ISO/ASTM 51276:2019

INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51276
Fourth edition
2019-08
Corrected version
2019-11
Practice for use of a
polymethylmethacrylate dosimetry
system
Pratique de l'utilisation d'un système dosimétrique au
polyméthylméthacrylate
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 51276:2019(E)
©
ISO/ASTM International 2019

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ISO/ASTM 51276:2019(E)

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© ISO/ASTM International 2019
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2019 – All rights reserved

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ISO/ASTM 51276:2019(E)

Contents Page
1 Scope. 1
2 Referenced documents. 1
3 Terminology. 2
4 Significance and use. 2
5 Overview . 2
6 Influence quantities. 2
7 Dosimetry system and its verification. 3
8 Incoming dosimeter stock assessment. 3
9 Calibration. 3
10 Routine use. 4
11 Documentation requirements. 4
12 Measurement uncertainty. 4
13 Keywords. 4
Annex. 5
Table A1.1 Basic properties of available PMMA dosimeters . 5
Table A1.2 Suppliers of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dosimeters. 5
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ISO/ASTM 51276:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national
standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally
carried out through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which
a technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take
part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with
the editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www. iso. org/directives ).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details
of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www. iso. org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms
and expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence
to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www.
iso. org/ iso/foreword . html.
This document was prepared by ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies and radiological
protection, in cooperation with ASTM E61, Radiation processing, on the basis of a partnership
agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of
ISO/ASTM standards on additive manufacturing.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www. iso. org/members . html.
This corrected version of ISO/ASTM 51276:2019 incorporates the following correction:
— Subclause 9.3 has been added back.
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ISO/ASTM 51276:2019(E)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Standard Practice for
1
Use of a Polymethylmethacrylate Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51276; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope 2. Referenced documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This is a practice for using polymethylmethacrylate
E275PracticeforDescribingandMeasuringPerformanceof
(PMMA) dosimetry systems to measure absorbed dose in
Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
materials irradiated by photons or electrons in terms of
E3083Terminology Relating to Radiation Processing: Do-
absorbed dose to water. The PMMA dosimetry system is
simetry and Applications
generally used as a routine dosimetry system.
2
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
1.2 The PMMA dosimeter is classified as a Type II dosim-
51261Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
eter on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities
tems for Radiation Processing
(see ISO/ASTM Practice 52628).
51707Guide for Estimation of Measurement Uncertainty in
Dosimetry for Radiation Processing
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
52628Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in
52701Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim-
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving
eters and Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation Pro-
compliancewiththerequirementsofISO/ASTM52628“Prac-
cessing
tice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing” for a PMMA
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and Mea-
dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with
3
surements (ICRU) Reports:
ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.
ICRU Report 80Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
1.4 This practice covers the use of PMMA dosimetry
Processing
systems under the following conditions:
ICRU Report 85aFundamental Quantities and Units for
1.4.1 the absorbed dose range is 0.1 kGy to 150 kGy.
Ionizing Radiation
−2 7 −1
4
1.4.2 the absorbed dose rate is1×10 to1×10 Gy·s .
2.4 ISO Standard:
1.4.3 the photon energy range is 0.1 to 25 MeV. 12749-4Nuclearenergy—Vocabulary—Part4:Dosimetry
for radiation processing
1.4.4 the electron energy range is 3 to 25 MeV.
2.5 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Reports:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
JCGM100:2008,GUM1995,withminorcorrectionsEvalu-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ation of measurement date - Guide to the Expression of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
5
Uncertainty in Measurement
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
JCGM 200:2012, VIMInternational Vocabulary of Metrol-
6
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
ogy - Basic and General Concepts andAssociated Terms
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
2
For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
AvailablefromInternationalCommissiononRadiationUnits&Measurements,
7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095, http://www.icru.org.
4
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
5
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3. DocumentproducedbyWorkingGroup1oftheJointCommitteeforGuidesin
Current edition approved July 16, 2019. Published August 2019. Originally Metrology (JCGM WG1), Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
ε1
published as E 1276 – 88. ASTM E 1276 - 96 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with www.bipm.org).
6
the intermediate designation ISO 15558:1998(E). The present Fourth Edition of DocumentproducedbyWorkingGroup2oftheJointCommitteeforGuidesin
International Standard ISO/ASTM 51276:2019(E) is a major revision of the Third Metrology (JCGM WG2), Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
Edition of ISO/ASTM 51276:2012(E). www.bipm.org).
1
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ISO/ASTM 51276:2019(E)
3. Terminology and the response to radiation is verified using appropriate
sampling and testing before release for packaging, and ulti-
3.1 Definitions:
mately for use.
3.1.1 dosimeter batch—quantity of dosimeters made from a
5.2 Ionizing radiation induces chemical reactions in the
specific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricated
material, which create or enhance absorption bands in the
in a single production run under controlled, consistent
visible or ultraviolet regions of the spectrum, or both. Optical
conditions, and having a unique identification code.
absorbancedeterminedatappropriatewavelengthswithinthese
3.1.2 dosimeter response (indication)—reproducible, quan-
radiation-induced absorption bands is quantitatively related to
tifiablechangeproducedinthedosimeterbyionizingradiation.
the absorbed dose. ICRU Report 80 provides information on
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The dosimeter response value
the scientific basis and historical development of the PMMA
(indication),obtainedfromoneormoremeasurements,isused
dosimetry systems in current use.
in the estimation of absorbed dose.
5.3 The difference between the specific absorbance of un-
3.1.2.2 Discussion—For PMMA dosimeters, the dosimeter
irradiated and irradiated PMMA is dependent upon the wave-
response value (indication) is obtained from measurement of
length of the light which is used to make the measurement.
the optical absorbance.
Typically, the manufacturer specifies the recommended wave-
3.1.3 dosimeter stock—partofadosimeterbatchheldbythe
length that optimizes sensitivity and post-irradiation stability.
user.
The wavelengths recommended for examples of commonly
used systems are given in Table A1.1.
3.1.4 polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) dosimeter—piece of
specially selected or developed PMMA material, individually
Influence quantities
6.
sealed by the manufacturer in an impermeable sachet that,
when irradiated, exhibits a characterizable change in specific
6.1 Factors other than absorbed dose which influence the
absorbance that can be related to absorbed dose.
dosimeter response are referred to as influence quantities and
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The piece of PMMA, when removed
are discussed in the following sections. (See also ISO/ASTM
from the sachet after irradiation, is also commonly referred to
Guide 52701.) Examples of such influence quantities are
as the dosimeter.
temperature and dose rate.
3.1.5 specific absorbance (k)—optical absorbance, A,ata
6.2 Pre-Irradiation Conditions:
λ
selected wavelength λ, divided by the optical path length, d:
6.2.1 Dosimeter Conditioning and Packaging—Pieces of
PMMA are pre-conditioned by the manufacturer to optimize
k5 A /d (1)
λ
water concentration, and sealed in impermeable aluminum foil
3.2 Definitions of other terms used in this standard that
laminate sachets to maintain that condition.
pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found
6.2.2 Time Since Manufacture—With appropriate
in ISO/ASTM Practice 52628. Other terms that pertain to
manufacturing,packagingandstorageconditions,theshelf-life
radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found inASTM
ofsometypesofPMMAdosimetershasbeenshowntoexceed
Terminology E3083 and ISO Terminology ISO 12749-4.
7
ten years (1).
Where appropriate, definitions used in these standards have
6.2.3 Temperature—Exposure to temperatures outside the
beenderivedfrom,andareconsistentwithdefinitionsinICRU
manufacturer’s recommended range should be minimized to
Report 85a, and general metrological definitions given in the
reduce the potential for adverse effects on dosimeter response.
VIM.
6.2.4 Relative Humidity—The effect of humidity is elimi-
nated by the isolation provided by the sachet.
4. Significance and use
6.2.5 Exposure to Light—The effect of light exposure is
4.1 The PMMA dosimetry system provides a means for
eliminated by the isolation provided by the sachet.
measuring absorbed dose based on a change in optical absor-
6.3 Conditions during Irradiation:
bance.
6.3.1 Irradiation Temperature—the dosimeter response is
4.2 PMMAdosimetrysystemsarecommonlyusedinindus-
affected by temperature and shall be characterized.
trial radiation processing, for example in the sterilization of
6.3.2 Absorbed-Dose Rate—the dosimeter response is af-
medical devices and the irradiation of foods.
fected by the absorbed-dose rate and shall be characterized.
6.3.3 Dose Fractionation—the dosimeter response may be
5. Overview
affectedbyincrementalexposuresandshouldbecharacterized.
6.3.4 Relative Humidity—the effect of humidity is elimi-
5.1 PMMA dosimeters may be manufactured by various
nated by the isolation provided by the sachet.
methods. For example, the raw material has historically been
6.3.5 Exposure to Light—theeffectoflightexposure,ifany,
cast,extruded,orinjectionmolded.Fundamentally,ingredients
is eliminated by the isolation provided by the sachet.
required for the promotion and control of polymerization and
stability, and, in the case of dyed dosimeters, specified quan-
titiesofdyesappropriatefortherequiredrangeofresponse,are
dissolved in methylmethacrylate, which is then polymerized. 7
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothebibliographyattheendofthis
The material is then conditioned to adjust the water content, practice.
2
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ISO/ASTM 51276:2019(E)
6.3.6 Radiation Energy—the dosimeter response is depen- 7.1.4.1 Means of verifying thickness gauge calibration, for
dent upon the radiation energy and the dosimeters shall be example through the use of certified thickness gauge blocks,
irradiated for calibration under the conditions of use. exceeding the range of thicknesses encountered.
6.4 Post-Irradiation Conditions:
7.2 Measurement Management System, including the do-
6.4.1 Time—the time between irradiation and dosimeter
simeter batch calibration curve resulting from calibration
reading shall be standardized and should conform to the
according to ISO/ASTM Practice 51261, and the procedures
manufacturer’s recommendations.
for use.
6.4.2 Temperature—Exposure to temperatures outside the
7.3 Performance Verification of Instrumentation:
manufacturer’s recommended range should be minimized to
7.3.1 At prescribed time intervals, and whenever there are
reduce the potential for adverse effects on dosimeter response.
indications of poor performance during periods of use, the
6.4.3 Conditioning Treatment—Post-irradiation treatment is
wavelength and absorbance scales of the spectrophotometer
not applicable.
shall be checked at or near the analysis wavelength, and the
6.4.4 Relative Humidity—Prior to opening the sachet, the
resultsdocumented.Thisinformationshouldbecomparedwith
effectofhumidityiseliminatedbytheisolationprovidedbythe
the instrument specifications to verify adequate performance,
sachet.
and the result documented. (See ASTM Practice E275.)
6.4.5 Exposure to Light—Prior to opening the sachet, any
7.3.2 At prescribed time intervals the calibration of the
effect of light exposure is eliminated by the isolation pro
...