ISO/DTS 15916
(Main)Hydrogen technologies — Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems
Hydrogen technologies — Basic considerations for the safety of hydrogen systems
This Technical Specification provides guidelines for the use of hydrogen in its gaseous and liquid forms as well as its storage in either of these or other forms (hydrides). It identifies the basic safety concerns, hazards and risks, and describes the properties of hydrogen that are relevant to safety. Detailed safety requirements associated with specific hydrogen applications are treated in separate International Standards. “Hydrogen” in this paper means normal hydrogen (1H2), not deuterium (2H2) or tritium (3H2).
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FINAL DRAFT
Technical
Specification
ISO/TC 197
Hydrogen technologies — Basic
Secretariat: SCC
considerations for the safety of
Voting begins on:
hydrogen systems
2025-09-18
Voting terminates on:
2025-12-11
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
Technical
Specification
ISO/TC 197
Hydrogen technologies — Basic
Secretariat: SCC
considerations for the safety of
Voting begins on:
hydrogen systems
Voting terminates on:
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2025
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
TO BECOME STAN DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE
MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland Reference number
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Overview of hydrogen applications .13
4.1 Basic hydrogen infrastructure . 13
4.1.1 Categories of infrastructure . 13
4.1.2 Production . 13
4.1.3 Storage and transport. 13
4.1.4 Hydrogen end use applications .14
4.2 Typical hydrogen system components . 15
4.2.1 General . 15
4.2.2 Storage vessels . 15
4.2.3 Fluid delivery lines, piping, joints, and seals . 15
4.2.4 Flow controls . 15
4.2.5 Pressure-relief systems .16
4.2.6 Detection methods .16
4.2.7 Other components .16
4.2.8 Considerations for conditions external to the system .16
4.3 Hydrogen fuel .17
4.4 Environmental effects .17
5 Basic properties of hydrogen . 17
5.1 General properties .17
5.1.1 Atomic and molecular properties .17
5.1.2 Appearance and general characteristics .18
5.2 Selected thermophysical properties .18
5.2.1 General .18
5.2.2 Selected thermophysical properties of gaseous hydrogen .18
5.2.3 Selected thermophysical properties of cryogenic liquid hydrogen .19
5.3 Basic combustion properties .19
5.3.1 General remark on safety characteristics .19
5.3.2 Selected combustion properties of hydrogen . 20
5.3.3 Deflagration . 20
5.3.4 Detonation .21
5.3.5 Explosions .21
5.3.6 Flammability limits . 22
5.3.7 Ignition energy and minimum ignition energy as applied to deflagration . 22
6 Safety considerations for the use of gaseous and liquid hydrogen .23
6.1 General . 23
6.2 Hazards involved as a consequence of the properties of hydrogen .24
6.2.1 General .24
6.2.2 Gaseous hydrogen .24
6.2.3 Liquid hydrogen .24
6.3 Factors involved in combustion hazards . 25
6.3.1 Aspects of combustion . 25
6.3.2 Non-premixed combustion processes . 25
6.3.3 Explosions . 26
6.4 Factors involved in pressure hazards .27
6.4.1 General .27
6.4.2 Gaseous storage .27
6.4.3 Liquid hydrogen .27
6.5 Factors involved in low temperature hazards .27
iii
6.6 Factors involved in hydrogen embrittlement hazards . 28
6.6.1 Hydrogen embrittlement . 28
6.6.2 Hydrogen attack . . 28
6.7 Health hazards. 28
6.7.1 Cold burns . 28
6.7.2 High temperature burns . 28
6.7.3 Asphyxiation . 28
6.7.4 Combustion by-products . 29
7 Mitigation and control of hazards and risks .29
7.1 General mitigation and control of hazards and risk . 29
7.1.1 General . 29
7.1.2 Lessons learned from past experience . 29
7.1.3 Addressing hazards . 30
7.1.4
...
ISISO/O/DDTSTS 1155991166
ISO/TC 197
ISO/TC 197
ISO/TC 197/WG 29
Secretariat: SCC
Date:
Hydrogen technologies - — Basic considerations for the safety of
hydrogen systems
Considérations fondamentales pour la sécurité des systèmes à l'hydrogène
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft Technical Specification and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as
permitted under the applicable laws of the user's country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract from it
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO's
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
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ISISO/O/DDTSTS 1155991166
Warning
This document is not an ISO International Standard. It is distributed for review and comment. It is
subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as an International Standard.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent
rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation.
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ISISO/DO/DTSTS 1155991166
iiiiii
©© 20252025 –– AAllll rriigghhttss rreeseserrvveedd
ISISO/O/DDTSTS 1155991166
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or
posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the
address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
E-mail: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
iviv
©© 20252025 –– AAllll rriigghhttss rreeseserrvveedd
ISISO/O/DDTSTS 1155991166
Contents Page
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 12
1 Scope . 14
2 Normative references . 14
3 Terms and definitions . 14
4 Overview of hydrogen applications . 27
5 Basic properties of hydrogen . 31
6 Safety considerations for the use of gaseous and liquid hydrogen . 37
7 Mitigation and control of hazards and risks . 43
Annex A (informative) Hydrogen properties . 68
Annex B (informative) Hydrogen combustion data . 75
Annex C (informative) Material data . 82
Annex D (informative) Other storage options . 88
Bibliography . 1
Foreword . vi
Introduction . vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Overview of hydrogen applications . 14
4.1 Basic hydrogen infrastructure . 14
4.1.1 Categories of infrastructure. 14
4.1.2 Production . 15
4.1.3 Storage and transport . 15
4.1.4 Hydrogen use applications . 16
4.2 Typical hydrogen system components . 16
4.2.1 General . 16
4.2.2 Storage vessels . 17
4.2.3 Fluid delivery lines, piping, joints, and seals . 17
4.2.4 Flow controls. 17
4.2.5 Pressure-relief systems. 17
4.2.6 Detection components . 17
4.2.7 Other components . 18
4.2.8 Considerations for conditions external to the system . 18
4.3 Hydrogen fuel . 18
4.4 Environmental effects . 18
5 Basic properties of hydrogen . 19
5.1 General properties . 19
5.1.1 Atomic and molecular properties . 19
5.1.2 Appearance and general characteristics . 19
vv
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ISISO/O/DDTSTS 1155991166
5.2 Selected thermophysical properties . 19
5.2.1 General . 19
5.2.2 Selected thermophysical properties of gaseous hydrogen . 19
5.2.3 Selected thermophysical properties of cryogenic liquid hydrogen . 20
5.3 Basic combustion properties . 21
5.3.1 General remark on safety characteristics . 21
5.3.2 Selected combustion properties of hydrogen. 21
5.3.3 Explosions . 21
5.3.4 Deflagration . 22
5.3.5 Detonation . 22
5.3.6 Flammability limits . 23
5.3.7 Ignition energy and minimum ignition energy as applied to deflagration . 24
6 Safety considerations for the use of gaseous and liquid hydrogen . 24
6.1 General . 24
6.2 Hazards involved as a consequence of the properties of hydrogen. 25
6.2.1 General . 25
6.2.2 Gaseous hydrogen . 25
6.2.3 Liquid hydrogen . 26
6.3 Factors involved in combustion hazards. 26
6.3.1 Aspects of combustion . 26
6.3.2 Non-premixed combustion processes . 27
6.3.3 Explosions . 27
6.4 Factors involved in pressure hazards . 28
6.4.1 General . 28
6.4.2 Gaseous storage . 29
6.4.3 Liquid hydrogen . 29
6.5 Factors involved in low temperature hazards . 29
6.6 Factors involved in hydrogen embrittlement hazards . 29
6.6.1 Hydrogen embrittlement . 29
6.6.2 Hydrogen attack . 29
6.7 Health hazards . 30
6.7.1 Cold burns . 30
6.7.2 High temperature burns. 30
6.7.3 Asphyxiation . 30
6.8 Team approach and education/training needed for the safe use of hydrogen. 30
7 Mitigation and control of hazards and risks . 30
7.1 General mitigation and control of hazards and risk . 30
7.1.1 General .
...
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