as sequences of separate letters.
2 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

An application may arrange information into several ordering fields, and determine ranking order with several
separate and independent comparisons. This International Standard only defines a single comparison for one such
field, where the field is a character-string field.
Only the characters that appear in the string and their arrangement are taken into account. Apart from the ordering
rules and passes, no other knowledge about the words in the character string is used. For example, dictionary
information or rules about language syntax, phonetics and semantics are not used.
5 First ordering level
5.1 First-ordering-level values
When comparing strings to be ordered, the first-ordering-level values of the strings shall be considered first. The
subsequent ordering-level values need to be considered only if two or more strings have identical first-ordering-
level values.
For multilingual ordering, the following rules shall be applied (see annex A for word-by-word ordering):
5.2 First-ordering-level sequence
Digits and letters have the following ordering values:
a) Digits: 0123456789
NOTE 1 Sequences of digits will be ordered from left to right as written, thus generating the following order, e.g.:110100 11
110 11112191902213.
NOTE 2 Leading zeroes may be inserted as a preparatory procedure, e.g. to generate the following order: 0001 0002 0003
0010 0011 0012 0019 0021 0100 0110 0111 0190.
b) Basic letters of the Latin alphabet:
a A b B c C d D e E fF gG hH i I j J kK l L mM nN
o O p P q Q r R sS t T uU vV wW xX yY z Z þÞ
NOTE 1 This order has been established for use in multilingual environments so as to conflict with as few individual
languages as possible. See informative annex F for examples of deviations from this sequence in some languages.
Uppercase and lowercase letters shall be treated as equivalent (see clause 7). Letters of the Latin alphabet with
diacritical marks shall be treated as equivalent to the corresponding basic Latin letters (see clause 6). Special
letters of the Latin alphabet shall be treated as equivalent to basic Latin letters according to Table 1 in 5.3 (see
clause 6).
The Turkish language distinguishes ı/I from i/İ, while other languages have the pair i/I only. To order multilingual
data including Turkish text, the i/I pair shall be expanded as follows:
1: ı/I U0131/U0049 LATIN LETTER DOTLESS I (Turkish)
2: i/I U0069/U0049 LATIN LETTER I (non-Turkish)
3: i/İ U0069/U0130 LATIN LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE (Turkish)
It should also be noted that, for example, í (U00ED LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE) in normal print is represented
as LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I WITH ACUTE. For the purpose of ordering, however, it shall be treated as equivalent
to i (U0069 LATIN SMALL LETTER I) on the first ordering level.
NOTE 2 Throughout this International Standard, characters are referenced as UXXXX, where X is any hexadecimal digit and
refers to the position of the character in ISO/IEC 10646-1. Character names are given as in ISO/IEC 10646-1. Most names of
Latin letters start with “LATIN SMALL LETTER …” and “LATIN CAPITAL LETTER …”. When referring to both lowercase and
uppercase letter, the name “LATIN LETTER …” is used. When there is no danger of misinterpretation, the words “LATIN LETTER”
are sometimes omitted.
c) Letters of other alphabets
Letters of other alphabets follow in the sequences established for each alphabet. The order of non-Latin alphabets
shall be: the Greek alphabet, the Cyrillic alphabet, other alphabets.
NOTE It is outside the scope of this International Standard to establish the sequences for alphabets other than the Latin
alphabet. The Greek alphabet has the following sequence of letters:
αΑ βΒ γΓ δ∆ εΕ ζΖ ηΗ θΘ ιΙ κΚ λΛ µΜ νΝ ξΞ
οΟ πΠρΡ σΣ τΤ υΥφΦ χΧ ψΨ ωΩ.
All other characters, e.g. punctuation marks, shall be ignored. See clause 8.
5.3 Equivalence between special Latin letters and basic letters
Special Latin letters shall be treated as equivalent to basic letters of the Latin alphabet according to Table 1.
Uppercase and lowercase letters shall be treated as equivalent.
Table 1 — Equivalence between special Latin letters and basic letters
Position Character name in ISO/IEC 10646-1 Character position for Equivalent to
lowercase / uppercase
in ISO/IEC 10646-1
01 LATIN LETTER AE U00E6 U00C6 ae
02 LATIN LETTER B WITH HOOK U0253 U0181 b
03 LATIN LETTER C WITH HOOK U0188 U0187 c
04 LATIN LETTER D WITH STROKE U0111 U0110 d
05 LATIN LETTER D WITH HOOK U0257 U018A d
d
06 LATIN LETTER ETH U00F0 U00D0
07 LATIN LETTER G WITH HOOK U0260 U0193 g
08 LATIN LETTER H WITH STROKE U0127 U0126 h
k
09 LATIN LETTER K WITH HOOK U0199 U0198
a
10 LATIN SMALL LETTER KRA U0138 k
11 LATIN LETTER L WITH STROKE U0142 U0141 l
LATIN LETTER ENG U014B U014A n
13 LATIN LETTER O WITH STROKE U00F8 U00D8 o
14 LATIN LIGATURE OE U0153 U0152 oe
a
LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S U00DF ss
16 LATIN LETTER T WITH STROKE U0167 U0166 t
a
No corresponding uppercase letter.
6 Second ordering level
6.1 Second-ordering-level values
If the comparison of two strings results in identical first-ordering-level values, second-ordering-level values shall be
applied according to 6.2.
The rule shall be applied from left to right.
6.2 Special Latin letters and letters with diacritical marks
Special Latin letters, that have been treated as equivalent to basic Latin letters according to Table 1, shall be
ordered according to the order in Table 1.
Diacritical marks shall be ordered according to Table 2.
NOTE This order has been established for multilingual environments so as to be in conflict with as few individual languages
as possible. See informative annex F for examples of deviations from this sequence in some languages.
4 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

Table 2 — Ordering of diacritical marks
Position Name Position for combining
diacritical mark in
ISO/IEC 10646-1
0000 none
0100 ACUTE ACCENT U0301
0200 GRAVE ACCENT U0300
0300 BREVE U0306
0301 BREVE AND ACUTE –
0302 BREVE AND GRAVE –
0310 BREVE AND HOOK ABOVE –
0311 BREVE AND TILDE –
0313 BREVE AND DOT BELOW
0315 BREVE AND COMMA BELOW –
0400 CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT U0302
0401 CIRCUMFLEX AND ACUTE –
0402 CIRCUMFLEX AND GRAVE –
0410 CIRCUMFLEX AND HOOK ABOVE –
0411 CIRCUMFLEX AND TILDE –
0413 CIRCUMFLEX AND DOT BELOW –
0500 CIRCUMFLEX ACCENT BELOW U032D
0600 CARON U030C
0614 CARON AND CEDILLA –
0700 RING ABOVE U030A
0701 RING ABOVE AND ACUTE –
0800 DIAERESIS U0308
0813 DIAERESIS AND DOT BELOW –
0817 DIAERESIS AND MACRON –
0900 DOUBLE ACUTE ACCENT U030B
1000 HOOK ABOVE U0309
1100 TILDE U0303
1200 DOT ABOVE U0307
1300 DOT BELOW U0323
1400 CEDILLA U0327
a
1500 COMMA ABOVE/BELOW
U0313 and U0326
1600 OGONEK U0328
1700 MACRON U0304
1713 MACRON AND DOT BELOW –
1800 MACRON BELOW U0331
1900 PRECEDED BY APOSTROPHE –
2000 FOLLOWED BY APOSTROPHE –
2100 HORN U031B
2101 HORN AND ACUTE –
2102 HORN AND GRAVE –
2110 HORN AND HOOK ABOVE –
2111 HORN AND TILDE –
2113 HORN AND DOT BELOW –
a
The position of combining comma above and below the base character.
7 Third ordering level
7.1 Third-ordering-level values
If the comparison of two strings results in identical first- and second-ordering-level values, third-ordering-level
values shall be applied according to 7.2.
The rule shall be applied from left to right.
7.2 Ordering according to capitalization
A lowercase letter shall be ordered before the corresponding uppercase letter. [See 5.2, item b), first paragraph
after note 1.]
NOTE The terms “lowercase letter” and “uppercase letter” are used for members of the sets “ab c …” and “AB C …”,
respectively. In character names, the naming conventions of ISO/IEC 10646-1 are used. ISO/IEC 10646-1 uses “LATIN SMALL
LETTER” and “LATIN CAPITAL LETTER”, respectively.
8 Fourth ordering level
8.1 Fourth-ordering-level values
If the comparison of two strings results in identical first-, second- and third-ordering-level values, fourth-ordering-
level values shall be applied according to 8.2.
The rule shall be applied from left to right.
8.2 Ordering according to special characters
Special characters are ordered according to the sequence of the default template of ISO/IEC 14651. For most
special characters, this is the order in which they are listed in ISO/IEC 10646-1.
NOTE In word-by-word ordering (see normative annex A), the space character and possibly other special characters may
have special functions as key separators.
6 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

Annex A
(normative)
Word-by-word ordering
A.1 Principles of word-by-word ordering
As noted in the scope, this International Standard specifies the letter-by-letter ordering of character strings. Word-
by-word ordering is a widely used alternative to this system. Table A.1 illustrates the difference between letter-by-
letter ordering and word-by-word ordering.
Table A.1 — Letter-by-letter and word-by-word ordering
Letter-by-letter ordering Word-by-word ordering
ad ad
adhesive ad hoc
ad hoc ad infinitum
adieu adhesive
ad infinitum adieu
adipose adipose
A.2 Multiple-key ordering
Single-key ordering is described in the main body of this International Standard. In multiple-key ordering, all the
ordering rules are applied to one key before they are applied to the next, until all the keys have been considered or
a unique sequence has been established.
NOTE One typical example of multiple-key ordering is a list of delegates to a meeting, where the first key may be the country
names, the second key may be the delegates’ last names, and the third key may be the delegates’ first names. In this example,
if a country has one delegate only, the second key (last names) will not be considered.
A.3 Word-by-word ordering as multiple-key ordering
In word-by-word ordering, space characters, and possibly also by definition other characters, are key separators.
The key-separator characters function as key separators only, and they have no position in the ordering sequence.
When the character string has been divided into a sequence of keys, the ordering rules of the main body of this
International Standard are invoked for one key at a time.
NOTE 1 In addition to the space characters, some or all punctuation marks may be defined as key separators. It may also be
useful to define some space characters as key separators, while other space characters remain special characters within a key.
The choices will depend on language(s) and type of strings to be ordered.
NOTE 2 If space characters and hyphens are defined as key separators, the title of this clause would be split into the
following keys: , where each key is contained within
< and >, and the spaces are added for increased readability.
A.4 Simple word-by-word ordering
If the text to be ordered using word-by-word ordering contains very few special Latin letters and diacritical marks,
the following extension to the rules in the main body of this International Standard will produce the same or nearly
the same output as the rules described in clause A.3.
On the first ordering level (see 5.2), the space character is added as the first item. Items 1, 2, and 3 in 5.2 then
become items 2, 3, and 4. The space character is not treated as a special character on the fourth ordering level
(clause 8).
NOTE Depending on the language(s) and type of strings to be ordered, it may be useful to treat even other special characters
(e.g. hyphens) in the same way as the space character.
8 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

Annex B
(informative)
Special rules for lexicographical and terminological ordering
B.1 Background
For lexicographical and terminological applications, it may sometimes be desirable to add additional ordering
criteria to the rules that are described in the main body of this International Standard.
The features that are described in this annex cannot easily be described in the formalism given in ISO/IEC 14651.
B.2 Position relative to baseline
It may be desirable to distinguish, for example, m2, m ,m for ordering purposes. If this is deemed necessary, it is
recommended that this be done on the third ordering level (see clause 7) combined with capitalization.
The ordering value of any given character based on its position relative to the baseline may be determined
according to Table B.1.
Table B.1 — Position relative to baseline
1 character(s) on baseline
2 character(s) above baseline, superscript character(s)
3 character(s) below baseline, subscript character(s)
B.3 Ordering according to styles
If ordering by the first through fourth ordering level does not produce a unique sequence, typographical styles may
be taken into consideration as a fifth ordering level.
Styles may be ordered according to Table B.2.
Table B.2 — Order of styles
Position Style name Example
1 roman abcdefghij
2 boldface abcdefghij
3italic abcdefghij
4 boldface-italic abcdefghij
5 others
Annex C
(informative)
Ordering rules for chemical names
C.1 Background
There are no universally accepted ordering rules for chemical names. The ordering rules of the main body of this
International Standard may be used, if so desired with the extension of the word-by-word ordering rules described
in annex A.
However, some indexes and databases, in particular at the Chemical Abstracts Services (CAS), use a specially
2)
designed multiple-key ordering system. The main features of this system are outlined below.
C.2 Division into three keys
C.2.1 Parent name
The first key consists of the parent name, which normally will be all roman letters and space characters, whether or
not interrupted by italic letters, Greek letters, digits or special characters (e.g. punctuation).
C.2.2 Initial locants
The second key consists of initial locants, being all characters before the first roman letter.
C.2.3 Other locants
The third key consists of all non-initial locants, being all remaining characters.
NOTE The name “2-Butanone-1,1,1-d , 3,3-dimethyl” is divided into three keys as follows: <2-> <-1,1,1-
d ,3,3->
C.3 Ordering rules within each key
The first key is ordered according to the rules of the main body of this International Standard.
In the second and third keys, the following order is used:
— letters of the Latin alphabet (which will be in italic), in the order specified in 5.2, item b);
— letter of the Greek alphabet, in the order given in 5.2, item c);
— numerals, in the order of the numeric value.
C.4 Output
Table C.1 shows ordered output from the rules that are described in this annex compared with output from the rules
of the main body of this International Standard.
_______________________
2) For further details, please consult Chemical Abstracts Services (CAS), P.O. Box 3012, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
10 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

Table C.1 — Sample output
Ordered according to annex C Ordered according to general rules
Bromine fluoride (BrF ) 1-Butanone
Bromine fluoride (BrF ) 1-Butanone, 1-phenyl-
2-Butanol 2-Butanol
2-Butanol, (R)- 2-Butanol, 1-chloro-
2-Butanol, (S)- 2-Butanol, 4-(trimethylstannyl)-
2-Butanol, sodium salt, (S)- 2-Butanol, (R)-
2-Butanol, 1-chloro- 2-Butanol, (S)-
2-Butanol, 4-(trimethylstannyl)- 2-Butanol, sodium salt, (S)-
1-Butanone 2-Butanone
1-Butanone, 1-phenyl- 2-Butanone, 1-(dimethylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-
2-Butanone 2-Butanone-1,1,1-d
2-Butanone, O-methyloxime 2-Butanone-1,1,1-d , 3,3-dimethyl-
2-Butanone, oxime 2-Butanone, 3-(4-acetylphenyl)-
2-Butanone, polymer with formaldehyde 2-Butanone, 3-ethoxy-1,1-dihydroxy-
2-Butanone, 3-(4-acetylphenyl)- 2-Butanone, O-methyloxime
2-Butanone, 1-(dimethylamino)-3,3-dimethyl- 2-Butanone, oxime
2-Butanone, 3-ethoxy-1,1-dihydroxy- 2-Butanone, polymer with formaldehyde
2-Butanone-1,1,1-d Bromine fluoride (BrF )
3 3
2-Butanone-1,1,1-d , 3,3-dimethyl- Bromine fluoride (BrF )
3 5
Butanoyl chloride Butanoyl chloride
Annex D
(informative)
Character repertoire of the Latin alphabet
Table D.1 lists the character repertoire of the Latin alphabet. The languages listed in annex E have been taken into
account if reliable information is available. Characters that are exclusive to the International Phonetic Alphabet
have not been included.
NOTE The names used in ISO/IEC 10646-1 are used in the “Name” column of Table D.1. The full names of the letters are
“LATIN SMALL LETTER …” and “LATIN CAPITAL LETTER …” for the lowercase and uppercase letters respectively. In the “Type” column
of Table D.1, b = basic Latin letter; d = Latin letter with diacritical mark; s = special Latin letter. In the column “languages used”,
+ indicates that the letter is used in most or all languages that use the Latin alphabet. For the language symbols used in
Table D.1, see annex E and annex F. The language symbols in square brackets refer to transliteration systems; see Table F.2.
Table D.1 — Character repertoire
Name Type Position for Languages used
lowercase/uppercase
in ISO/IEC 10646-1
+
LATIN LETTER A b U0061 U0041
af ca cs cy da es fo fur ga gd gl hu is
WITH ACUTE d U00E1 U00C1
kl nl pt qal sk smi ss vi [Cyr] [ar]
ca cy de fr fur fy gd it nl no pt qal rm
WITH GRAVE d U00E0 U00C0
vi [Cyr]
mo ro vi [Cyr]
WITH BREVE d U0103 U0102
WITH BREVE AND ACUTE dU1EAF U1EAE vi
WITH BREVE AND GRAVE dU1EB1 U1EB0 vi
WITH BREVE AND
dU1EB3 U1EB2 vi
HOOK ABOVE
WITH BREVE AND TILDE dU1EB5 U1EB4 vi
WITH BREVE AND
dU1EB7 U1EB6 vi
DOT BELOW
br cy de fr fur fy kl mo pt qal rm ro
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U00E2 U00C2
smivi[Cyr][ar]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND
dU1EA5 U1EA4 vi
ACUTE
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND
dU1EA7 U1EA6 vi
GRAVE
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND dU1EA9 U1EA8 vi
HOOK ABOVE
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND dU1EAB U1EAA vi
TILDE
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND
dU1EAD U1EAC vi
DOT BELOW
[Cyr]
WITH CARON d U01CE U01CD
da kl no smi sv [Cyr]
WITH RING ABOVE d U00E5 U00C5
WITH RING ABOVE AND d U01FB U01FA
ACUTE
cy de et fi fy lb nl sk smi sv tr [Cyr]
WITH DIAERESIS d U00E4 U00C4
[Cyr]
WITH DIAERESIS AND
d ––
DOT BELOW
WITH DIAERESIS AND d U01DF U01DE
MACRON
[Cyr]
WITH DOUBLE ACUTE d ––
WITH HOOK ABOVE dU1EA3 U1EA2 vi
WITH TILDE d U00E3 U00C3 kl pt vi
12 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

Name Type Position for Languages used
lowercase/uppercase
in ISO/IEC 10646-1
vi
WITH DOT BELOW dU1EA1 U1EA0
lt pl
WITH OGONEK d U0105 U0104
lv [Cyr] [ar]
WITH MACRON d U0101 U0100
da fo fr is kl no smi [Cyr]
LATIN LETTER AE s U00E6 U00C6
WITH ACUTE s d U01FD U01FC
WITH MACRON s d U01E3 U01E2
+
LATIN LETTER B b U0062 U0042
[he]
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E03 U1E02
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E05 U1E04
ha
WITH HOOK s U0253 U0181
+
LATIN LETTER C b U0063 U0043
hr pl [Cyr]
WITH ACUTE d U0107 U0106
[Cyr]
WITH GRAVE d ––
[Cyr]
WITH BREVE d ––
WITH BREVE AND [Cyr]
d ––
COMMA BELOW
eo [Cyr]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U0109 U0108
cs hr lt lv sk sl smi [Cyr]
WITH CARON d U010D U010C
[Cyr]
WITH DIAERESIS d ––
mt
WITH DOT ABOVE d U010B U010A
[Cyr]
WITH DOT BELOW d ––
ca fr oc pt sq tr [Cyr]
WITH CEDILLA d U00E7 U00C7
[Cyr]
WITH MACRON d ––
WITH HOOK s U0188 U0187
+
LATIN LETTER D b U0064 U0044
[Cyr]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d ––
hz ve
WITH CIRCUMFLEX dU1E13 U1E12
BELOW
(cs) (sk)
WITH CARON d U010F
cs sk
WITH CARON d U010E
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E0B U1E0A
[ar]
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E0D U1E0C
[ar]
WITH LINE BELOW d U1E0F U1E0E
cs sk
FOLLOWED BY
d –
APOSTROPHE
a
hr smivi[Cyr]
WITH STROKE s U0111 U0110
ha
WITH HOOK s U0257 U018A
a
fo is
LATIN LETTER ETH s U00F0 U00D0
+
LATIN LETTER E b U0065 U0045
af ca cs cy da de es fr fy ga gd gl hu
WITH ACUTE d U00E9 U00C9
is it kl lb nl no pt qal sk sl ss sv vi
af ca cy de fr fur gd it nl no pt qal rm
WITH GRAVE d U00E8 U00C8
vi [Cyr]
[Cyr]
WITH BREVE d U0115 U0114
af br cy de fr fy nl no nso pt qal rm sl
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U00EA U00CA
tn vi [Cyr]
vi
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND
dU1EBF U1EBE
ACUTE
vi
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND dU1EC1 U1EC0
GRAVE
vi
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND dU1EC3 U1EC2
HOOK ABOVE
vi
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND
dU1EC5 U1EC4
TILDE
Name Type Position for Languages used
lowercase/uppercase
in ISO/IEC 10646-1
vi
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND
dU1EC7 U1EC6
DOT BELOW
WITH CIRCUMFLEX BELOW dU1E19 U1E18
cs [Cyr]
WITH CARON d U011B U011A
af cy de fr fy lb nl sq [Cyr]
WITH DIAERESIS d U00EB U00CB
vi
WITH HOOK ABOVE dU1EBB U1EBA
vi
WITH TILDE dU1EBD U1EBC
lt
WITH DOT ABOVE d U0117 U0116
vi
WITH DOT BELOW dU1EB9 U1EB8
lt pl
WITH OGONEK d U0119 U0118
lv
WITH MACRON d U0113 U0112
+
LATIN LETTER F b U0066 U0046
[Cyr]
WITH GRAVE d ––
+
LATIN LETTER G b U0067 U0047
[Cyr]
WITH ACUTE d U01F5 U01F4
[Cyr]
WITH GRAVE d ––
tr [Cyr]
WITH BREVE d U011F U011E
eo
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U011D U011C
[ar]
WITH CARON d U01E7 U01E6
mt [Cyr] [ar]
WITH DOT ABOVE d U0121 U0120
lv
WITH COMMA
d ––
b
BELOW/ABOVE
WITH HOOK s U0260 U0193
+
LATIN LETTER H b U0068 U0048
eo
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U0125 U0124
[he]
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E23 U1E22
[Cyr][ar][he]
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E25 U1E24
[Cyr]
WITH CEDILLA dU1E29 U1E28
[ar]
WITH LINE BELOW dU1E96 –
mt
WITH STROKE s U0127 U0126
+
LATIN LETTER I b U0069 U0049
tr
LATIN SMALL LETTER DOTLESS I b U0131
tr
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE b U0130
af ca cs cy da es fo ga gd gl hu is it
LATIN LETTER I WITH ACUTE d U00ED U00CD
kl nl pt qal sk vi [Cyr] [ar]
cy fur gd it qal vi [Cyr]
WITH GRAVE d U00EC U00CC
WITH BREVE d U012D U012C
af cy fr it kl mo qal ro [Cyr]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U00EE U00CE
[Cyr]
WITH CARON d U01D0 U01CF
af ca cy de fr fy it nl oc [Cyr]
WITH DIAERESIS d U00EF U00CF
vi
WITH HOOK ABOVE dU1EC9 U1EC8
kl vi
WITH TILDE d U0129 U0128
vi
WITH DOT BELOW dU1ECB U1ECA
lt
WITH OGONEK d U012F U012E
lv [Cyr] [ar]
WITH MACRON d U012B U012A
+
LATIN LETTER J b U006A U004A
[Cyr]
WITH ACUTE d ––
eo
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U0135 U0134
[Cyr]
WITH CARON d U01F0 –
+
LATIN LETTER K b U006B U004B
[Cyr]
WITH ACUTE dU1E31 U1E30
[Cyr]
WITH GRAVE d ––
14 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

Name Type Position for Languages used
lowercase/uppercase
in ISO/IEC 10646-1
[Cyr]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d ––
[Cyr]
WITH CARON d U01E9 U01E8
[he]
WITH DOT ABOVE d ––
[Cyr]
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E33 U1E32
c
lv [Cyr]
WITH COMMA BELOW d ––
[Cyr]
WITH MACRON d ––
ha
LATIN LETTER K WITH HOOK s U0199 U0198
kl
LATIN SMALL LETTER KRA s U0138
+
LATIN LETTER L b U006C U004C
[Cyr]
WITH ACUTE d U013A U0139
[Cyr]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d ––
ve
WITH CIRCUMFLEX
dU1E3D U1E3C
BELOW
WITH CARON d U013E U013D
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E37 U1E36
d
lv [Cyr]
WITH COMMA BELOW d ––
pl
WITH STROKE s U0142 U0141
+
LATIN LETTER M b U006D U004D
WITH ACUTE d U1E3F U1E3E
lb
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d ––
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E41 U1E40
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E43 U1E42
+
LATIN LETTER N b U006E U004E
pl smi [Cyr]
WITH ACUTE d U0144 U0143
[Cyr]
WITH GRAVE d ––
[Cyr]
WITH BREVE d ––
lb [Cyr]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d ––
WITH CIRCUMFLEX hz ve
dU1E4B U1E4A
BELOW
cs sk
WITH CARON d U0148 U0147
br es eu gl
WITH TILDE d U00F1 U00D1
ve [Cyr]
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E45 U1E44
[Cyr]
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E47 U1E46
e
lv [Cyr]
WITH COMMA BELOW d ––
[Cyr]
WITH MACRON d ––
PRECEDED BY d U0149 –
APOSTROPHE
FOLLOWED BY ts
d ––
APOSTROPHE
se
LATIN LETTER ENG s U014B U014A
+
LATIN LETTER O b U006F U004F
af ca cs cy da es fo ga gd gl hu is it
WITH ACUTE d U00F3 U00D3
nl no pl pt qal sk sl ss vi [Cyr]
ca cy fur gd it no pt qal rm vi [Cyr]
WITH GRAVE d U00F2 U00D2
WITH BREVE d U014F U014E
af cy de fr fy kl no nso pt qal sk sl tn
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U00F4 U00D4
vi [Cyr]
vi
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND dU1ED1 U1ED0
ACUTE
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND vi
dU1ED3 U1ED2
GRAVE
vi
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND
dU1ED5 U1ED4
HOOK ABOVE
Name Type Position for Languages used
lowercase/uppercase
in ISO/IEC 10646-1
vi
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND
dU1ED7 U1ED6
TILDE
vi
WITH CIRCUMFLEX AND dU1ED9 U1ED8
DOT BELOW
WITH CARON d U01D2 U01D1
af cy de et fi fy hu is lb nl rm sv tr
WITH DIAERESIS d U00F6 U00D6
[Cyr]
[Cyr]
WITH DIAERESIS AND
d ––
DOT BELOW
hu [Cyr]
WITH DOUBLE ACUTE d U0151 U0150
vi
WITH HOOK ABOVE d U1ECF U1ECE
et pt vi
WITH TILDE d U00F5 U00D5
vi
WITH DOT BELOW d U1ECD U1ECC
WITH OGONEK d U01EB U01EA
lv [Cyr]
WITH MACRON d U014D U014C
vi
WITH HORN d U01A1 U01A0
vi
WITH HORN AND ACUTE dU1EDB U1EDA
vi
WITH HORN AND GRAVE d U1EDD U1EDC
WITH HORN AND vi
d U1EDF U1EDE
HOOK ABOVE
vi
WITH HORN AND TILDE dU1EE1 U1EE0
vi
WITH HORN AND
dU1EE3 U1EE2
DOT BELOW
da fo is kl no smi
WITH STROKE s U00F8 U00D8
WITH STROKE AND ACUTE s d U01FF U01FE
fr [Cyr]
LATIN LIGATURE OE s U0153 U0152
+
LATIN LETTER P b U0070 U0050
[Cyr]
WITH ACUTE dU1E55 U1E54
[Cyr]
WITH GRAVE d ––
[he]
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E57 U1E56
+
LATIN LETTER Q b U0071 U0051
+
LATIN LETTER R b U0072 U0052
sk
WITH ACUTE d U0155 U0154
cs sk
WITH CARON d U0159 U0158
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E59 U1E58
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E5B U1E5A
lv
WITH CEDILLA d U0157 U0156
+
LATIN LETTER S b U0073 U0053
pl [he]
WITH ACUTE d U015B U015A
[Cyr] [he]
WITH GRAVE d ––
eo [Cyr]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U015D U015C
cs et hr lt lv nso sk sl smi tn [Cyr] [ar]
WITH CARON d U0161 U0160
[he]
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E61 U1E60
[ar] [he]
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E63 U1E62
tr
WITH CEDILLA d U015F U015E
mo ro [Cyr]
WITH COMMA BELOW d ––
de
LATIN SMALL LETTER SHARP S s U00DF
+
LATIN LETTER T b U0074 U0054
[Cyr]
WITH GRAVE d ––
hz ve
WITH CIRCUMFLEX
dU1E71 U1E70
BELOW
(cs) (sk) [Cyr]
WITH CARON d U0165
16 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

Name Type Position for Languages used
lowercase/uppercase
in ISO/IEC 10646-1
cs sk [Cyr]
WITH CARON d U0164
[ar]
WITH DIAERESIS dU1E97 –
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E6B U1E6A
[ar] [he]
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E6D U1E6C
f
mo ro [Cyr]
WITH COMMA BELOW d ––
[ar]
WITH LINE BELOW d U1E6F U1E6E
FOLLOWED BY cs sk
d –
APOSTROPHE
se
WITH STROKE s U0167 U0166
+
LATIN LETTER U b U0075 U0055
af ca cs cy da es fo fy ga gl hu is it kl
WITH ACUTE d U00FA U00DA
nl pt qal sk vi [Cyr] [ar]
br cy fr fur gd it qal vi [Cyr]
WITH GRAVE d U00F9 U00D9
eo [Cyr]
WITH BREVE d U016D U016C
af cy fr fy kl qal tr [Cyr]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U00FB U00DB
WITH CARON d U01D4 U01D3
cs [Cyr]
WITH RING ABOVE d U016F U016E
br ca cy de es et fr fy gl hu lb nl pt
WITH DIAERESIS d U00FC U00DC
rm tr [Cyr]
[Cyr]
WITH DIAERESIS AND
d ––
DOT BELOW
hu [Cyr]
WITH DOUBLE ACUTE d U0171 U0170
vi
WITH HOOK ABOVE dU1EE7 U1EE6
kl vi
WITH TILDE d U0169 U0168
[Cyr]
WITH DOT ABOVE d ––
vi
WITH DOT BELOW dU1EE5 U1EE4
lt
WITH OGONEK d U0173 U0172
lt lv [Cyr] [ar]
WITH MACRON d U016B U016A
[Cyr]
WITH MACRON AND
d ––
DOT BELOW
vi
WITH HORN d U01B0 U01AF
vi
WITH HORN AND ACUTE dU1EE9 U1EE8
vi
WITH HORN AND GRAVE dU1EEB U1EEA
vi
WITH HORN AND
dU1EED U1EEC
HOOK ABOVE
vi
WITH HORN AND TILDE dU1EEF U1EEE
WITH HORN AND vi
dU1EF1 U1EF0
DOT BELOW
+
LATIN LETTER V b U0076 U0056
WITH TILDE dU1E7D U1E7C
WITH DOT BELOW d U1E7F U1E7E
+
LATIN LETTER W b U0077 U0057
cy
WITH ACUTE dU1E83 U1E82
cy
WITH GRAVE dU1E81 U1E80
cy [he]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U0175 U0174
cy
WITH DIAERESIS dU1E85 U1E84
[he]
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E87 U1E86
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E89 U1E88
+
LATIN LETTER X b U0078 U0058
WITH DIAERESIS dU1E8D U1E8C
WITH DOT ABOVE dU1E8B U1E8A
+
LATIN LETTER Y b U0079 U0059
af cs cy is fo sk vi
WITH ACUTE d U00FD U00DD
Name Type Position for Languages used
lowercase/uppercase
in ISO/IEC 10646-1
cy vi [Cyr] [ar]
WITH GRAVE dU1EF3 U1EF2
cy
WITH CIRCUMFLEX d U0177 U0176
cy fr [Cyr]
WITH DIAERESIS d U00FF U0178
vi
WITH HOOK ABOVE dU1EF7 U1EF6
vi
WITH TILDE dU1EF9 U1EF8
WITH DOT ABOVE d U1E8F U1E8E
vi
WITH DOT BELOW dU1EF5 U1EF4
[Cyr]
WITH MACRON d ––
+
LATIN LETTER Z b U007A U005A
pl [Cyr]
WITH ACUTE d U017A U0179
[Cyr]
WITH BREVE d ––
[Cyr]
WITH CIRCUMFLEX dU1E91 U1E90
cs hr lt lv sk sl smi [Cyr]
WITH CARON d U017E U017D
[Cyr]
WITH CARON AND d ––
CEDILLA
[Cyr]
WITH DIAERESIS d ––
mt pl
WITH DOT ABOVE d U017C U017B
[ar]
WITH DOT BELOW dU1E93 U1E92
[Cyr]
WITH CEDILLA d ––
[Cyr]
WITH MACRON d ––
is
LATIN LETTER THORN b U00FE U00DE
a
LATIN CAPITAL LETTER D WITH STROKE and LATIN CAPITAL LETTER ETH have identical form.
b
The character is called LATIN LETTER G WITH CEDILLA in ISO/IEC 10646-1, positions U0123 and U0122.
c
The character is called LATIN LETTER K WITH CEDILLA in ISO/IEC 10646-1, positions U0137 and U0136.
d
The character is called LATIN LETTER L WITH CEDILLA in ISO/IEC 10646-1, positions U013C and U013B.
e
The character is called LATINLETTERNWITHCEDILLA in ISO/IEC 10646-1, positions U0146 and U0145.
f
The character is called LATIN LETTER T WITH CEDILLA in ISO/IEC 10646-1, positions U0163 and U0162.
18 © ISO 2000 – All rights reserved

Annex E
(informative)
Languages using the Latin alphabet
Table E.1 lists languages using the Latin alphabet. The alpha-2 symbols are taken from ISO 639 ([8] in the
bibliography); the alpha-3 symbols are taken from ISO 639-2 ([9] in the bibliography) (the terminology code is used
when this differs from the bibliographic code). For some languages that are not included in ISO 639 or ISO 639-2,
ad hoc symbols starting with “qa” have been assigned for reference.
Table E.2 lists alpha-2 and alpha-3 symbols and English names of languages in alphabetical order by alpha-2 and
alpha-3 symbols.
Table E.1 — Alphabetical list by English names of language
alpha- alpha- English name of French name of alpha- alpha- English name of French name of
2 code 3 code language language 2 code 3 code language language
af afr Afrikaans afrikaans ie ile Interlingue interlingue
ak aka Akan akan iu iku Inuktitut inuktitut
sq sqi Albanian albanais ik ipk Inupiaq; Inupiak inupiaq
ay aym Aymara aymara ga gle Irish; Irish Gaelic irlandais; gaélique
d’Irlande; gaélique
az aze Azerbaijani azéri; azerbaïdjanais
irlandais
eu eus Basque basque
it ita Italian italien
bi bis Bislama bichlamar; bislama
jv jaw Javanese javanais
br bre Breton breton
kr kau Kanuri kanouri
ca cat Catalan catalan
ki kik Kikuyu; Gikuyu kikuyu
ch cha Chamorro chamorro
rw kin Kinyarwanda; kinyarwanda;
kw cor Cornish cornique
Rwanda rwanda
co cos Corsican corse
rn run Kirundi; Rundi kirundi; rundi
hr hrv Croatian croate
kg kon Kongo; Kikongo kongo
cs ces Czech tchèque
ku kur Kurdish kurde
da dan Danish danois
kj kua Kwanyama kwanyama
nl nld Dutch néerlandais
– qal Ladin ladin
– efi Efik efik
– lad Ladino ladino; judéo-
en eng English anglais
espagnol
eo epo
...