ISO 4586-2:2018

© ISO 2018 – All rights reserved
Deleted: 11
ISO/TC 61/SC 11
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
Deleted: 02
Date: 2018-06
Deleted: ISO/FDIS 4586-2:2018(E)¶
ISO/TC 61/SC 11/WG 2
Secretariat: JISC
Deleted: High-pressure decorative
High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL, HPDL) — Sheets based
laminates (HPL, HPDL) — Sheets
based on thermosetting resins
on thermosetting resins (usually called laminates) — Part 2:
(Usually called Laminates) — Part 2:
Determination of properties¶
Determination of properties
Stratifiés décoratifs haute pression
(HPL, HPDL) — Plaques à base de
Stratifiés décoratifs haute pression (HPL, HPDL) -- Plaques à base de résines thermodurcissables
résines thermodurcissables
(communément appelées stratifiés) —
(communément appelées stratifiés) -- Partie 2: Détermination des caractéristiques
Partie 2: Détermination des
caractéristiques¶
Section Break (Next Page)
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Document type: International Standard
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Contents Page
Foreword . 4
Introduction . 5
1  Scope . 6
2  Normative references . 6
3  Terms and definitions . 7
4  Assessment of appearance . 8
5  Determination of thickness . 9
6  Determination of length and width . 9
7  Determination of edge straightness . 10
8  Determination of edge squareness (Method A) . 11
9  Determination of edge squareness (Method B) . 13
10  Determination of flatness . 14
11  Resistance to surface wear . 15
12  Resistance to abrasion (Flooring grade laminates) . 18
13  Resistance to immersion in boiling water . 21
14  Substrate protection against water vapour . 23
15  Resistance to water vapour. 25
16  Resistance to wet conditions (Exterior grade laminates) . 27
17  Resistance to dry heat (Method A) . 29
18  Resistance to dry heat (Method B) . 33
19  Dimensional stability at elevated temperature (Method A) . 36
20  Dimensional stability at elevated temperature (Method B) . 37
21  Dimensional stability at ambient temperature (Method A) . 41
22  Dimensional stability at ambient temperature (Method B) . 43
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23  Resistance to climatic shock (exterior grade laminates) . 45
24  Resistance to impact by small diameter ball . 47
25  Resistance to impact by large diameter ball . 51
26  Resistance to impact by large diameter ball (flooring grade laminates) . 56
27  Resistance to cracking under stress (Laminates ≤ 2 mm thick) . 58
28  Resistance to crazing (Compact laminates) . 62
29  Resistance to scratching . 64
30  Resistance to staining (Method A) . 71
31  Resistance to staining (Method B) . 74
32  Lightfastness (xenon arc) (Method A) . 77
33  Lightfastness (xenon arc) (Method B) . 80
34  Resistance to UV light (Exterior grade laminates) . 82
35  Resistance to artificial weathering (Exterior grade laminates) . 84
36  Resistance to radiant heat . 86
37  Formability (Method A) . 89
38  Formability (Method B) . 93
39  Resistance to blistering (Method A) . 102
40  Resistance to blistering (Method B) . 103
41  Resistance to wet heat (100 °C) . 105
42  Determination of microscratch resistance . 108
Bibliography . 116
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non‐governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in
the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all
matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 11,
Products.
This seventh edition cancels and replaces the sixth edition (ISO 4586‐2:2015) which has been
technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— correction of errors due to typographical, formatting, and omission issues.
A list of all parts in the ISO 4586 series can be found on the ISO website.
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Introduction
In an effort to harmonize ISO 4586 with other high‐pressure decorative laminate standards, multiple
methods may be published that demonstrate similar properties. In these instances, the same test
method title is given and is annotated as either “Method A” or “Method B”. This is the case in the
following tests: Edge squareness — 8/9, Dry heat — 17/18 Dimensional stability at elevated
temperatures — 19/20, Dimensional stability at ambient temperature — 21/22, Staining — 30/31,
Lightfastness — 32/33, Formability — 38/39, and Blistering — 40/41. In these instances, either
method may be utilized in testing. Compliance to both methods is not required. While these tests are
similar they are by no means identical and results of one method do not necessarily correspond to the
results of the accompanying test. In these situations, it is intended that the documentation in specific
parts of ISO 4586 for performance requirements be consulted. Each specific method has performance
requirements particular to that method for individual grades of high‐pressure decorative laminate.
This document has been harmonized with EN 438‐2 whenever possible.
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Deleted: High-pressure decorative
High-pressure decorative laminates (HPL, HPDL) — Sheets
laminates (HPL, HPDL) — Sheets
based on thermosetting resins
based on thermosetting resins (usually called laminates) —
(Usually called Laminates) — Part 2:
Part 2: Determination of properties determination of properties¶
1 Scope
This document specifies the methods of test for determination of the properties of high‐pressure
decorative laminates (HPL, HPDL) as defined in Clause 3. These methods are primarily intended
for testing the sheets specified from ISO 4586‐3 to ISO 4586‐8.
The precision of the test methods specified in Clauses 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22,
24, 25, 26, 39, and 40 is not known because interlaboratory data are not available. When
interlaboratory data are obtained, precision statements will be added to the test methods at the
following revision. As all the other test methods have an end point determination based on
subjective judgement, it is not meaningful to make a statement of precision in these cases.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited
applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
ISO 62, Plastics — Determination of water absorption Deleted: ISO 62, Plastics —
Determination of water absorption¶
... [1]
ISO 105‐A02, Textiles — Tests for colour fastness — Part A02: Grey scale for assessing change in
colour
ISO 178, Plastics — Determination of flexural properties Deleted: ISO 178, Plastics —
Determination of flexural properties¶
... [2]
ISO 291, Plastics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 1770, Solid-stem general purpose thermometers Deleted: ISO 1770, Solid-stem general
purpose thermometers¶
... [3]
ISO 3668, Paints and varnishes — Visual comparison of colour of paints
ISO 4892‐1, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 1: General
guidance
ISO 4892‐2:2013, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 2: Xenon-arc
lamps
ISO 4892‐3, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 3: Fluorescent UV
lamps
ISO 6506‐1, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 9352, Plastics — Determination of resistance to wear by abrasive wheels
ISO 9370, Plastics — Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering tests —
General guidance and basic test method
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ISO 12945‐2, Textiles — Determination of fabric propensity to surface fuzzing and to pilling —
Part 2: Modified Martindale method
ISO 12947‐1, Textiles — Determination of the abrasion resistance of fabrics by the Martindale
method — Part 1: Martindale abrasion testing apparatus
EN 312, Particleboards — Specifications Deleted: EN 312, Particleboards —
Specifications¶
... [4]
EN 316, Wood fibreboards — Definition, classification and symbols
ASTM G155, Standard Practice for Operating Xenon Arc Light Apparatus for Exposure of Non-
Metallic Materials
CIE publication no. 85:1989, Solar spectral irradiance Deleted: CIE publication no. 85:1989,
Solar spectral irradiance¶
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
high-pressure decorative laminate
HPL
HPDL
sheet consisting of layers of cellulosic fibrous material (normally paper) impregnated with
thermosetting resins and bonded together by the high-pressure process (3.2)
Note 1 to entry: This is a general definition of high‐pressure decorative laminate(s). More specific product
definitions can be found from ISO 4586‐3 to ISO 4586‐8.3.2.
3.2
high-pressure process
simultaneous application of heat (temperature ≥ 120 °C) and high specific pressure (≥ 5 MPa), to
provide flowing and subsequent curing of the thermosetting resins to obtain a homogeneous
non‐porous material with increased density (≥ 1,35 g/cm), and with the required surface finish
3.3
rub
one revolution of the two outer drives of the Martindale tester
3.4
cycle
completion of all the translational movements tracing a Lissajous
figure (3.5) comprising 16 rubs (3.3)
3.5
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Lissajous figure
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figure created by movement which ranges changes from a circle
gradually narrowing ellipses, until it becomes a straight line, from which progressively widening
ellipses develop, in a diagonally opposite direction before the pattern is repeated
Note 1 to entry: This comprises 16 revolutions of the two outer drives and 15 revolutions of the inner
drive of the Martindale tester.
4 Assessment of appearance
4.1 Principle
Laminates shall be inspected for surface appearance under standardised conditions of lighting
and viewing.
4.2 Apparatus
4.2.1 Horizontal inspection table, of height approximately 700 mm and large enough to
accommodate the largest sheets to be inspected.
4.2.2 Overhead white fluorescent lights, of colour temperature approximately 5 000 K and
giving an intensity of 800 lx to 1 000 lx over the whole area of the largest sheets to be inspected.
A convenient distance of the lights from the inspection table is approximately 1,5 m.
4.3 Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test, as supplied by the manufacturer.
4.4 Procedure
Place the laminate, decorative face uppermost, on the inspection table. Wipe it free of any loose
contamination with a soft cloth, using a suitable cleaning agent if necessary. Inspect it from the
distance required by the relevant part of ISO 4586 for defects such as smudges, smears,
fingerprints, scratches, foreign particles, damage, or any other form of blemish evident within
the decorative surface.
The inspector shall use normal vision, corrected if necessary.
4.5 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4586‐2;
b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;
c) size of the laminate under test;
d) viewing distance;
e) total area of spot‐type defects in square millimetres;
f) total length of hair‐like defects in millimetres;
g) any deviation from the specified test method;
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h) date of the test.
5 Determination of thickness
5.1 Principle
The thickness of a laminate is measured using a micrometer or a dial gauge indicator.
5.2 Apparatus
5.2.1 Thickness gauge, (ratchet‐type micrometer or dial gauge indicator), having two flat
parallel measuring surfaces of diameter 6 mm and capable of being read to 0,01 mm.
When the thickness of a decorative laminate is being measured, the two surfaces shall exert a
pressure of 10 kPa to 100 kPa upon each other.
5.3 Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test, as supplied by the manufacturer.
5.4 Procedure
Check the gauge for accuracy and then determine the thickness of the laminate to the nearest
0,01 mm. The thickness shall be measured at the centre of each edge, at a distance of at least
20 mm from the edge of the sheet.
5.5 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4586‐2;
b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;
c) all values measured;
d) any deviation from the specified test method;
e) date of the test.
6 Determination of length and width
6.1 Principle
Measuring the length and width of the laminate using a metal tape or rule.
6.2 Apparatus
6.2.1 Steel tape or rule, of sufficient length to measure the greatest dimension of the
laminate, and graduated to allow a reading accuracy of 1 mm.
6.3 Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test, as supplied by the manufacturer.
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6.4 Procedure
Apply the steel tape or rule (see 6.2.1) to each edge of the laminate in turn, on a line
approximately 25 mm from and parallel to the edge. Measure the length on each edge to the
nearest 1 mm.
6.5 Expression of results
The arithmetical means of the pairs of length and width measurements shall be calculated and
expressed to the nearest 1 mm as the length and width of the laminate.
6.6 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4586‐2;
b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;
c) length and width values;
d) any deviation from the specified test method;
e) date of the test.
7 Determination of edge straightness
7.1 Principle
Applying a metal straightedge to the edge of the laminate and measuring the deviation of the
sheet edge from the metal straightedge using a steel rule.
7.2 Apparatus
7.2.1 Metal straightedge, of 1 000 mm length.
7.2.2 Steel rule, graduated in 0,5 mm divisions.
7.3 Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test, as supplied by the manufacturer.
7.4 Procedure
Apply the metal straightedge (see 7.2.1) to each edge of the laminate in turn, and use the steel
rule (see 7.2.2) to measure the maximum deviation of the edge of the laminate from the metal
straightedge (x in Figure 1) to the nearest 0,5 mm.
7.5 Expression of results
The maximum deviation from the metal straightedge shall be recorded for each of the four
edges. Results shall be designated (+) if the edge is convex, and (−) if the edge is concave.
7.6 Test report
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The test report shall include the following information:
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a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4586‐2;
b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;
c) test result for each of the four edges;
d) any deviation from the specified test method;
e) date of the test.
Deleted: ¶
Key
1 metal straightedge
2 laminate
Figure 1 — Edge straightness measurement
8 Determination of edge squareness (Method A)
8.1 Principle
Applying a right‐angled square to the corner of the laminate and measuring the deviation of the
edge from the square using a steel rule.
8.2 Apparatus
8.2.1 Right-angled square, with one arm of at least 1 000 mm long (see Figure 2).
8.2.2 Steel rule, graduated in 0,5 mm divisions.
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8.3 Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test as supplied by the manufacturer.
8.4 Procedure
Apply the right‐angled square (see 8.2.1) to one corner of the laminate and measure the
deviation of the edge of the laminate from the arm of the square at a distance of 1 m from the
corner. Record the results to the nearest 0,5 mm. Repeat the procedure with the square applied
to the diagonally opposite corner of the laminate.
Dimensions in millimetres
Deleted: ¶
Key
1 right‐angled square
2 laminate
Figure 2 — Edge squareness measurement
8.5 Expression of results
The maximum deviation from the square shall be recorded for the two diagonally opposite
corners (x in Figure 2).
8.6 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4586‐2;
b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;
c) test result;
d) any deviation from the specified test method;
e) date of the test.
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9 Determination of edge squareness (Method B)
9.1 Principle
To determine the squareness of a laminate by measuring the length of diagonal dimensions.
9.2 Apparatus
9.2.1 Steel rule, graduated in 0,5 mm divisions.
9.3 Test specimen
The specimen shall be the laminate under test as supplied by the manufacturer.
9.4 Procedure
Measure the distance from one corner to the opposite corner and record as L1. Measure the
opposite diagonal and record as L2 (see Figure 3).
EXAMPLE |L1 – L2| = Squareness.
Deleted: ¶
Figure 3 — Squareness
9.5 Expression of results
Squareness is determined as the absolute value of the difference of L1 from L2.
9.6 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4586‐2;
b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;
c) test result;
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d) any deviation from the specified test method;
e) date of the test.
10 Determination of flatness
10.1 Principle
Measuring the bow (flatness deviation) of the laminate using a bow gauge placed at the position
of greatest deformation.
10.2 Apparatus
10.2.1 Bow gauge, of length 1 000 mm graduated to permit a reading accuracy of 0,1 mm
(see Figure 4).
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 4 — Bow gauge for measuring flatness
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10.3 Test specimens
The specimen shall be the laminate as supplied by the manufacturer. In cases of dispute the
laminate shall be pre‐conditioned in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations until
equilibrium is reached.
10.4 Procedure
Place the laminate concave side up without restraint on a flat horizontal surface.
Place the bow gauge (see 10.2.1) so that the three feet (two fixed and one movable) are lightly
touching the surface of the laminate in the area of greatest deformation, and measure the
flatness deviation (shown on the dial gauge) to the nearest 0,1 mm.
10.5 Expression of results
The maximum flatness deviation measured using the bow gauge shall be recorded.
10.6 Test report
The test report shall include the following information: Deleted: Dimensions in millimetres¶
a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4586‐2;
b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;
c) maximum flatness deviation;
d) any deviation from the specified test method;
e) date of the test.
11 Resistance to surface wear
11.1 Principle
The test measures the ability of the decorative surface of the laminate under test to resist
abrasive wear through to the sub‐layer. Abrasion is achieved by rotating a specimen in contact
with a pair of loaded cylindrical wheels covered with abrasive paper. The wheels are positioned
so that their cylindrical faces are equidistant from the specimen's axis of rotation but not
tangential to it. As they are turned by the rotating specimen they abrade an annular track on the
specimen's surface. The numbers of revolutions of the specimen required to cause defined
degrees of abrasion are used as measures of resistance to surface wear. This test is not
applicable to flooring grade laminates.
11.2 Materials
11.2.1 Calibration plates of rolled zinc sheet, (Taber S‐34 or equivalent), having a thickness
of (0,8 ± 0,1) mm and a Brinell hardness of (48 ± 2) when tested in accordance with ISO 6506‐1,
except that the ball diameter shall be 5 mm and the load 360 N.
11.2.2 Abrasive paper strips
Figure 4 — Bow gauge for measuring
flatness¶
2 2
a) paper of grammage 70 g/m to 100 g/m;
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b) open coated 180 grit powdered aluminium oxide (AlO) having a particle size such that it
2 3
will pass through a sieve of aperture 100 μm and remain on a sieve having an aperture of
63 μm;
c) adhesive backing (optional).
11.2.3 Double-sided adhesive tape, required only if the abrasive paper has no adhesive
backing.
11.3 Apparatus
11.3.1 Test machine, as specified in ISO 9352.
11.3.2 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of
(23 ± 2) °C, relative humidity (50 ± 5) %.
11.4 Test specimens
Each specimen shall be a piece of the laminate under test, shaped to fit the type of clamping
device used. It will usually be a disc of diameter about 130 mm, or a square of about 100 mm
with its corners rounded to give a diagonal of about 130 mm, and it will usually have a hole of
diameter 6 mm in its centre. Three specimens shall be prepared.
11.5 Preparation of specimens and abrasive paper
Clean the surface of the specimens with a non‐hazardous organic solvent which is immiscible
with water. Using a suitable marker pen, mark the surface of each specimen with two lines
mutually at right angles so that the surface area is divided into quadrants.
Precondition the specimens and the abrasive strips for at least 72 h in the conditioning
atmosphere (see 11.3.2) before testing. After preconditioning seal the paper strips in suitable
polythene bags (maximum 10 strips per bag) until required for immediate use.
11.6 Procedure
11.6.1 Preparation of abrasive wheels
Bond a strip of preconditioned unused abrasive paper (see 11.2.2) to each of the rubber covered
wheels, using either the adhesive backing, if present, or the double‐sided adhesive tape
(see 11.2.3). Ensure that the cylindrical surface is completely covered, but without any
overlapping of the abrasive paper.
11.6.2 Calibration of abrasive paper
Prepare two abrasive wheels with preconditioned unused strips of abrasive paper from the
batch to be used for testing (see 11.6.1).
Clamp a zinc plate (see 11.2.1) in the specimen holder, start the suction device, set the
revolution‐counter to zero, lower the wheels and abrade the zinc plate for 500 revolutions. Wipe

A suitable machine is available from Taber Acquisition Corp., Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St, P.O. Box 164,
North Tonawanda, NY 14120, USA. This is an example of a suitable machine available commercially. This
information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by
ISO of the machine.
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the zinc plate clean and weigh to the nearest 1 mg. Replace the abrasive paper on the wheels
with preconditioned unused strips from the same batch, clamp the same zinc plate in the
specimen holder, lower the abrasive wheels and operate the suction device. Abrade the zinc
plate for an additional 500 revolutions, then wipe it clean and reweigh it to the nearest 1 mg. Its
loss in mass shall be (120 ± 20) mg.
Any batch of abrasive paper which causes a loss in mass of the zinc plate outside this permitted
range shall not be used for testing.
11.6.3 Abrasion of specimen
Perform the test immediately after removal of the specimen and calibrated abrasive paper from
the preconditioning atmosphere.
Prepare two wheels with preconditioned unused abrasive paper from the same batch previously
approved by calibration. Fit the wheels to the machine and set the revolution counter to zero.
Clamp the specimen in the holder, ensuring that the surface of the specimen is flat. Lower the
abrasive wheels on to the specimen, start the suction device and begin abrading the specimen.
Examine the specimen for wear after each 25 revolutions and examine the abrasive paper for
clogging with abraded particles. Replace the abrasive paper if it becomes clogged, or after 500
revolutions, whichever happens first.
Continue the test in this way until the initial wear point (IP) is reached. Record the number of
revolutions and resume the test until the final wear point (FP) is reached. Record the number of
revolutions again.
The initial wear point (IP) is that point at which the first clearly recognizable wear‐through of
the print, pattern or plain colour appears and the sub‐layer becomes exposed in three quadrants.
The initial wear point is reached when there are areas of at least 0,60 mm wear‐through in two
quadrants and an area of 0,60 mm wear‐through becomes visible in a third quadrant.
The sub‐layer for printed patterns is the background on which the pattern is printed; for plain
colours it is the first sub‐layer of different colour.
The final wear point (FP) occurs in the case of a patterned laminate when about 95 % of the
pattern is removed in the abraded area, and in the case of a plain‐colour laminate when an
underlayer of a different colour is exposed over about 95 % of the abraded area.
NOTE 1 IP‐poster is a full‐colour photographic visual aid with text in multiple languages, to assist
correct interpretation, and increase repeatability and reproducibility in the determination of the initial
wear point (IP).
3 2
NOTE 2 The dirt size estimation chart is used to precisely determine the size in mm of the wear‐
through area.
The IP-poster is available from SIS Förlag AB, Box 6455, SE-113 82 STOCKHOLM, Sweden; Tel. 00 46 8 610
30 60, Fax 00 46 8 30 18 50 (order reference 21824 IP-poster). This information is given for the convenience of
users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
The dirt size estimation chart is available from TAPPI, Technology Park/Atlanta, P.O. Box 105 113, Atlanta, GA
30348–5113, USA; Tel. 00 1 770 446 1400, Fax. 00 1 770 446 6947 (order reference TAPPI - Dirt size estimation
chart). This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an
endorsement by ISO of this product.
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11.7 Expression of results
Calculate the wear resistance, expressed as a number of revolutions, for each specimen using the
following formula:
IP FP
Wear resistance =
The initial wear point (IP) for the sample under test shall be the average of the IP values
obtained on the three specimens.
The resistance to surface wear of the laminate under test shall be the average of the wear
resistance values obtained on the three specimens, rounded to the nearest 50 revolutions.
11.8 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4586‐2;
b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;
c) initial wear point (IP) for the sample under test, in revolutions;
d) resistance to surface wear of the sample under test, in revolutions;
e) any deviation from the specified test method;
f) date of the test.
12 Resistance to abrasion (Flooring grade laminates)
12.1 Principle
The test measures the ability of the decorative surface of the laminate under test to resist
abrasive wear through to the sub‐layer. Abrasion is achieved by rotating a specimen in contact
with a pair of loaded cylindrical wheels covered with abrasive paper. The wheels are positioned
so that their cylindrical faces are equidistant from the specimen's axis of rotation but not
tangential to it. As they are turned by the rotating specimen they abrade an annular track on the
specimen's surface. The number of revolutions of the specimen required to cause a defined
degree of abrasion is used as measures of resistance to abrasion. This test is applicable only to
flooring grade laminates.
12.2 Materials
12.2.1 Calibration plates of rolled zinc sheet, (Taber S‐34 or equivalent), having a thickness
of (0,8 ± 0,1) mm and a Brinell hardness of (48 ± 2) when tested in accordance with ISO 6506‐1,
except that the ball diameter shall be 5 mm and the load 360 N.
12.2.2 Abrasive paper strips, (Taber S‐42 or equivalent) of width 12,7 mm and length about
160 mm, having the following composition:
2 2
a) paper of grammage 70 g/m to 100 g/m;
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b) open coated 180 grit powdered aluminium oxide (AlO) having a particle size such that it
2 3
will pass through a sieve of aperture 100 μm and remain on a sieve having an aperture of
63 μm;
c) adhesive backing (optional).
12.2.3 Double-sided adhesive tape, required only if the abrasive paper has no adhesive
backing.
12.3 Apparatus
12.3.1 Test machine, as specified in ISO 9352.
12.3.2 Conditioning chamber, in accordance with ISO 291, with a standard atmosphere of
(23 ± 2) °C, relative humidity (50 ± 5) %.
12.4 Test specimens
Each specimen shall be a piece of the laminate under test, shaped to fit the type of clamping
device used. It will usually be a disc of diameter about 130 mm, or a square of about 100 mm
with its corners rounded to give a diagonal of about 130 mm, and it will usually have a hole of
diameter 6 mm in its centre. Three specimens shall be prepared.
12.5 Preparation of specimens and abrasive paper
Clean the surface of the specimens with a non‐hazardous organic solvent which is immiscible
with water. Using a suitable marker pen, mark the surface of each specimen with two lines
mutually at right angles so that the surface area is divided into quadrants.
Precondition the specimens and the abrasive strips for at least 72 h in the conditioning
atmosphere (see 12.3.2) before testing. After preconditioning seal the paper strips in suitable
polythene bags (maximum 10 strips per bag) until required for immediate use.
12.6 Procedure
12.6.1 Preparation of abrasive wheels
Bond a strip of preconditioned unused abrasive paper (see 12.2.2) to each of the rubber covered
wheels, using either the adhesive backing, if present, or the double‐sided adhesive tape
(see 12.2.3). Ensure that the cylindrical surface is completely covered, but without any
overlapping of the abrasive paper.
12.6.2 Calibration of abrasive paper
Prepare two abrasive wheels with preconditioned unused strips of abrasive paper from the
batch to be used for testing (see 12.6.1).
Clamp a zinc plate (see 12.2.1) in the specimen holder, start the suction device, set the
revolution‐counter to zero, lower the wheels and abrade the zinc plate for 500 revolutions. Wipe

A suitable machine is available from Taber Acquisition Corp., Taber Industries, 455 Bryant St, P.O. Box 164,
North Tonawanda, NY 14120, USA. This is an example of a suitable machine available commercially. This
information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by
ISO of this machine.
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the zinc plate clean and weigh to the nearest 1 mg. Replace the abrasive paper on the wheels
with preconditioned unused strips from the same batch, clamp the same zinc plate in the
specimen holder, lower the abrasive wheels and operate the suction device. Abrade the zinc
plate for an additional 500 revolutions, then wipe it clean and reweigh it to the nearest 1 mg. Its
loss in mass shall be (120 ± 20) mg.
Any batch of abrasive paper which causes a loss in mass of the zinc plate outside this permitted
range shall not be used for testing.
12.6.3 Abrasion of specimen
Perform the test immediately after removal of the specimen and calibrated abrasive paper from
the preconditioning atmosphere.
Prepare two wheels with preconditioned unused abrasive paper from the same batch previously
approved by calibration. Fit the wheels to the machine and set the revolution counter to zero.
Clamp the specimen in the holder, ensuring that the surface of the specimen is flat. Lower the
abrasive wheels on to the specimen, start the suction device and begin abrading the specimen.
Examine the specimen for abrasion after each 100 revolutions and renew the abrasive papers
after every 200 revolutions.
Continue the test in this way until the initial wear point (IP) is reached.
The initial wear point (IP) is that point at which the first clearly recognizable wear‐through of
the print, pattern or plain colour appears and the sub‐layer becomes exposed in three quadrants.
The initial wear point is reached when there are areas of at least 0,60 mm wear‐through in two
quadrants and an area of 0,60 mm wear‐through becomes visible in a third quadrant. The sub‐
layer for printed patterns is the background on which the pattern is printed; for plain colours it
is the first sub‐layer of different colour.
NOTE 1 IP‐poster is a full‐colour photographic visual aid with text in multiple languages, to assist
correct interpretation, and increase repeatability and reproducibility in the determination of the initial
wear point (IP).
NOTE 2 The dirt size estimation chart is used to precisely determine the size in mm of the wear‐
through area.
Record the number of revolutions as the IP‐value. Repeat the test immediately using the two
remaining test specimens.
12.7 Expression of results
The resistance to abrasion of the laminate under test shall be the average of the initial wear‐
point (IP) values obtained on the three specimens, rounded to the nearest 100 revolutions.

The IP-poster is available from SIS Förlag AB, Box 6455, SE-113 82 STOCKHOLM, Sweden; Tel. 00 46 8 610
30 60, Fax 00 46 8 30 18 50 (order reference 21824 IP-poster). This information is given for the convenience of
users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of this product.
The dirt size estimation chart is available from TAPPI, Technology Park/Atlanta, P.O. Box 105 113, Atlanta, GA
30348–5113, USA; Tel. 00 1 770 446 1400, Fax. 00 1 770 446 6947 (order reference TAPPI - Dirt size estimation
chart). This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an
endorsement by ISO of this product.
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12.8 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:
a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO 4586‐2;
b) name, type and nominal thickness of the product;
c) resistance to abrasion for the sample under test, in revolutions;
d) any deviation from the specified test method;
e) date of the test.
13 Re
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