ISO/FDIS 10993-3
(Main)Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 3: Evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity
Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 3: Evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity
ISO 10993-3:2014 specifies strategies for risk estimation and selection of hazard identification tests, with respect to the possibility of the following potentially irreversible biological effects arising as a result of exposure to medical devices: genotoxicity; carcinogenicity; reproductive and developmental toxicity. ISO 10993-3:2014 is applicable when the need to evaluate a medical device for potential genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive toxicity has been established.
Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux — Partie 3: Évaluation de la génotoxicité, de la cancérogénicité, de la toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement
L'ISO 10993-3:2014 spécifie les stratégies pour l'estimation des risques, le choix des essais d'identification des risques et la gestion des risques, en fonction du risque d'apparition des effets biologiques potentiellement irréversibles suivants résultant de l'exposition à des dispositifs médicaux: génotoxicité; cancérogénicité; toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement. L'ISO 10993-3:2014 est applicable lorsque le besoin d'évaluer un dispositif médical dont le risque de génotoxicité, de cancérogénicité ou de toxicité sur la reproduction a été identifié.
General Information
- Status
- Not Published
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 194 - Biological and clinical evaluation of medical devices
- Current Stage
- 5000 - FDIS registered for formal approval
- Start Date
- 30-Oct-2025
- Completion Date
- 17-Oct-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 12-Feb-2026
- Effective Date
- 18-Nov-2023
- Effective Date
- 28-Feb-2026
- Effective Date
- 04-Nov-2023
Overview
ISO/FDIS 10993-3: Biological evaluation of medical devices - Part 3: Evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and developmental toxicity is an international standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This standard is part of the ISO 10993 series, providing vital guidance for risk assessment and selection of hazard identification tests concerning potentially irreversible biological effects resulting from exposure to medical devices. Specifically, ISO 10993-3 focuses on the evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and developmental toxicity, ensuring the biological safety of medical device materials in line with current regulatory and industry expectations.
Key Topics
- Genotoxicity: Assessment of a medical device’s potential to cause genetic mutations or chromosomal changes. This includes strategies for when to conduct genotoxicity testing and the use of a test battery per the standard.
- Carcinogenicity: Evaluation of whether materials may contribute to cancer risk, either through genotoxic or non-genotoxic mechanisms. The standard emphasizes chemical characterization and risk assessment over animal testing, where possible.
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity: Focus on the potential effects of device materials on reproductive organs, fertility, fetal development, and early childhood development.
- Risk Estimation Strategies: Detailed procedures for integrating chemical characterization, toxicological risk assessment, and justification of testing approaches, in accordance with ISO 10993-1, ISO 10993-17, and ISO 10993-18.
- Test Selection and Sample Preparation: Guidelines on appropriate extraction methods and test system compatibility, including considerations for in vitro and in vivo tests and handling novel materials or nanomaterials.
- Justification and Waiving of Tests: The standard outlines when testing may be waived or when further studies are indicated, based on the risk management process and available data.
Applications
- Regulatory Submissions: Assure compliance with global medical device regulations by following the requirements for biological risk evaluation related to genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive/developmental toxicity. Adherence to ISO 10993-3 supports regulatory approval in various markets, including the EU MDR.
- Product Development and Safety Assessment: Guide manufacturers in developing and selecting materials for new devices, particularly those with prolonged or significant bodily contact, to minimize long-term toxicity risks.
- Material Innovation: Provide a framework for evaluating the safety of new biomaterials, additives, or processing chemicals before clinical use, enhancing innovation without compromising safety.
- Risk Management: Enable integration of toxicological data, historical usage, and robust risk management to decide when additional testing is necessary or can be waived, optimizing resources and patient safety.
Related Standards
- ISO 10993-1: Requirements and general principles for the biological safety evaluation of medical devices within a risk management process.
- ISO 10993-2: Animal welfare requirements when animal studies are conducted.
- ISO 10993-12: Procedures for sample preparation and reference materials in biological testing.
- ISO 10993-17: Toxicological risk assessment of medical device constituents.
- ISO 10993-18: Chemical characterization of medical device materials within a risk management process.
- ISO 14971: Risk management for medical devices.
- OECD Guidelines (e.g., 471, 473, 487, 490, etc.): Standardized test methods for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity used internationally.
By systematically applying ISO/FDIS 10993-3, manufacturers and regulatory professionals can ensure comprehensive biological risk assessment for medical devices, supporting patient safety and regulatory compliance across the product lifecycle.
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ISO/FDIS 10993-3 - Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux — Partie 3: Évaluation de la génotoxicité, de la cancérogénicité, de la toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement/8/2025
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Frequently Asked Questions
ISO/FDIS 10993-3 is a draft published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 3: Evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity". This standard covers: ISO 10993-3:2014 specifies strategies for risk estimation and selection of hazard identification tests, with respect to the possibility of the following potentially irreversible biological effects arising as a result of exposure to medical devices: genotoxicity; carcinogenicity; reproductive and developmental toxicity. ISO 10993-3:2014 is applicable when the need to evaluate a medical device for potential genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive toxicity has been established.
ISO 10993-3:2014 specifies strategies for risk estimation and selection of hazard identification tests, with respect to the possibility of the following potentially irreversible biological effects arising as a result of exposure to medical devices: genotoxicity; carcinogenicity; reproductive and developmental toxicity. ISO 10993-3:2014 is applicable when the need to evaluate a medical device for potential genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, or reproductive toxicity has been established.
ISO/FDIS 10993-3 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 11.100.20 - Biological evaluation of medical devices. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO/FDIS 10993-3 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to prEN ISO 10993-3, ISO/IEC 23090-6:2021, ISO/TR 10993-33:2015, ISO 10993-3:2014. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ISO/FDIS 10993-3 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 10993-3
ISO/TC 194
Biological evaluation of medical
Secretariat: DIN
devices —
Voting begins on:
Part 3: 2025-04-04
Evaluation of genotoxicity,
Voting terminates on:
2025-06-27
carcinogenicity, reproductive
toxicity, and developmental toxicity
ICS: 11.100.20
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ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
DRAFT
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
International
Standard
ISO/DIS 10993-3
ISO/TC 194
Biological evaluation of medical
Secretariat: DIN
devices —
Voting begins on:
Part 3:
Evaluation of genotoxicity,
Voting terminates on:
carcinogenicity, reproductive
toxicity, and developmental toxicity
ICS: 11.100.20
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
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Published in Switzerland Reference number
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
ii
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Assessment strategies . . 3
4.1 General .3
4.2 Other considerations .3
5 Genotoxicity assessment . 3
5.1 General .3
5.2 Testing strategy .4
5.2.1 General .4
5.2.2 Test battery .4
5.2.3 In vivo genotoxicity testing .5
5.2.4 Follow-up evaluation .5
5.3 Test sample preparation .5
6 Carcinogenicity Assessments . 6
6.1 General .6
6.2 Evaluation strategy .6
6.2.1 General .6
6.2.2 Genotoxic carcinogens .6
6.2.3 Non-genotoxic carcinogens .7
7 Evaluation of reproductive and developmental toxicity . 7
7.1 General .7
7.2 Evaluation methods .8
8 Test report . 9
Annex A (informative) Test sample preparation procedure for genotoxicity testing .10
Annex B (normative) Tests for genotoxicity .16
Annex C (informative) Carcinogenicity Tests in animals .26
Annex D (informative) Genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials .29
Annex E (informative) Recipe for S9 mix .30
Annex F (informative) Endocrine Disruptors .31
Annex G (informative) Evaluation of reproductive and developmental toxicity .32
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European standard and the General Safety
and Performance Requirements of Regulation (EU) 2017/745 aimed to be covered .36
Bibliography .40
iii
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity.
ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of
information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any patent
rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on the ISO list of
patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World
Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 194, Biological and clinical evaluation of medical
devices, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 206, Biocompatibility of medical and dental materials and devices, in accordance with the Agreement
on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This fourth edition of ISO 10993-3 cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 10993-3:2014), which has
been technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— Deletion of the Annex on Cellular Transformation;
— Restructure of Annex A on Guidance on selecting an appropriate test sample preparation procedure for
genotoxicity testing;
— Addition of Annex C on in vivo carcinogenicity assays that includes the Annex on solid state carcinogenesis;
— Addition of Annex D on Genotoxicity Assessment of Nanomaterials;
— Expanded Annex B on genotoxicity test methods;
— Addition of Annex E on Recipe for S9 mix;
— Addition of Annex G on the evaluation of reproductive and developmental toxicity;
— Update of normative references and bibliography.
A list of all parts in the ISO 10993 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html
iv
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
Introduction
The basis for biological evaluation of medical devices is often empirical and driven by relevant concerns for
human safety. The risk of serious and irreversible effects, such as cancer or second generation abnormalities,
is of particular public concern. It is inherent in the provision of safe medical devices that such risks be
minimized to the greatest extent feasible. The assessment of mutagenic, carcinogenic, reproductive, and
developmental toxicity hazards is an essential component of the control of these risks. Not all test methods
for the assessment of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and developmental toxicity are
equally well developed, nor is their validity well established for the testing of medical devices.
Significant issues with test sample size and preparation, scientific understanding of disease processes
and test validation can be cited as limitations of available methods. Since the previous document revision,
many genotoxicity test methods have been updated with revised OECD guidelines. However, these generally
provide clearer recommendations but little alteration in test methods. Scientifically sound alternatives to
the proposed testing can be acceptable insofar as they address relevant matters of safety assessment.
In the selection of tests needed to evaluate a particular medical device, a careful assessment of expected
human uses and potential interactions with biological systems is important, particularly in such areas as
reproductive and developmental toxicology.
This document presents test methods and evaluation strategies for the identification of specific biological
harms. Testing is not always necessary or helpful in managing toxicological risks associated with exposure
to medical device materials but, where it is appropriate, it is important that maximum test sensitivity is
achieved.
In view of the multitude of possible outcomes and the importance of factors such as extent of exposure,
species differences and mechanical or physical considerations, risk assessment is typically performed on a
case-by-case basis. Suggestions for risk consideration and integration of ISO 10993-17 and -18 are provided.
v
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
Biological evaluation of medical devices —
Part 3:
Evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive
toxicity, and developmental toxicity
1 Scope
This document specifies strategies for risk estimation and selection of biological harms identification tests
with respect to the possibility of the following potentially irreversible biological effects arising as a result of
exposure to medical devices:
— genotoxicity;
— carcinogenicity;
— reproductive and developmental toxicity.
This document is applicable when the need to evaluate a medical device for potential genotoxicity,
carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and developmental toxicity has been established.
NOTE Guidance on selection of relevant endpoints is provided in ISO 10993-1.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10993-1:2018, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 1: Requirements and general principles for
the evaluation of biological safety within a risk management process
ISO 10993-2:2022, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 2: Animal welfare requirements
ISO 10993-12:2021, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 12: Sample preparation and reference
materials
ISO 10993-16:2017, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 16: Toxicokinetic study design for
degradation products and leachables
ISO 10993-17, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 17: Toxicological risk assessment of medical
device constituents
ISO 10993-18, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 18: Chemical characterization of medical device
materials within a risk management process
ISO 14971:2019, Medical devices — Application of risk management to medical devices
OECD 414, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — Prenatal Development Toxicity Study
OECD 421, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test
OECD 422, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — Combined repeated dose toxicity study with the
reproduction/ developmental toxicity screening test
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
OECD 443, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — Extended One-Generation Reproductive Toxicity Study
OECD 471, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test
OECD 473, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration Test
OECD 474, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — Mammalian Erythrocyte Micronucleus Test
OECD 475, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — Mammalian Bone Marrow Chromosomal Aberration Test
OECD 487, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — In vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
OECD 488, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — Transgenic Rodent Somatic and Germ Cell Gene
Mutation Assays
OECD 489, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — In Vivo Mammalian Alkaline Comet Assay
OECD 490, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests Using
the Thymidine Kinase Gene
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 10993-1, ISO 10993-12 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
1) ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
2) IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
carcinogenicity test
test to determine cancer outcomes after long term or life-span exposure of animals
3.2
developmental toxicity test
test to determine adverse effects on the developing organism during prenatal development, or postnatally
to the time of sexual maturation
3.3
genotoxicity test
test using cells, bacteria, yeast, fungi, animals, or other biological systems to determine whether gene
mutations, chromosomal alterations, or other genetic changes are caused by the test sample
3.4
reproductive toxicity test
test to evaluate the potential effects of test samples on male or female reproductive function during any
stage of development or fertility
3.5
sham-incubated vehicle
vehicle control exposed to the same extraction time and temperature as the test sample extract
3.6
threshold of toxicological concern TTC
level of exposure for constituents, below which there would be no appreciable risk to human health
Note 1 to entry: The constituent is defined as a chemical or compound present in or on a finished medical device
or material(s) of construction. Constituents may be intentionally present (e.g., an additive such as an antioxidant) or
unintentionally present (e.g., an impurity).
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 21726:2019 3.5, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
4 Assessment strategies
4.1 General
ISO 10993-1 indicates circumstances where the potential for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive
toxicity, and developmental toxicity are relevant biological harms for consideration in an overall biological
safety evaluation. Evaluation of the biological harms shall be conducted with consideration of the following
factors:
— whether assessment is necessary based on patient population (e.g. not in the case of <6 months life
expectancy); and the anticipated impact of test results on risk management judgements,
— whether assessment is necessary based on the worst-case quantity, type of contact and duration of
exposure,
NOTE Quantity can be influenced by device size and number used per patient.
— an analysis of the chemical constituents of the device material(s), including manufacturing process
residues and degradation products or metabolites, to identify causes of concern. The identification can
be based on chemical-specific toxicity data if available; otherwise, structure-activity relationships or
previous demonstration of relevant toxicity in the chemical class can be used,
— existing information relevant to the genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and
developmental toxicity evaluation of the medical device, and
— previous use of equivalent (see ISO 10993-1:2018, 4.1) materials and processing in relevant applications.
The decision to waive in vitro genotoxicity testing shall be justified. The decision to conduct in vivo testing
shall be justified.
4.2 Other considerations
Toxicity evaluation can be warranted for additional states of the device, such as wear debris generated from
the device, absorbable materials, or materials that cure in situ (e.g. cements, adhesives, and pre-polymer
mixtures) unless toxicological risk assessment based on material information determines no cause for
concern. For guidance on sample preparation for in situ curing devices see ISO 10993-12.
NOTE Material information can include chemical composition, degradation products, debris size and morphology,
pre-polymerization, and post-polymerization products etc.
If exposure to constituents identified in accordance with ISO 10993-18 is determined to be within acceptable
levels based on toxicological risk assessment conducted in accordance with ISO 10993-17, no additional
testing needs to be performed to address the relevant risks.
5 Genotoxicity assessment
5.1 General
Assessment of genotoxic risk should be made:
a) by toxicological risk assessment based on chemical characterization in accordance with ISO 10993-17
and ISO 10993-18 or;
b) by performing genotoxicity testing in the standard test battery in accordance with 5.2.2.
In certain cases (e.g. a material which has not been used in a legally marketed device), both toxicological risk
assessment and genotoxicity testing can be appropriate.
If the device is made with and releases nanomaterials, additional evaluation shall be considered.
NOTE See ISO/TR 10993-22 and Annex D for more information.
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
If the device contains identified genotoxicants which are not easily detected using non-targeted analytical
approaches described in ISO 10993-18 (e.g. glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde), targeted analysis of genotoxic
residuals shall be conducted. Where compositional profiling or analytical chemistry reveals the presence of
chemical constituents with inadequate genotoxicity data and where QSAR (quantitative structure activity
relationship) information is inconclusive (see ISO 10993-17), testing of individual chemicals or device
components containing the chemical should be considered. In either case the test sample shall be justified.
5.2 Testing strategy
5.2.1 General
No single test is capable of detecting all genotoxic agents. Therefore, the usual approach is to conduct a
battery of in vitro and under certain circumstances also in vivo tests.
Genotoxicity tests are designed to detect the two major classes of genetic damage:
— gene mutations (DNA single base pair changes, small deletions or additions), and
— Chromosomal damage (structural aberrations such as translocations, small or large deletions and
insertions, and gain or loss of whole chromosomes(aneuploidy) or parts of chromosomes).
NOTE Bacterial reverse mutation assays have been shown to detect relevant small-scale mutational changes
produced by the majority of genotoxic carcinogens detected by rodent bioassays.
5.2.2 Test battery
When genotoxicity testing is performed, it shall be conducted in accordance with Annex B and the test
battery shall include:
1) a test for gene mutations in bacteria (see OECD 471), modified for medical devices, see clause B.2, and
2) one of the following three validated in vitro mammalian cell tests:
a) an in vitro test with cytogenetic evaluation of chromosomal damage with mammalian cells (see
OECD 473), modified for medical devices, see clause B.3 and B.4.1.2, or
+/-
b) an in vitro mouse lymphoma tk assay using L5178Y cells (see OECD 490), modified for medical
devices, including detection of small (slow growing) and large colonies, see clause B.3 and B.4.1.1, or
c) an in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test for chromosomal damage and aneugenicity (see OECD
487), modified for medical devices, see clause B.3 and B.4.1.3.
NOTE 1 The OECD 471 can be inappropriate for nanomaterials, see Annex D.
Tests shall be performed in the presence and absence of metabolic activation. Metabolic activation is
achieved by addition of a co-factor-supplemented post-mitochondrial fraction (S9).
NOTE 2 An example for a S9 recipe is given in Annex E.
In vitro mammalian tests shall include both a short-term exposure with and without S9 and a long-term
exposure without S9.
+/-
Results from both chromosomal aberration assays and the in vitro mouse lymphoma tk assay (MLA) have
a relatively high level of congruence for compounds that are regarded as genotoxic but yield negative results
in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. The MLA detects the broadest set of genetic damage, including both
small-scale and large-scale genetic damage. The micronucleus assay detects chromosomal damage in the
form of whole chromosome loss or chromosomal fragments and uniquely detects aneuploidy. The three tests
are equally acceptable as an in vitro mammalian genotoxicity test (see OECD 473, OECD 487 and OECD 490).
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
5.2.3 In vivo genotoxicity testing
1) In vivo genotoxicity tests are not part of the recommended genotoxicity test battery because they are
relatively insensitive and not likely to detect the concentrations of substances generally found in medical
[52][53]
devices or in medical device extracts. However, under certain circumstances, an in vivo test can
be informative. These circumstances can include assessment of nanomaterial or other particulates
suspected of sequestration in particular organs or tissues (see Annex D, [2] and ISO/TR 10993-22); or
2) when additional relevant factors e.g. toxico-kinetics (see ISO 10993-16) or organ-specific toxicity need
to be considered.
In vivo tests are valid only with data demonstrating the test sample reached the target cells, organs, or
tissues. Mutational analysis in target organs of rats or mice can be determined using one of several rodent
transgenic mutation assays (see OECD 488); chromosomal damage can be assessed in the erythrocyte
micronucleus assay (see OECD 474), the in vivo comet assay (see OECD 489), or the in vivo chromosomal
aberration assay (see OECD 475). See B.5 for additional considerations for in vivo assays.
All animal studies shall be performed in a facility approved by a nationally recognized organization and
in accordance with all appropriate regulations dealing with laboratory animal welfare to comply with the
requirements of ISO 10993-2.
5.2.4 Follow-up evaluation
If genotoxicity tests are performed in accordance with 5.2.2 and if the in vitro tests are negative, the test
article can be considered non-genotoxic and further testing is not necessary.
When any single in vitro test is positive, then the following options shall be considered:
a) Identification of genotoxic constituents such as impurities or residues by chemical characterization
(information gathering or analytical chemistry testing) or other testing, with appropriate steps taken
to eliminate or manage any identified risks.
b) If confounding factors are suspected to have caused the positive response in an initial genotoxicity test,
the dosing and/or test conditions may be altered.
c) Presume that a genotoxicity risk exists and manage the risk in accordance with ISO 14971. Equivocal
results (i.e. elevated results that don’t meet criteria for a positive result), can require repeating tests
with a modified protocol such as adjusting dilution of the extract or the test chemical in the test system.
5.3 Test sample preparation
Test samples should be extracted in vehicles compatible with the test system (see Annex A). Use of extraction
vehicles that are incompatible with the test system require additional manipulation (e.g. solvent removal)
that can alter the composition of the extract and, therefore, affect the results of the test. Use of extraction
vehicles that are incompatible with the test system shall be justified.
Extraction shall be performed in accordance with ISO 10993-12 unless otherwise justified.
Tests can be performed on solutions (e.g. soluble or liquid devices), suspensions (e.g. Method A in Annex A),
extracts (e.g. Method B in Annex A) of the finished product, device components or individual chemicals
from the medical device. If individual chemicals are tested, then the appropriate OECD guidelines shall be
followed.
NOTE Some authorities having jurisdictions prefer Method C in Annex A to be used.
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
6 Carcinogenicity Assessments
6.1 General
The objective of carcinogenicity studies is to determine tumorigenic potential in animals and to evaluate the
relevant risk to patients. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis can be genotoxic or non-genotoxic. Medical devices
shall be evaluated for both types of carcinogenicity, preferably by alternative approaches, such as chemical
characterization and toxicological risk assessment, that do not use in vivo testing.
Animal testing for carcinogenicity is technically challenging. It requires implantation of many medical
devices or representative samples of the medical device or the application of concentrated medical device
extracts to achieve the elevated doses necessary for a valid test in a reasonable number of animals. For these
reasons animal testing is generally not justified when the risks can be adequately assessed by other means.
NOTE For additional information on animal carcinogenicity testing, see Annex C.
Where genotoxicity of a medical device is established, additional evaluation of carcinogenic risk shall be
performed (e.g. ISO 10993-17). In this situation, additional factors such as genotoxicity results, history of
clinical use, and the indication for use should be considered in determining the risk. It can be informative to
identify the genotoxic constituent(s) and focus the evaluation on that chemical.
6.2 Evaluation strategy
6.2.1 General
Carcinogenicity should be evaluated initially using chemical characterization in accordance with
ISO 10993-18 and toxicological risk assessment in accordance with ISO 10993-17. In cases where devices
or materials are not readily amenable to analytical chemistry testing and adequate material information
is available along with genotoxicity testing data on the final finished device, it is always preferable to use
chemical information and toxicological risk assessment to determine potential carcinogenicity rather than
performing an animal carcinogenicity study.
NOTE 1 Some authorities having jurisdictions can require consideration of carcinogenicity testing for novel
materials (e.g. when data are not available to provide an adequate assessment).
If the results of toxicological risk assessment indicate no unacceptable risk of carcinogenicity from the
device, then no further assessment is required.
Carcinogenicity testing shall not be performed when risks can be adequately assessed or managed
without generating new carcinogenicity test data or when the benefit/risk analysis obviates the need for
a carcinogenicity assessment. If the toxicological risk assessment demonstrates an unacceptable risk of
carcinogenicity from the device, the risk shall be managed accordingly (see also ISO 14971). Alternatively,
if the device contains a chemical with inadequate toxicological data, biological testing shall be justified on
the basis of a need for additional information. The assessment should address both genotoxic (see 6.2.2)
and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity (see 6.2.3) on the individual chemical identified in the toxicological risk
assessment.
NOTE 2 The history of human clinical use can be considered in the risk assessment. The clinical evidence for
carcinogenicity risk is generally not monitored over an adequate timeframe and this aspect of device safety can be
unknown.
6.2.2 Genotoxic carcinogens
The risk from genotoxic carcinogens can be established by genotoxicity testing or by toxicological risk
assessment. Testing will require a battery of tests (see 5.2.2).
Where genotoxicity of a medical device is established, additional evaluation of carcinogenic risk shall be
performed in accordance with ISO 10993-17. In these situations, additional factors such as genotoxicity
results, history of clinical use, and the indication for use should be considered in determining the risk
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
assessment. It can be informative to identify the genotoxic constituent and focus the evaluation on that
chemical.
NOTE While genotoxic carcinogenicity involves non-threshold mechanisms, there are exposure levels below
which impact on lifetime cancer risk is considered acceptable (usually less than 1 in 100 000 additional lifetime
incidence).
6.2.3 Non-genotoxic carcinogens
Non-genotoxic carcinogens do not cause direct DNA damage but induce cancer via other mechanisms (see
[29], [30] and [31]). These carcinogens predominantly induce their effects (leading to cancer) upon repeated
exposure leading to prolonged interference with homeostatic processes that lead to irreversible and
uncontrolled cellular proliferation. The prediction of carcinogenic potential of non-genotoxic chemicals is
complicated by:
— the diversity of modes of action;
— the tissue and species specificity; and
— the absence of currently validated tests methods.
While a reliable evaluation is to conduct a rodent carcinogenicity test (see [30], [32], [33] and [34]), there
are many practical challenges (see 6.1). Therefore, toxicological risk assessment in accordance with
ISO 10993-17 should be used.
If the substance is not genotoxic and carcinogenicity data is not available, then a tolerable intake based on
subchronic, or chronic systemic toxicity data can be useful for evaluating the risk. If there is insufficient data
to set a TI, then the TTC described in ISO/TS 21726 may be used to estimate the risk. Recent publications
indicate that the TTCs based on Cramer Class are protective for non-genotoxic carcinogens (see [37]).
[36]
NOTE 1 Non-genotoxic carcinogens have thresholds, below which the risk of cancer is unlikely (ECHA 2017 ).
NOTE 2 Approaches for prediction of non-genotoxic carcinogenicity are under active investigation (e.g., [33] and [35]).
NOTE 3 Examples for non-genotoxic carcinogens can be found in (see [37], supplementary material).
7 Evaluation of reproductive and developmental toxicity
7.1 General
Reproductive toxicity evaluation shall be considered for devices intended for use in individuals of
reproductive age under any of the following conditions:
— devices have prolonged or long-term direct or indirect contact with reproductive organs or gametes;
— devices have prolonged or long-term in vitro contact with gametes/ reproductive tissue;
— devices have prolonged or long-term use and contain known or presumed reproductive toxicants
(materials with a known adverse effect on reproduction);
— devices are absorbable or cure in situ, and are in close proximity to the reproductive organs, regardless
of duration of contact; or
— materials which have not been used in a legally marketed device, for a similar intended purpose.
NOTE 1 Material means material of construction, intended additives, or process residuals, or any combination
of the three.
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
NOTE 2 Similar use means the nature of contact category and contact-duration category are the same; and the
device risk level is considered the same or lower compared to the legally marketed device. In addition to contact
category and contact-duration, additional factors to consider in the determination of the device risk level include: the
material type and quantity, the material constituent composition, device contact frequency, nature/degree of tissue
contact with the device, and user population.
Developmental toxicity evaluation shall be considered for:
— devices with prolonged or long-term direct or indirect contact with embryos or fetuses; and
— devices for prolonged or long-term use on individuals in early childhood and contain known or presumed
developmental toxicants [e.g. endocrine disruptors (see Annex F) and lead]. Potential exposure from a
medical device contacting lactating women should also be considered.
— devices are absorbable or cure in situ, and are in close proximity to the reproductive organs, regardless
of duration of contact; or
— materials which have not been used in a legally marketed device, for an equivalent intended purpose.
7.2 Evaluation methods
Assessment of reproductive and developmental risk should be made:
a) by toxicological risk assessment based on chemical characterization in accordance with ISO 10993-17
and ISO 10993-18 or;
b) by performing developmental and reproductive testing as described in Annex G.
Current biological methods are for single substances and are not validated for mixtures (e.g. medical
device extracts). Evaluation for medical devices shall first consider a toxicological risk assessment focusing
on reproductive and developmental toxicity in accordance with ISO 10993-17. Exposure estimates can be
determined through chemical characterization outlined in ISO 10993-18.
Exposure estimates can be improved with simulated-use extraction studies. If it is determined that the
amount of a reproductive and developmental toxicant in the device is above acceptable limits, the presence
of the toxicant shall be carefully considered for risk control where possible and in the benefit-risk analysis in
the (overall) risk management file in accordance with ISO 14971:2019, 7.4.
The following factors should be considered in the toxicological risk assessment:
— an assessment of reproductive potential of the subject population (devices used in early adulthood, or
reproductive age-individuals);
— a specific assessment of reproductive toxicity data, if available;
— the potential for exposure of reproductive tissues, the developing offspring, or nursing child, including
available chemical characterization information in accordance with ISO 10993-18 and available
toxicokinetic studies in accordance with ISO 10993-16;
— device physical characteristics;
— available device genotoxicity information;
— history of clinical use;
— indication for use; and
— the need for additional information relevant to the reproductive and developmental toxicity risk arising
from use of the device (see ISO 10993-1).
NOTE For more information see Annex G.
When the remaining risk is unacceptable due to a lack of robust experimental data, individual chemical
[38]
substances can be tested with in vitro or in vivo biological test methods (e.g. ICH S5 ) (see clause G.2).
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
More information regarding test selection is given in ICH S5 and OECD 43. For example, testing an individual
chemical in a developmental toxicity study would yield an effect level or no effect level that could help refine
the risk assessment.
8 Test report
If relevant, the test report shall include at least the following details:
a) description of test sample (e.g. identifier, material composition, processing, size and weight) including
its intended use;
b) description and rationale/justification of test methods, test conditions, test materials, test dose and test
procedures;
c) description of analytical methods including quantification limits;
d) statement of compliance to appropriate current/valid best laboratory/quality practices, for example
Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) or ISO/IEC 17025, where applicable;
e) description of S9 mix (including manufacturers as applicable);
f) test results including summary;
g) statistical methods, if applicable;
h) interpretation and discussion of results;
i) further details as specified in the relevant OECD guidelines (OECD 414, OECD 421, OECD 422 and OECD
443) or Annex G;
j) name and certifications of the testing laboratory;
k) date of the test;
l) name and signature of the responsible person.
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
Annex A
(informative)
Test sample preparation procedure for genotoxicity testing
A.1 General
This annex gives guidance for selecting an appropriate test sample preparation procedure for genotoxicity
testing of medical devices. The selection of the appropriate test sample preparation procedure is critical
to obtain relevant results from genotoxicity tests. Inappropriate test sample preparation can result in an
underestimation of genotoxicity risk. Thus, the appropriate selection of vehicles for extracting medical
devices is critical.
A.2 Test sample preparation methods
A.2.1 General
The ideal test sample preparation method for genotoxic tests is exhaustive extraction. For practical reasons it
is more achievable to prepare more test samples using exaggerated extraction i.e. by applying ISO 10993-12.
For some devices (e.g. liquids) other test sample preparation methods can be more appropriate.
NOTE The selection of a test sample preparation method for any material or device intended for use in humans
requires a structured approach that takes the chemical composition and physicochemical properties of the material or
device into consideration.
The test sample preparation should follow one of the two proposed methods described in Figure A.1 (Method
A or Method B).
Figure A.1 — Structured approach to select a test sample preparation procedure
When the test sample requires extraction in accordance with ISO 10993-12 Method B (see A.2.3) shall be
used. Otherwise, Method A (see A.2
...
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 194
Biological evaluation of medical
Secretariat: DIN
devices —
Voting begins on:
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Part 3:
Evaluation of genotoxicity,
Voting terminates on:
2026-06-11
carcinogenicity, reproductive
toxicity and developmental toxicity
Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux —
Partie 3: Évaluation de la génotoxicité, de la cancérogénicité, de
la toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement
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Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 194
Biological evaluation of medical
Secretariat: DIN
devices —
Voting begins on:
Part 3:
Evaluation of genotoxicity,
Voting terminates on:
carcinogenicity, reproductive
toxicity and developmental toxicity
Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux —
Partie 3: Évaluation de la génotoxicité, de la cancérogénicité, de
la toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
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RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2026
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Assessment strategies . . 2
4.1 General .2
4.2 Other considerations .3
5 Genotoxicity assessment . 3
5.1 General .3
5.2 Testing strategy .4
5.2.1 General .4
5.2.2 In vitro genotoxic test battery .4
5.2.3 In vivo genotoxicity testing .5
5.2.4 Follow-up evaluation .5
5.3 Test sample preparation .5
6 Carcinogenicity assessments . 6
6.1 General .6
6.2 Evaluation strategy .6
6.2.1 General .6
6.2.2 Genotoxic carcinogens .6
6.2.3 Non-genotoxic carcinogens .7
7 Evaluation of reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity . 7
7.1 General .7
7.2 Evaluation methods .8
8 Test report . 9
Annex A (informative) Test sample preparation method for genotoxicity testing .10
Annex B (normative) Tests for genotoxicity .16
Annex C (informative) Carcinogenicity tests in animals.27
Annex D (informative) Genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials .30
Annex E (informative) Recipe for S9 mix .31
Annex F (informative) Endocrine disruptors .32
Annex G (informative) Evaluation of reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity .33
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European standard and the General Safety
and Performance Requirements of Regulation (EU) 2017/745 aimed to be covered .37
Bibliography .40
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 194, Biological and clinical evaluation of medical
devices, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/
TC 206, Biological and clinical evaluation of medical devices, in accordance with the Agreement on technical
cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This fourth edition of ISO 10993-3 cancels and replaces ISO 10993-3:2014 and ISO/TR 10993-33:2015.
The main changes are as follows:
— this document has been entirely revised to emphasize evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity,
reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity instead of testing;
— chemical characterization and toxicological risk assessment have been added as an approach to address
genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity;
— the follow-up evaluation has been changed when an in vitro genotoxicity test is positive and the flowchart
for follow-up evaluation has been removed;
— reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity have been separated into two separate clauses;
— the annex on cellular transformation has been deleted;
— ISO/TR 10993-33 has been merged into this document as Annex B on genotoxicity test methods.
A list of all parts in the ISO 10993 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
The basis for biological evaluation of medical devices is often empirical and driven by relevant concerns
for human safety. The risk of serious and irreversible effects, such as cancer or second-generation
abnormalities, is of particular public concern. It is inherent in the provision of safe medical devices that such
risks be minimized to the greatest extent feasible. The assessment of mutagenic, carcinogenic, reproductive
toxicity and developmental toxicity hazards is an essential component of the control of these risks. Not all
test methods for the assessment of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental
toxicity are equally well developed, nor is their validity well established for the testing of medical devices.
Significant issues with test sample size and preparation, scientific understanding of disease processes and
test validation can be cited as limitations of available methods. Since the previous edition of this document,
many genotoxicity test methods have been updated with revised OECD guidelines. However, these generally
provide clearer recommendations but little alteration in test methods. Scientifically sound alternatives to
the proposed testing can be acceptable insofar as they address relevant matters of safety assessment of the
medical device.
In the selection of tests needed to evaluate a particular medical device, a careful assessment of expected
human uses and potential interactions with biological systems is important, particularly in such areas as
reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicology.
This document presents test methods and evaluation strategies for the identification of specific biological
harms. Testing is not always necessary or appropriate in evaluating biological risks associated with exposure
to medical device materials but, where it is appropriate, it is important that maximum test sensitivity is
achieved.
In view of the multitude of possible outcomes and the importance of factors such as extent of exposure,
species differences and mechanical or physical considerations, risk assessment is typically performed on a
[7]
case-by-case basis. Suggestions for risk consideration and integration of ISO 10993-17 and ISO 10993-18
are provided.
v
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/FDIS 10993-3:2026(en)
Biological evaluation of medical devices —
Part 3:
Evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive
toxicity and developmental toxicity
1 Scope
This document specifies strategies for risk estimation and evaluation of biological harms with respect to:
— genotoxicity;
— carcinogenicity;
— reproductive toxicity; and
— developmental toxicity.
This document is applicable when the need to evaluate a medical device for potential genotoxicity,
carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity has been established.
This document is not applicable to active pharmaceutical ingredients of device-drug combination products
or biological components of device-biologic combination products which are covered by regulations.
NOTE Guidance on selecting relevant biological endpoints for medical devices is covered in ISO 10993-1.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10993-1:2025, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 1: Requirements and general principles for
the evaluation of biological safety within a risk management process
ISO 10993-2, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 2: Animal welfare requirements
ISO 10993-12:2021, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 12: Sample preparation and reference
materials
ISO 10993-17, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 17: Toxicological risk assessment of medical
device constituents
ISO 14971:2019, Medical devices — Application of risk management to medical devices
OECD 471:2020, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test
OECD 473:2016, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration
Test
OECD 487:2016, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — In vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
OECD 490:2016, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests
Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 10993-1, ISO 10993-12 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
carcinogenicity test
test to determine cancer outcomes after long term or life-span exposure of animals
Note 1 to entry: Outcomes are typically based on tumorigenic potential and other factors.
3.2
developmental toxicity evaluation
methods to determine adverse effects on the developing organism during prenatal development or
postnatally to the time of sexual maturation
3.3
genotoxicity test
test using cells, bacteria, yeast, fungi, animals or other biological systems to determine whether gene
mutations, chromosomal alterations or other genetic changes are caused by the test sample
3.4
reproductive toxicity evaluation
methods to evaluate the potential effects of test samples on male or female reproductive function during
any stage of development or fertility
3.5
sham-incubated vehicle
vehicle control exposed to the same extraction time and temperature as the test sample extract
3.6
threshold of toxicological concern
TTC
level of exposure for constituents, below which there would be no appreciable risk to human health
Note 1 to entry: The constituent is defined as a chemical or compound present in or on a finished medical device
or material(s) of construction. Constituents can be intentionally present (e.g. an additive such as an antioxidant) or
unintentionally present (e.g. an impurity).
[11]
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 21726:2019, 3.5 , modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
4 Assessment strategies
4.1 General
ISO 10993-1 indicates circumstances where the potential for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive
toxicity and developmental toxicity are relevant biological harms for consideration in an overall biological
safety evaluation. Evaluation of the biological harms shall consider the following factors:
— whether assessment is necessary based on patient population (e.g. life expectancy, sensitive population)
and the anticipated impact of test results on risk management judgements,
— whether assessment is necessary based on the worst-case quantity, type of contact and duration of
exposure,
NOTE Quantity can be influenced by device size and number used per patient.
— an analysis of the chemical constituents of the device material(s), including manufacturing process
residues and degradation products or metabolites, to identify causes of concern. The identification can
be based on chemical-specific toxicity data if available; otherwise, structure-activity relationships or
previous demonstration of relevant toxicity in the chemical class can be used,
— existing information relevant to the genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental
toxicity evaluation of the medical device, and
— previous use of equivalent (see ISO 10993-1:2025, 4.1) materials and processing in relevant applications.
The decision to waive in vitro genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and development toxicity
testing shall be justified. The decision to conduct in vivo testing shall be justified.
[7]
If exposure to constituents identified in accordance with ISO 10993-18 is determined to be within
acceptable levels based on a toxicological risk assessment conducted in accordance with ISO 10993-17, no
additional testing needs to be performed to address the relevant risks.
4.2 Other considerations
Toxicity evaluation can be warranted for additional states of the device, such as wear debris generated
from the device, absorbable materials, or materials that cure in situ (e.g. cements, adhesives, pre-polymer
mixtures) unless toxicological risk assessment based on material information determines no cause for
concern. For guidance on test sample preparation for in situ curing devices, see ISO 10993-12.
NOTE Material information can include chemical composition, degradation products, debris size and morphology,
pre-polymerization, post-polymerization products, etc.
5 Genotoxicity assessment
5.1 General
Assessment of genotoxic risk should be made:
a) by conducting toxicological risk assessment based on chemical characterization according to
[7]
ISO 10993-17 and ISO 10993-18 ; or
b) by performing genotoxicity testing in the standard test battery according to 5.2.2.
In certain cases (e.g. a material which has not been used in a legally marketed device for its intended use),
both toxicological risk assessment of medical device constituents based on chemical characterization and
genotoxicity testing of a medical device can be appropriate.
NOTE 1 Genotoxicity testing can also be appropriate when chemical characterization data is insufficient for a
toxicological risk assessment.
If the device is made with and releases nanomaterials, additional evaluation shall be considered.
[9]
NOTE 2 See ISO/TR 10993-22 and Annex D for more information.
If chemical characterization of the device identifies genotoxicants which are not easily detected using non-
[7]
targeted analytical approaches described in ISO 10993-18 (e.g. glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde), targeted
analysis of genotoxic residuals shall be conducted. Where compositional profiling or analytical chemistry
reveals the presence of chemical constituents with inadequate genotoxicity data and where quantitative
structure activity relationship (QSAR) information is inconclusive (see ISO 10993-17), testing of individual
chemicals or device components containing the chemical should be considered. In either case, the test
sample shall be justified and documented.
5.2 Testing strategy
5.2.1 General
No single test is capable of detecting all types of genotoxic agents. Therefore, the usual approach is to
conduct a battery of in vitro and under certain circumstances also in vivo tests.
Genotoxicity tests are designed to detect the two major classes of genetic damage:
— gene mutations (DNA single base pair changes, small deletions or additions), and
— chromosomal damage [structural aberrations such as translocations, small or large deletions and
insertions, and gain or loss of whole chromosomes (aneuploidy) or parts of chromosomes].
NOTE Bacterial reverse mutation assays have been shown to detect relevant small-scale mutational changes
produced by the majority of genotoxic carcinogens detected by rodent bioassays.
5.2.2 In vitro genotoxic test battery
When genotoxicity testing is performed, it shall be conducted in accordance with Annex B and the test
battery shall include:
a) a test for gene mutations in bacteria (see OECD 471), modified for medical devices, see Clause B.2, and
b) one of the following three validated in vitro mammalian cell tests:
1) an in vitro test with cytogenetic evaluation of chromosomal damage with mammalian cells (see
OECD 473), modified for medical devices, in accordance with Clause B.3 and B.4.2, or
+/- +/-
2) an in vitro mouse lymphoma tk assay using L5178Y (tk ) cells (see OECD 490), modified for
medical devices, including detection of small (slow growing) and large colonies, see Clause B.3 and
B.4.1, or
3) an in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test for chromosomal damage and aneugenicity (see OECD
487), modified for medical devices, see Clause B.3 and B.4.3.
NOTE 1 If the medical device is known to contain nanomaterials testing according to OECD 471 is not recommended,
see Annex D.
All tests (bacterial and in vitro mammalian tests) shall be performed in the presence and absence of
metabolic activation. Metabolic activation is achieved by addition of a co-factor-supplemented post-
mitochondrial fraction (S9).
NOTE 2 An example for a S9 recipe is given in Annex E.
In vitro mammalian tests shall include both a short-term exposure with and without S9 and a long-term
exposure without S9.
NOTE 3 See B.3.2.3 for descriptions of short-and long-term exposure.
+/-
Results from both chromosomal aberration assays and the in vitro mouse lymphoma tk assay (MLA) have
a relatively high level of congruence for compounds that are regarded as genotoxic but yield negative results
in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. The MLA detects the broadest set of genetic damage, including both
small-scale and large-scale genetic damages. The micronucleus assay detects chromosomal damage in the
form of whole chromosome loss or chromosomal fragments and uniquely detects aneuploidy. The three tests
are equally acceptable as an in vitro mammalian genotoxicity test (see OECD 473, OECD 487 and OECD 490).
The hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene mutation assay (HGPRT/HPRT) method (see
OECD 476) is not included in the recommended test battery for device testing. This test can be appropriate
for medical devices containing nanomaterials (see Annex D).
5.2.3 In vivo genotoxicity testing
In vivo genotoxicity tests are not part of the recommended genotoxicity test battery because they are
relatively insensitive and not likely to detect genotoxicity at the concentrations of substances generally
[73][74]
found in medical devices or in medical device extracts . These concentrations can be insufficient to
meet the limit dose required by the test methods. However, under certain circumstances, an in vivo test can
be useful.
These circumstances can include:
a) assessment of nanomaterial or other particulates suspected of sequestration in particular organs or
[9]
tissues (see Annex D, Reference [30] and ISO/TR 10993-22 ); or
[6]
b) when additional relevant factors [e.g. toxicokinetics (see ISO 10993-16 ), organ-specific toxicity] need
to be considered.
In vivo tests are valid only with data demonstrating the test sample reached the target cells, organs, or
tissues. Mutational analysis in target organs of rats or mice can be determined using one of several rodent
[27]
transgenic mutation assays (see OECD 488 ); chromosomal damage can be assessed in the erythrocyte
[24] [28]
micronucleus assay (see OECD 474 ), the in vivo comet assay (see OECD 489 ), or the in vivo chromosomal
[25]
aberration assay (see OECD 475 ). See Clause B.5 for additional considerations for in vivo assays.
All animal studies shall be performed in a facility meeting the requirements of ISO 10993-2.
5.2.4 Follow-up evaluation
If in vitro genotoxicity tests are performed in accordance with 5.2.2 and if the tests are negative, the test
sample can be considered non-genotoxic and further testing is not necessary.
Equivocal results (i.e. elevated results that don’t meet criteria for a positive result), can require repeating
tests with a modified protocol such as adjusting dilution of the test sample or extract.
When any single in vitro test is positive or equivocal, then the following options shall be considered:
a) Identification of genotoxic constituents by chemical characterization (information gathering or
analytical chemistry testing) or other testing, with appropriate steps taken to eliminate or manage any
identified risks.
b) If confounding factors (e.g. osmolality, pH, cytotoxicity) are suspected to have caused the positive
response or equivocal in an initial genotoxicity test, the dosing or test conditions may be modified with
a justification to address confounding factors.
c) Presume that a genotoxicity risk exists and manage the risk in accordance with ISO 14971.
5.3 Test sample preparation
Test samples should be extracted in vehicles compatible with the test system (see Annex A). Use of extraction
vehicles that are incompatible with the test system require additional manipulation (e.g. solvent removal)
that can alter the composition of the extract and, therefore, affect the results of the test. Use of extraction
vehicles that are incompatible with the test system shall be justified.
Extraction shall be performed in accordance with ISO 10993-12 unless otherwise justified.
Tests can be performed on solutions (e.g. soluble or liquid devices), suspensions (e.g. Method A in Annex A),
extracts (e.g. Method B in Annex A) of the finished product, medical device components or individual
chemicals from the medical device. If individual chemicals are tested, then the appropriate OECD guidelines
shall be followed.
NOTE Some authorities having jurisdiction prefer Method C in Annex A while others do not accept Method C.
6 Carcinogenicity assessments
6.1 General
The objective of carcinogenicity studies is to determine tumorigenic potential of medical devices or medical
device constituents in animals and to evaluate the relevant risk to patients. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis
can be genotoxic or non-genotoxic. Medical devices shall be evaluated for both types of carcinogenicity,
preferably by alternative approaches, such as chemical characterization and toxicological risk assessment,
that do not use in vivo testing.
Animal testing for carcinogenicity is technically challenging. It requires implantation of many medical
devices, representative samples of the medical device, or the application of concentrated medical device
extracts to achieve the elevated doses necessary for a valid test in a reasonable number of animals. For these
reasons, animal testing is generally not justified when the risks can be adequately assessed by other means.
NOTE For additional information on animal carcinogenicity testing, see Annex C.
6.2 Evaluation strategy
6.2.1 General
[7]
Carcinogenicity should be evaluated initially using chemical characterization according to ISO 10993-18
and toxicological risk assessment according to ISO 10993-17. When medical devices or materials are not
readily amenable to analytical chemistry testing and adequate chemical characterization information
is available from information gathering, it is always preferable to use the chemical information and
toxicological risk assessment including assessment of available genotoxicity data to evaluate carcinogenicity
rather than performing an animal carcinogenicity study.
NOTE 1 Some authorities having jurisdiction can require consideration of carcinogenicity testing for novel
materials (e.g. when data are not available to provide an adequate assessment).
NOTE 2 Evaluation of solid-state carcinogenesis due to release of particulates or fibres from a medical device can
be partially addressed by toxicological risk assessment according to ISO 10993-17. This does not address all the risks.
See Annex C for more information.
If the results of toxicological risk assessment indicate the risk of carcinogenicity is acceptable, no further
assessment is required.
Carcinogenicity testing shall not be performed when risks can be adequately assessed or managed
without generating new carcinogenicity test data or when the benefit-risk analysis obviates the need for
a carcinogenicity assessment. If the toxicological risk of carcinogenicity is unacceptable, the risk shall be
managed accordingly (see also ISO 14971).
If the medical device contains a chemical with inadequate toxicological data, biological testing to address
carcinogenicity shall be justified and documented on the basis of a need for additional information. The
assessment should address both genotoxic (see 6.2.2) and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity (see 6.2.3) on the
individual chemical identified in the toxicological risk assessment.
NOTE 3 The history of human clinical use can be considered in the risk assessment. The clinical evidence for
carcinogenicity risk is generally not monitored over an adequate timeframe and this aspect of medical device safety
can be unknown.
6.2.2 Genotoxic carcinogens
The carcinogenicity risk from genotoxic carcinogens can be established by genotoxicity testing (if unknown)
or by toxicological risk assessment (of identified genotoxins). Genotoxicity testing requires a battery of tests
(see 5.2.2).
Where genotoxicity of a medical device is established, either based on genotoxicity testing or prior material
knowledge of the medical device, additional evaluation of carcinogenic risk shall be performed in accordance
with ISO 10993-17. It can be appropriate to identify the genotoxic constituent and focus the evaluation on
only that constituent.
Genotoxic chemicals that are DNA reactive but with adverse effects that can be mitigated by rapid
detoxification before coming in contact with DNA or by a demonstrated effective repair of induced damage
[75]
can be evaluated by the use of a No observed effect level and uncertainty factors .
NOTE While genotoxic carcinogenicity can include non-threshold mechanisms, there are exposure levels below
which impact on lifetime cancer risk is considered acceptable (usually less than 1 in 100 000 anticipated additional
lifetime incidence).
6.2.3 Non-genotoxic carcinogens
Non-genotoxic carcinogens do not cause direct DNA damage but induce cancer via other mechanisms
(see References [54], [55] and [60]). These carcinogens can induce their effects (leading to cancer) upon
repeated exposure leading to prolonged interference with homeostatic processes that lead to irreversible
and uncontrolled cellular proliferation. The estimation of carcinogenic risk for non-genotoxic chemicals is
complicated by:
— the diversity of modes of action;
— the tissue and species specificity; and
— the absence of currently validated test methods.
There are many practical challenges to conducting a rodent carcinogenicity test (see 6.1). Therefore, a
toxicological risk assessment according to ISO 10993-17 should be used.
If a medical device constituent is not genotoxic and carcinogenicity data are not available, then a tolerable
intake (TI) based on subchronic or chronic systemic toxicity data can be used to evaluate carcinogenicity
risk. If there is insufficient data to set a TI, then the TTC may be used to estimate the risk in accordance
with ISO 10993-17. Recent publications indicate that the TTCs based on Cramer Class are protective for non-
genotoxic carcinogens (see Reference [62]).
NOTE 1 Non-genotoxic carcinogens have thresholds, below which the risk of cancer is unlikely (see Reference [61]).
NOTE 2 Approaches for prediction of non-genotoxic carcinogenicity are under active investigation (e.g.
References [58] and [60]).
NOTE 3 Examples of non-genotoxic carcinogens can be found in the supplementary material in Reference [62].
7 Evaluation of reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity
7.1 General
Reproductive toxicity evaluation shall be considered for medical devices intended for use in individuals of
reproductive age under any of the following conditions:
— medical devices that have prolonged or long-term direct or indirect contact with reproductive organs or
gametes;
— medical devices that have prolonged or long-term in vitro contact with gametes or reproductive tissue
(e.g. devices used as assisted reproductive technologies) taking into account the influence of temperature;
— medical devices that have prolonged or long-term use and contain known or presumed reproductive
toxicants (i.e. materials with a known adverse effect on reproduction);
— medical devices are absorbable or cure in situ, and are in close proximity to the reproductive organs,
regardless of duration of contact; or
— materials which have not been used in a legally marketed device, for a similar intended use.
NOTE 1 Material means material of construction, intended additives or process residuals, or any combination
of the three.
NOTE 2 Similar intended use means the nature of contact category and contact-duration category are the
same; and the device risk level is considered the same or medical lower compared to the legally marketed medical
device. In addition to contact category and contact-duration, additional factors to consider in the determination
of the medical device risk level include: the material type and quantity, the material constituent composition,
medical device contact frequency, nature or degree of tissue contact with the device, and user population.
Developmental toxicity evaluation shall be considered for:
— medical devices with prolonged or long-term direct or indirect contact with embryos or foetuses;
— medical devices for prolonged or long-term use on individuals in early childhood and contain known or
presumed developmental toxicants [e.g. endocrine disruptors according to Annex F, lead (Pb)]; potential
exposure to a medical device in contact with lactating women should also be considered;
— medical devices that are absorbable or cure in situ, and that are in close proximity to the reproductive
organs, regardless of duration of contact; or
— materials which have not been used in a legally marketed medical device, for an equivalent intended
purpose.
7.2 Evaluation methods
Assessment of reproductive and developmental risk should be made:
a) by toxicological risk assessment based on chemical characterization according to ISO 10993-17 and
[7]
ISO 10993-18 ; or
b) by performing developmental and reproductive testing as described in Annex G.
Current biological test methods for the evaluation of reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity
are for single substances and are not validated for mixtures (e.g. medical device extracts). Evaluation for
medical devices shall first consider a toxicological risk assessment focusing on reproductive toxicity and
developmental toxicity in accordance with ISO 10993-17. Exposure estimates can be determined through
[7]
chemical characterization outlined in ISO 10993-18 .
Exposure estimates can also be improved with
— leachables studies, or
— simulated-use studies, or
— release kinetic studies
[7]
performed according to ISO 10993-18 .
If it is determined that the amount of a reproductive and developmental toxicant in the medical device is
above acceptable limits, the presence of the toxicant shall be carefully considered for risk control where
possible and in the benefit-risk analysis in the (overall) risk management file in accordance with ISO 14971.
The following factors should be considered in the risk assessment:
— an assessment of reproductive potential of the subject population (medical devices used in early
adulthood or reproductive age-individuals);
— a specific assessment of reproductive toxicity data, if available;
— the potential for exposure of reproductive tissues, the developing offspring or nursing child, including
[7]
available chemical characterization information according to ISO 10993-18 and available toxicokinetic
[6]
studies according to ISO 10993-16 ;
— medical device physical characteristics taking into account the influence of temperature;
— available medical device genotoxicity information;
— history of clinical use;
— indication for use; and
— any other information.
NOTE For more information on reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity, see Annex G.
When the remaining risk is unacceptable due to a lack of robust experimental data, individual chemical
substances can be tested with in vitro or in vivo biological test methods (e.g. see Reference [63], Clause G.2
[14]
and OECD 43 ). For example, testing an individual chemical in a developmental toxicity study can yield an
effect level or no effect level to help refine the risk assessment.
8 Test report
The test report shall include at least the following details:
a) the International Standard used (including its year of publication);
b) a description of the test sample (e.g. identifier, material composition, processing, size and weight)
including its intended use;
c) a description, rationale and justification of the test methods used (e.g. OECD 471) and the test details
(including at least conditions, materials, dose and test sample preparation);
d) a description of analytical methods including quantification limits;
e) a statement of conformity of the laboratory to appropriate current best laboratory or quality practices,
[8]
for example, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) or ISO/IEC 17025 , where applicable;
f) a description of S9 mix (including manufacturers as applicable) and final % of S9 fraction used in testing;
g) historical control data;
h) test results including summary;
i) statistical methods, if applicable;
j) any deviations from the procedure or any unusual features observed;
k) interpretation and discussion of results;
l) further details regarding follow-up testing as specified in Annex B, Annex C or Annex G, if applicable;
m) date of the test;
n) name and signature of the responsible person.
Annex A
(informative)
Test sample preparation method for genotoxicity testing
A.1 General
This annex gives guidance for selecting an appropriate test sample preparation method for genotoxicity
testing of medical devices. The selection of the appropriate test sample preparation method including
vehicles, is critical to obtain relevant results from genotoxicity tests, because inappropriate test sample
preparation can result in an underestimation of genotoxicity risk.
A.2 Test sample preparation methods
A.2.1 General
The ideal test sample preparation method for genotoxic tests is exhaustive extraction.
ISO 10993-12 may be used to conduct exaggerated extraction for tes
...
Date: 2025-02-07
ISO/TC 194/WG 6
Secretariat: DIN
Date: 2026-04-01
Biological evaluation of medical devices —
Part 3:
Evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity
and developmental toxicity
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prEN ISO 10993-3:2019 (E)
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a working draft or committee draft and is copyright-protected by ISO. While the
Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux —
Partie 3: Évaluation de la génotoxicité, de la cancérogénicité, de la toxicité sur la reproduction et le
développement
FDIS stage
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ISO/DISFDIS 10993-3:20252026(en)
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Published in Switzerland
iii
ISO/DISFDIS 10993-3:2025(E2026(en)
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Assessment strategies . 3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Other considerations . 3
5 Genotoxicity assessment . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Testing strategy . 4
5.3 Test sample preparation . 6
6 Carcinogenicity assessments . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Evaluation strategy . 7
7 Evaluation of reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity . 8
7.1 General . 8
7.2 Evaluation methods . 9
8 Test report . 10
Annex A (informative) Test sample preparation method for genotoxicity testing . 12
Annex B (normative) Tests for genotoxicity . 19
Annex C (informative) Carcinogenicity tests in animals . 31
Annex D (informative) Genotoxicity assessment of nanomaterials . 34
Annex E (informative) Recipe for S9 mix . 36
Annex F (informative) Endocrine disruptors . 37
Annex G (informative) Evaluation of reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity . 38
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European standard and the General Safety
and Performance Requirements of Regulation (EU) 2017/745 aimed to be covered . 43
Bibliography . 46
iv
ISO/DISFDIS 10993-3:20252026(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a) patent(s)
which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 194, Biological and clinical evaluation of medical
devices, in collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 206, Biological and clinical evaluation of medical devices, in accordance with the Agreement on
technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This fourth edition of ISO 10993-3 cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 10993-3:2014), which has been
technically revised and ISO/TR 10993-33:2015.
The main changes are as follows:
— Revisionthis document has been entirely revised to emphasize on evaluation of genotoxicity,
carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity, and developmental toxicity instead of testing;
— Introduction of chemical characterization and toxicological risk assessment have been added as an
approach to address genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity;
— Changes to the follow-up evaluation has been changed when an in vitro genotoxicity test is positive and
removal ofthe flowchart for follow-up evaluation has been removed;
— Separation of reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity have been separated into two separate
clauses;
— Deletion of the annex on cellular transformation has been deleted;
− Moving ISO/TR 10993-33 has been merged into this standarddocument as Annex Ba normative Annex
(Annex B) on genotoxicity test methods;
v
ISO/DISFDIS 10993-3:2025(E2026(en)
— Update of normative references and bibliography.
A list of all parts in the ISO 10993 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
vi
ISO/DISFDIS 10993-3:20252026(en)
Introduction
The basis for biological evaluation of medical devices is often empirical and driven by relevant concerns for
human safety. The risk of serious and irreversible effects, such as cancer or second-generation abnormalities,
is of particular public concern. It is inherent in the provision of safe medical devices that such risks be
minimized to the greatest extent feasible. The assessment of mutagenic, carcinogenic, reproductive toxicity
and developmental toxicity hazards is an essential component of the control of these risks. Not all test methods
for the assessment of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity are
equally well developed, nor is their validity well established for the testing of medical devices.
Significant issues with test sample size and preparation, scientific understanding of disease processes and test
validation can be cited as limitations of available methods. Since the previous edition of this document, many
genotoxicity test methods have been updated with revised OECD guidelines. However, these generally provide
clearer recommendations but little alteration in test methods. Scientifically sound alternatives to the proposed
testing can be acceptable insofar as they address relevant matters of safety assessment of the medical device.
In the selection of tests needed to evaluate a particular medical device, a careful assessment of expected
human uses and potential interactions with biological systems is important, particularly in such areas as
reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicology.
This document presents test methods and evaluation strategies for the identification of specific biological
harms. Testing is not always necessary or appropriate in evaluating biological risks associated with exposure
to medical device materials but, where it is appropriate, it is important that maximum test sensitivity is
achieved.
NOTE Annex B replaces the ISO/TR 10993-33 [8].
In view of the multitude of possible outcomes and the importance of factors such as extent of exposure, species
differences and mechanical or physical considerations, risk assessment is typically performed on a case-by-
[7]
case basis. Suggestions for risk consideration and integration of ISO 10993-17 and ISO 10993-18 are
provided.
vii
DRAFT International Standard ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(en)
Biological evaluation of medical devices —
Part 3:
Evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and
developmental toxicity
1 Scope
This document specifies strategies for risk estimation and evaluation of biological harms with respect to:
— — genotoxicity;
— — carcinogenicity;
— — reproductive toxicity; and
— developmental toxicity.
This document is applicable when the need to evaluate a medical device for potential genotoxicity,
carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity has been established.
This document is not applicable to active pharmaceutical ingredients of device-drug combination products or
biological components of device-biologic combination products as additional regulatory considerations can
apply. which are covered by regulations.
NOTE Guidance on selection ofselecting relevant effectsbiological endpoints for medical devices is providedcovered
in ISO 10993--1.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10993--1:20182025, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 1: Requirements and general
principles for the evaluation of biological safety within a risk management process
ISO 10993--2:2022, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 2: Animal welfare requirements
ISO 10993--12:2021, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 12: Sample preparation and reference
materials
ISO 10993--17, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 17: Toxicological risk assessment of medical
device constituents
ISO 10993-18, Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 18: Chemical characterization of medical device
materials within a risk management process
ISO 14971:2019, Medical devices — Application of risk management to medical devices
OECD 471:2020, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — Bacterial Reverse Mutation Test
OECD 473:2016, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — In vitro Mammalian Chromosome Aberration
Test
OECD 487:2016, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — In vitro Mammalian Cell Micronucleus Test
OECD 490:2016, OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals — In vitro Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Tests
Using the Thymidine Kinase Gene
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 10993--1, ISO 10993--12 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 3.1
carcinogenicity test
test to determine cancer outcomes after long term or life-span exposure of animals
Note 1 to entry: Outcomes are typically based on tumorigenic potential and other factors.
3.2 3.2
developmental toxicity evaluation
methods to determine adverse effects on the developing organism during prenatal development or postnatally
to the time of sexual maturation
3.3 3.3
genotoxicity test
test using cells, bacteria, yeast, fungi, animals or other biological systems to determine whether gene
mutations, chromosomal alterations or other genetic changes are caused by the test sample
3.4 3.4
reproductive toxicity evaluation
methods to evaluate the potential effects of test samples on male or female reproductive function during any
stage of development or fertility
3.5 3.5
sham-incubated vehicle
vehicle control exposed to the same extraction time and temperature as the test sample extract
3.6 3.6
threshold of toxicological concern
TTC
level of exposure for constituents, below which there would be no appreciable risk to human health
Note 1 to entry: The constituent is defined as a chemical or compound present in or on a finished medical device or
material(s) of construction. Constituents can be intentionally present (e.g. an additive such as an antioxidant) or
unintentionally present (e.g. an impurity).
[11]
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 21726:2019, 3.5 , modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
4 Assessment strategies
4.1 General
ISO 10993--1 indicates circumstances where the potential for genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive
toxicity and developmental toxicity are relevant biological harms for consideration in an overall biological
safety evaluation. Evaluation of the biological harms shall consider the following factors:
— — whether assessment is necessary based on patient population (e.g. life expectancy, sensitive
population);) and the anticipated impact of test results on risk management judgements,
— — whether assessment is necessary based on the worst-case quantity, type of contact and duration of
exposure,
NOTE Quantity can be influenced by device size and number used per patient.
— — an analysis of the chemical constituents of the device material(s), including manufacturing process
residues and degradation products or metabolites, to identify causes of concern. The identification can be
based on chemical-specific toxicity data if available; otherwise, structure-activity relationships or previous
demonstration of relevant toxicity in the chemical class can be used,
— — existing information relevant to the genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and
developmental toxicity evaluation of the medical device, and
— — previous use of equivalent (see ISO 10993-1:20182025, 4.1) materials and processing in relevant
applications.
The decision to waive in vitro genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive toxicity and development toxicity
testing shall be justified. The decision to conduct in vivo testing shall be justified.
[7]
If exposure to constituents identified in accordance with ISO 10993-18 is determined to be within acceptable
levels based on a toxicological risk assessment conducted in accordance with ISO 10993-17, no additional
testing needs to be performed to address the relevant risks.
4.2 Other considerations
Toxicity evaluation can be warranted for additional states of the device, such as wear debris generated from
the device, absorbable materials, or materials that cure in situ (e.g. cements, adhesives, and pre-polymer
mixtures) unless toxicological risk assessment based on material information determines no cause for
concern. For guidance on test sample preparation for in situ curing devices, see ISO 10993--12.
NOTE Material information can include chemical composition, degradation products, debris size and morphology,
pre-polymerization, post-polymerization products, etc.
5 Genotoxicity assessment
5.1 General
Assessment of genotoxic risk should be made:
a) a) by conducting toxicological risk assessment based on chemical characterization in accordance
[7]
withaccording to ISO 10993-17 and ISO 10993-18 ; or
b) b) by performing genotoxicity testing in the standard test battery according to 5.2.2in accordance
with 5.2.2.
In certain cases (e.g. a material which has not been used in a legally marketed device for its intended use),
both toxicological risk assessment of medical device constituents based on chemical characterization and
genotoxicity testing of a medical device can be appropriate.
NOTE 1 Genotoxicity testing can also be appropriate when chemical characterization data is insufficient for a
toxicological risk assessment.
If the device is made with and releases nanomaterials, additional evaluation shall be considered.
[9]
NOTE 2 See ISO/TR 10993-22 [7] and Annex DAnnex D for more information.
If chemical characterization of the device identifies genotoxicants which are not easily detected using non-
[7]
targeted analytical approaches described in ISO 10993-18 (e.g. glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde), targeted
analysis of genotoxic residuals shall be conducted. Where compositional profiling or analytical chemistry
reveals the presence of chemical constituents with inadequate genotoxicity data and where quantitative
structure activity relationship (QSAR) information is inconclusive (see ISO 10993-17), testing of individual
chemicals or device components containing the chemical should be considered. In either case, the test sample
shall be justified and documented.
5.2 Testing strategy
5.2.1 General
No single test is capable of detecting all types of genotoxic agents. Therefore, the usual approach is to conduct
a battery of in vitro and under certain circumstances also in vivo tests.
Genotoxicity tests are designed to detect the two major classes of genetic damage:
— — gene mutations (DNA single base pair changes, small deletions or additions), and
— — chromosomal damage [structural aberrations such as translocations, small or large deletions and
insertions, and gain or loss of whole chromosomes (aneuploidy) or parts of chromosomes].
NOTE Bacterial reverse mutation assays have been shown to detect relevant small-scale mutational changes
produced by the majority of genotoxic carcinogens detected by rodent bioassays.
5.2.2 In vitro genotoxic test battery
When genotoxicity testing is performed, it shall be conducted in accordance with Annex BAnnex B and the test
battery shall include:
a) a) a test for gene mutations in bacteria (see OECD 471), modified for medical devices, see
Clause B.2Clause B.2,, and
b) b) one of the following three validated in vitro mammalian cell tests:
1) 1) an in vitro test with cytogenetic evaluation of chromosomal damage with mammalian cells (see
OECD 473), modified for medical devices, see clause B.3in accordance with Clause B.3 and B.4.2B.4.2,,
or
+/- +/-
2) 2) an in vitro mouse lymphoma tk assay using L5178Y (tk ) cells (see OECD 490 [26]),),
modified for medical devices, including detection of small (slow growing) and large colonies, see
Clause B.3clause B.3 and B.4.1B.4.1,, or
3) 3) an in vitro mammalian cell micronucleus test for chromosomal damage and aneugenicity (see
OECD 487), modified for medical devices, see Clause B.3clause B.3 and B.4.3B.4.3.
NOTE 1 If the medical device is known to contain nanomaterials testing according to OECD 471 is not recommended,
see Annex DAnnex D.
All tests (bacterial and in vitro mammalian tests) shall be performed in the presence and absence of metabolic
activation. Metabolic activation is achieved by addition of a co-factor-supplemented post-mitochondrial
fraction (S9).
NOTE 2 An example for a S9 recipe is given in Annex EAnnex E.
In vitro mammalian tests shall include both a short-term exposure with and without S9 and a long-term
exposure without S9.
NOTE 3 See B.3.2.3B.3.2.3 for descriptions of short-and long-term exposure.
+/-
Results from both chromosomal aberration assays and the in vitro mouse lymphoma tk assay (MLA) have a
relatively high level of congruence for compounds that are regarded as genotoxic but yield negative results in
the bacterial reverse mutation assay. The MLA detects the broadest set of genetic damage, including both
small-scale and large-scale genetic damages. The micronucleus assay detects chromosomal damage in the
form of whole chromosome loss or chromosomal fragments and uniquely detects aneuploidy. The three tests
are equally acceptable as an in vitro mammalian genotoxicity test (see OECD 473, OECD 487 and OECD 490
[26]).).
The hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase gene mutation assay (HGPRT/HPRT) method (see
OECD 476) is not included in the recommended test battery for device testing. This test can be appropriate for
medical devices containing nanomaterials (see Annex DAnnex D). ).
5.2.3 In vivo genotoxicity testing
In vivo genotoxicity tests are not part of the recommended genotoxicity test battery because they are relatively
insensitive and not likely to detect genotoxicity at the concentrations of substances generally found in medical
[73]][[74]
devices or in medical device extracts .[72][73]. These concentrations can be insufficient to meet the limit
dose required by the test methods. However, under certain circumstances, an in vivo test can be informative.
useful.
These circumstances can include:
a) assessment of nanomaterial or other particulates suspected of sequestration in particular organs or
[9]
tissues (see Annex DAnnex D,, Reference [30] [28] and ISO/TR 10993-22 [7]);); or
[6]
b) when additional relevant factors [e.g. toxicokinetics (see ISO 10993-16 [5]) or), organ-specific toxicity]
need to be considered.
In vivo tests are valid only with data demonstrating the test sample reached the target cells, organs, or tissues.
Mutational analysis in target organs of rats or mice can be determined using one of several rodent transgenic
[27]
mutation assays (see OECD 488 [24]);); chromosomal damage can be assessed in the erythrocyte
[24] [28]
micronucleus assay (see OECD 474 [22]),), the in vivo comet assay (see OECD 489 [25]),), or the in vivo
[25]
chromosomal aberration assay (see OECD 475 [23]).). See Clause B.5Clause B.5 for additional
considerations for in vivo assays.
All animal studies shall be performed in a facility approved by a nationally recognized organization with
laboratory animal welfare, in order to conform withmeeting the requirements of ISO 10993-2.
5.2.4 Follow-up evaluation
If in vitro genotoxicity tests are performed in accordance with 5.2.25.2.2 and if the tests are negative, the test
sample can be considered non-genotoxic and further testing is not necessary.
Equivocal results (i.e. elevated results that don’t meet criteria for a positive result), can require repeating tests
with a modified protocol such as adjusting dilution of the test sample or extract.
When any single in vitro test is positive or equivocal, then the following options shall be considered:
a) a) Identification of genotoxic constituents by chemical characterization (information gathering
or analytical chemistry testing) or other testing, with appropriate steps taken to eliminate or manage any
identified risks.
b) b) If confounding factors (e.g. osmolality, pH, cytotoxicity) are suspected to have caused the
positive response or equivocal in an initial genotoxicity test, the dosing or test conditions may be modified
with a justification to address confounding factors.
c) c) Presume that a genotoxicity risk exists and manage the risk in accordance with ISO 14971.
5.3 Test sample preparation
Test samples should be extracted in vehicles compatible with the test system (see Annex AAnnex A).). Use of
extraction vehicles that are incompatible with the test system require additional manipulation (e.g. solvent
removal) that can alter the composition of the extract and, therefore, affect the results of the test. Use of
extraction vehicles that are incompatible with the test system shall be justified.
Extraction shall be performed in accordance with ISO 10993-12 unless otherwise justified.
Tests can be performed on solutions (e.g. soluble or liquid devices), suspensions (e.g. Method A in
Annex AAnnex A),), extracts (e.g. Method B in Annex AAnnex A)) of the finished product, medical device
components or individual chemicals from the medical device. If individual chemicals are tested, then the
appropriate OECD guidelines shall be followed.
NOTE Some authorities having jurisdiction prefer Method C in Annex A while others do not accept Method C.
6 Carcinogenicity assessments
6.1 General
The objective of carcinogenicity studies is to determine tumorigenic potential of medical devices or medical
device constituents in animals and to evaluate the relevant risk to patients. Mechanisms of carcinogenesis can
be genotoxic or non-genotoxic. Medical devices shall be evaluated for both types of carcinogenicity, preferably
by alternative approaches, such as chemical characterization and toxicological risk assessment, that do not
use in vivo testing.
Animal testing for carcinogenicity is technically challenging. It requires implantation of many medical devices,
representative samples of the medical device, or the application of concentrated medical device extracts to
achieve the elevated doses necessary for a valid test in a reasonable number of animals. For these reasons,
animal testing is generally not justified when the risks can be adequately assessed by other means.
NOTE For additional information on animal carcinogenicity testing, see Annex CAnnex C.
6.2 Evaluation strategy
6.2.1 General
Carcinogenicity should be evaluated initially using chemical characterization in accordance withaccording to
[7]
ISO 10993-18 and toxicological risk assessment in accordance withaccording to ISO 10993-17. When
medical devices or materials are not readily amenable to analytical chemistry testing and adequate chemical
characterization information is available from information gathering, it is always preferable to use the
chemical information and toxicological risk assessment including assessment of available genotoxicity data to
evaluate carcinogenicity rather than performing an animal carcinogenicity study.
NOTE 1 Some authorities having jurisdiction can require consideration of carcinogenicity testing for novel materials
(e.g. when data are not available to provide an adequate assessment).
NOTE 2 Evaluation of solid-state carcinogenesis due to release of particulates or fibres from a medical device can be
partially addressed by toxicological risk assessment according to ISO 10993-17. This does not address all the risks. See
Annex CAnnex C for more information.
If the results of toxicological risk assessment indicate the risk of carcinogenicity is acceptable, no further
assessment is required.
Carcinogenicity testing shall not be performed when risks can be adequately assessed or managed without
generating new carcinogenicity test data or when the benefit-risk analysis obviates the need for a
carcinogenicity assessment. If the toxicological risk of carcinogenicity is unacceptable, the risk shall be
managed accordingly (see also ISO 14971).
If the medical device contains a chemical with inadequate toxicological data, biological testing to address
carcinogenicity shall be justified and documented on the basis of a need for additional information. The
assessment should address both genotoxic (see 6.2.26.2.2)) and non-genotoxic carcinogenicity (see
6.2.36.2.3)) on the individual chemical identified in the toxicological risk assessment.
NOTE 3 The history of human clinical use can be considered in the risk assessment. The clinical evidence for
carcinogenicity risk is generally not monitored over an adequate timeframe and this aspect of medical device safety can
be unknown.
6.2.2 Genotoxic carcinogens
The carcinogenicity risk from genotoxic carcinogens can be established by genotoxicity testing (if unknown)
or by toxicological risk assessment (of identified genotoxins). Genotoxicity testing will requirerequires a
battery of tests (see 5.2.25.2.2).).
Where genotoxicity of a medical device is established, either based on genotoxicity testing or prior material
knowledge of the medical device, additional evaluation of carcinogenic risk shall be performed in accordance
with ISO 10993-17. It can be appropriate to identify the genotoxic constituent and focus the evaluation on only
that constituent.
Genotoxic chemicals that are DNA reactive but with adverse effects that can be mitigated by rapid
detoxification before coming in contact with DNA or by a demonstrated effective repair of induced damage
[75]
can be evaluated by the use of a No observed effect level and uncertainty factors [74].
NOTE While genotoxic carcinogenicity can include non-threshold mechanisms, there are exposure levels below
which impact on lifetime cancer risk is considered acceptable (usually less than 1 in 100 000 anticipated additional
lifetime incidence).
6.2.3 Non-genotoxic carcinogens
Non-genotoxic carcinogens do not cause direct DNA damage but induce cancer via other mechanisms (see
References [54] [52], [53] ,[55]and[60] [58]).). These carcinogens can induce their effects (leading to cancer)
upon repeated exposure leading to prolonged interference with homeostatic processes that lead to
irreversible and uncontrolled cellular proliferation. The estimation of carcinogenic risk for non-genotoxic
chemicals is complicated by:
— — the diversity of modes of action;
— — the tissue and species specificity; and
— — the absence of currently validated teststest methods.
There are many practical challenges to conducting a rodent carcinogenicity test (see 6.16.1).). Therefore, a
toxicological risk assessment in accordance withaccording to ISO 10993-17 should be used.
If a medical device constituent is not genotoxic and carcinogenicity data are not available, then a tolerable
intake (TI) based on subchronic, or chronic systemic toxicity data can be used to evaluate carcinogenicity risk.
If there is insufficient data to set a TI, then the TTC may be used to estimate the risk in accordance with ISO
10993-17. Recent publications indicate that the TTCs based on Cramer Class are protective for non-genotoxic
carcinogens (see Reference [62] [60]).).
NOTE 1 Non-genotoxic carcinogens have thresholds, below which the risk of cancer is unlikely (see
Reference[61]ECHA 2017[59]).).
NOTE 2 Approaches for prediction of non-genotoxic carcinogenicity are under active investigation (e.g.
References [58] [56] and [60] [58]).).
NOTE 3 Examples of non-genotoxic carcinogens can be found in the supplementary material in Reference [62] [60].
7 Evaluation of reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity
7.1 General
Reproductive toxicity evaluation shall be considered for medical devices intended for use in individuals of
reproductive age under any of the following conditions:
— — medical devices that have prolonged or long-term direct or indirect contact with reproductive organs
or gametes;
— — medical devices that have prolonged or long-term in vitro contact with gametes or reproductive tissue
(for examplee.g. devices used as assisted reproductive technologies) taking into account the influence of
temperature;
— — medical devices that have prolonged or long-term use and contain known or presumed reproductive
toxicants (i.e. materials with a known adverse effect on reproduction);
— — medical devices are absorbable or cure in situ, and are in close proximity to the reproductive organs,
regardless of duration of contact; or
— — materials which have not been used in a legally marketed device, for a similar intended use.
NOTE 1 Material means material of construction, intended additives, or process residuals, or any combination of
the three.
NOTE 2 Similar intended use means the nature of contact category and contact-duration category are the same;
and the device risk level is considered the same or medical lower compared to the legally marketed medical device.
In addition to contact category and contact-duration, additional factors to consider in the determination of the
medical device risk level include: the material type and quantity, the material constituent composition, medical
device contact frequency, nature or degree of tissue contact with the device, and user population.
Developmental toxicity evaluation shall be considered for:
— medical devices with prolonged or long-term direct or indirect contact with embryos or foetuses; and
— medical devices for prolonged or long-term use on individuals in early childhood and contain known or
presumed developmental toxicants [e.g. endocrine disruptors according to Annex Fin accordance with
Annex F or, lead (Pb)].)]; potential exposure fromto a medical device contacting in contact with lactating
women should also be considered.;
— medical devices that are absorbable or cure in situ, and that are in close proximity to the reproductive
organs, regardless of duration of contact; or
— materials which have not been used in a legally marketed medical device, for an equivalent intended
purpose.
7.2 Evaluation methods
Assessment of reproductive and developmental risk should be made:
a) a) by toxicological risk assessment based on chemical characterization in accordance
[7]
withaccording to ISO 10993-17 and ISO 10993-18 ; or;
b) b) by performing developmental and reproductive testing as described in Annex GAnnex G.
Current biological test methods for the evaluation of reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity are for
single substances and are not validated for mixtures (e.g. medical device extracts). Evaluation for medical
devices shall first consider a toxicological risk assessment focusing on reproductive toxicity and
developmental toxicity in accordance with ISO 10993-17. Exposure estimates can be determined through
[7]
chemical characterization outlined in ISO 10993-18 . .
Exposure estimates can also be improved with:
— leachables studies, or
— simulated-use studies, or
— release kinetic studies,
[7]
performed in accordance withaccording to ISO 10993-18 . .
If it is determined that the amount of a reproductive and developmental toxicant in the medical device is above
acceptable limits, the presence of the toxicant shall be carefully considered for risk control where possible and
in the benefit-risk analysis in the (overall) risk management file in accordance with ISO 14971.
The following factors should be considered in the risk assessment:
— — an assessment of reproductive potential of the subject population (medical devices used in early
adulthood, or reproductive age-individuals);
— — a specific assessment of reproductive toxicity data, if available;
— — the potential for exposure of reproductive tissues, the developing offspring, or nursing child, including
[7]
available chemical characterization information in accordance withaccording to ISO 10993-18 and
[6]
available toxicokinetic studies in accordance withaccording to ISO 10993-16 [5];;
— — medical device physical characteristics taking into account the influence of temperature;
— — available medical device genotoxicity information;
— — history of clinical use;
— — indication for use; and
— — any other information.
NOTE For more information on reproductive toxicity and developmental toxicity, see Annex GAnnex G.
When the remaining risk is unacceptable due to a lack of robust experimental data, individual chemical
substances can be tested with in vitro or in vivo biological test methods (e.g. ICH S5[61]) (see
[14]
Reference[63]Clause G.2, Clause G.2 and OECD 43 [12]).). For example, testing an individual chemical in a
developmental toxicity study maycan yield an effect level or no effect level to help refine the risk assessment.
8 Test report
If relevant, The test report shall include at least the following details:
a) number of the International Standard used (including its year of publication);
b) a description of the test sample (e.g. identifier, material composition, processing, size and weight)
including its intended use;
c) a description, rationale and justification of the test methods used (e.g. OECD 471) and the test details
(including at least conditions, materials, dose and test sample preparation);
d) a description of analytical methods including quantification limits;
e) a statement of conformity of the laboratory to appropriate current best laboratory or quality practices,
[8]
for example, Good Laboratory Practices (GLP) or ISO/IEC 17025 [6],, where applicable;
f) a description of S9 mix (including manufacturers as applicable) and final % of S9 fraction used in testing;
g) historical control data;
h) test results including summary;
i) statistical methods, if applicable;
j) any deviations from the procedure or any unusual features observed;
k) interpretation and discussion of results;
l) further details regarding follow-up testing as specified in Annex B Annex B, Annex C, Annex C or
Annex GAnnex G,, if applicable;
a) k) name and certifications of the testing laboratory;
m) l) date of the test;
n) m) name and signature of the responsible person.
Annex A
(informative)
Test sample preparation method for genotoxicity testing
A.1 General
This annex gives guidance for selecting an appropriate test sample preparation method for genotoxicity
testing of medical devices. The selection of the appropriate test sample preparation method including vehicles,
is critical to obtain relevant results from genotoxicity tests, because inappropriate test sample preparation
can result in an underestimation of genotoxicity risk.
A.2 Test sample preparation methods
A.2.1 General
The ideal test sample preparation method for genotoxic tests is exhaustive extraction. For practical reasons it
is more achievable to prepare test samples using exaggerated extraction i.e. by applying ISO 10993-12. For
some medical devices (e.g. liquids) other test sample preparation methods can be more appropriate.
ISO 10993-12 may be used to conduct exaggerated extraction for test sample preparation, as this is considered
more practical and achievable. For some medical devices (e.g. liquids), other test sample preparation methods
can be more appropriate.
NOTE 1 The selection of a test sample preparation method for any material or medical device intended for use in
humans requires a structured approach that takes the chemical com
...
PROJET
Norme
internationale
ISO/DIS 10993-3
ISO/TC 194
Évaluation biologique des
Secrétariat: DIN
dispositifs médicaux —
Début de vote:
Partie 3: 2025-04-04
Évaluation de la génotoxicité, de la
Vote clos le:
2025-06-27
cancérogénicité, de la toxicité sur la
reproduction et le développement
Biological evaluation of medical devices —
Part 3: Evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, reproductive
toxicity, and developmental toxicity
ICS: 11.100.20
CE DOCUMENT EST UN PROJET DIFFUSÉ
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CONSIDÉRÉS DU POINT DE VUE DE LEUR
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ÉVENTUELLEMENT CONNAISSANCE
ET À FOURNIR UNE DOCUMENTATION
EXPLICATIVE.
Numéro de référence
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
Ȁ 194
ƒ–‡ǣ2025-04-04
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
Ȁ 194
‡…”±–ƒ”‹ƒ–ǣDIN
Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux —
Partie 3 : Évaluation de la génotoxicité, de la cancérogénicité, de la
toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement
Biological evaluation of medical devices — Part 3: Evaluation of genotoxicity, carcinogenicity,
reproductive toxicity, and developmental toxicity
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ii
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos . iv
Introduction . vi
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Stratégies d'évaluation . 3
4.1 Généralités . 3
4.2 Autres considérations. 4
5 Évaluation de la génotoxicité . 4
5.1 Généralités . 4
5.2 Stratégie d'essai . 4
5.2.1 Généralités . 4
5.2.2 Batterie d'essais . 5
5.2.3 Essai de génotoxicité in vivo . 6
5.2.4 Évaluation de suivi . 6
5.3 Préparation des échantillons pour essai . 6
6 Évaluations de la cancérogénicité . 7
6.1 Généralités . 7
6.2 Stratégie d'évaluation . 7
6.2.1 Généralités . 7
6.2.2 Cancérogènes génotoxiques . 8
6.2.3 Cancérogènes non génotoxiques . 8
7 Évaluation de la toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement . 9
7.1 Généralités . 9
7.2 Méthodes d'évaluation . 10
8 Rapport d'essai. 11
Annexe A (informative) Mode opératoire de préparation des échantillons pour essai pour les
essais de génotoxicité . 12
Annexe B (normative) Essais de génotoxicité . 19
Annexe C (informative) Essais de cancérogénicité chez les animaux . 31
Annexe D (informative) Évaluation de la génotoxicité des nanomatériaux . 35
Annexe E (informative) Recette pour le mélange S9 . 37
Annexe F (informative) Perturbateurs endocriniens . 38
Annexe G (informative) Évaluation de la toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement . 39
Annexe ZA (informative) Relation entre la présente Norme européenne et les exigences
générales en matière de sécurité et de performances concernées du
Règlement (UE) 2017/745 . 44
Bibliographie. 49
iii
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) et l'IEC (Commission électrotechnique internationale)
forment le système spécialisé de la normalisation mondiale. Les organismes nationaux membres de l'ISO ou
de l'IEC participent au développement de Normes Internationales par l'intermédiaire des comités
techniques créés par l'organisation concernée afin de s'occuper des domaines particuliers de l'activité
technique. Les comités techniques de l'ISO et de l'IEC collaborent dans des domaines d'intérêt commun.
D'autres organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO et
l'IEC participent également aux travaux. Dans le domaine des technologies de l'information, l'ISO et l'IEC ont
créé un comité technique mixte, l'ISO/IEC JTC 1.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont décrites
dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents critères
d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été rédigé
conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2
(voir www.iso.org/directives).
L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant les références
aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de l'élaboration du document
sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de brevets reçues par l'ISO
(voir www.iso.org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données pour
information, par souci de commodité, à l'intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l'ISO liés à l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion de
l'ISO aux principes de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles techniques au
commerce (OTC), voir www.iso.org/avant-propos.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 194, Évaluation biologique et clinique des
dispositifs médicaux, en collaboration avec le comité technique CEN/TC 206, Biocompatibilité de matériaux
et dispositifs médicaux et dentaires, du Comité européen de normalisation (CEN), conformément à l'Accord
de coopération technique entre l'ISO et le CEN (Accord de Vienne).
Cette quatrième édition de l'ISO 10993-3 annule et remplace la troisième édition (ISO 10993-3:2014) qui a
fait l'objet d'une révision technique.
Les principales modifications par rapport à l'édition précédente sont les suivantes :
— suppression de l'Annexe sur les systèmes d’essai de transformation cellulaire ;
— restructuration de l'Annexe A sur les lignes directrices pour le choix d'un mode opératoire de
préparation des échantillons pour essai appropriés pour les essais de génotoxicité ;
— ajout de l'Annexe C sur les essais de cancérogénicité in vivo qui comprend l'Annexe sur la cancérogenèse
à l'état solide ;
— ajout de l'Annexe D sur l'évaluation de la génotoxicité des nanomatériaux ;
— extension de l'Annexe B sur les méthodes d'essai de génotoxicité ;
iv
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
— ajout de l'Annexe E relative à la recette pour le mélange S9 ;
— ajout de l'Annexe G sur l'évaluation de la toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement ;
— mise à jour des références normatives et de la bibliographie.
Une liste de toutes les parties de la série ISO 10993 se trouve sur le site web de l'ISO.
Il convient que l'utilisateur adresse tout retour d'information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l'organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes se
trouve à l'adresse www.iso.org/fr/members.html.
v
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
Introduction
La base de l'évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux est souvent empirique et guidée par les
conditions requises pour la sécurité des personnes. Le risque d'effets graves et irréversibles, tels que le
cancer ou des anomalies de deuxième génération, est une préoccupation publique importante. La fourniture
de dispositifs médicaux sûrs implique que de tels risques soient réduits autant que possible. L'évaluation
des risques mutagènes, cancérogènes et de la toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement est une
composante essentielle du contrôle de ces risques. Toutes les méthodes d'évaluation de la génotoxicité, de
la cancérogénicité ou de la toxicité sur la reproduction et sur le développement ne sont pas développées de
façon égale et leur validité n'est pas établie de façon suffisante pour les essais des dispositifs médicaux.
Des aspects importants concernant la taille et la préparation des échantillons pour essai, la connaissance
scientifique des étapes de la maladie et la validation des essais peuvent être cités en tant que limitations des
méthodes disponibles. Depuis la précédente révision du document, de nombreuses méthodes d'essai de
génotoxicité ont été mises à jour avec la révision des lignes directrices de l'OCDE. Cependant, celles-ci
fournissent généralement des recommandations plus claires mais peu d'altérations dans les méthodes
d'essai. Des alternatives scientifiquement raisonnables aux essais proposés peuvent être acceptables dans
la mesure où elles abordent les aspects adéquats de l'évaluation de la sécurité.
Lors de la sélection des essais nécessaires à l'évaluation d'un dispositif médical particulier, une évaluation
minutieuse des utilisations prévues chez l'Homme et des interactions potentielles avec les systèmes
biologiques est importante, en particulier dans des domaines tels que la toxicologie sur la reproduction et le
développement.
Le présent document présente des méthodes d'essai et des stratégies d'évaluation pour l'identification des
dommages biologiques spécifiques. Des essais ne sont pas toujours nécessaires ou utiles pour gérer les
risques toxicologiques associés à l'exposition aux matériaux des dispositifs médicaux mais, lorsque cela est
approprié, il est important d'obtenir une sensibilité d'essai maximale.
Étant donné la multiplicité des résultats possibles et l'importance de certains facteurs tels que le degré
d'exposition, les différences interespèces et les considérations mécaniques ou physiques, l'évaluation du
risque est généralement effectuée au cas par cas. Des suggestions concernant la prise en compte et
l’intégration du risque de l'ISO 10993-17 et -18 sont fournies.
vi
PROJET de Norme internationale ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux —
Partie 3 : Évaluation de la génotoxicité, de la cancérogénicité, de la
toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement
1 Domaine d'application
Le présent document spécifie les stratégies pour l'estimation des risques et le choix des essais
d'identification des dommages biologiques, en fonction du risque d'apparition des effets biologiques
potentiellement irréversibles suivants résultant de l'exposition à des dispositifs médicaux :
— génotoxicité ;
— carcinogénicité ;
— toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement.
Le présent document est applicable lorsque le besoin d’évaluer un dispositif médical dont le risque de
génotoxicité, de cancérogénicité, de toxicité sur la reproduction et sur le développement a été identifié.
NOTE Des lignes directrices relatives au choix des paramètres pertinents à évaluer sont données dans l’ISO
10993-1.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu'ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique.
Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les
éventuels amendements).
ISO 10993-1:2018, Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux — Partie 1 : Évaluation et essais au sein
d'un processus de gestion du risque
ISO 10993-2:2022, Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux — Partie 2 : Exigences relatives à la
protection des animaux
ISO 10993-12:2021, Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux — Partie 12 : Préparation des
échantillons et matériaux de référence
ISO 10993-16:2017, Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux — Partie 16 : Conception des études
toxicocinétiques des produits de dégradation et des substances relargables
ISO 10993-17, Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux — Partie 17 : Appréciation du risque
toxicologique des constituants des dispositifs médicaux
ISO 10993-18, Évaluation biologique des dispositifs médicaux — Partie 18 : Caractérisation chimique des
matériaux des dispositifs médicaux au sein d'un processus de gestion du risque
ISO 14971:2019, Dispositifs médicaux — Application de la gestion des risques aux dispositifs médicaux
OCDE 414, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Étude de la toxicité pour le
développement prénatal
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
OCDE 421, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Essai de dépistage de la
toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
OCDE 422, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Étude combinée de toxicité
à doses répétées et de dépistage de la toxicité pour la reproduction et le développement
OCDE 443, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Étude étendue de toxicité
pour la reproduction sur une génération
OCDE 471, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Essai de mutation réverse
sur des bactéries
OCDE 473, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Essai d'aberration
Chromosomique In Vitro chez les Mammifères
OCDE 474, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Test du Micronoyau sur
Érythrocytes de Mammifères
OCDE 475, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Essai d'aberration
chromosomique sur moelle osseuse de mammifères
OCDE 487, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Essai in vitro de
micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères
OCDE 488, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Essais de mutations
génétiques des cellules somatiques et germinales de rongeurs transgéniques
OCDE 489, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Test des Comètes In Vivo en
Conditions Alcalines sur Cellules de Mammifères
OCDE 490, Lignes directrices de l'OCDE pour les essais de produits chimiques — Essai In Vitro de Mutation
Génique Sur Cellules de Mammifères Utilisant le Gène de la Thymidine Kinase
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et les définitions de l'ISO 10993-1, l'ISO 10993-12 ainsi
que les suivants s'appliquent.
L'ISO et l'IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes :
1) ISO Online browsing platform : disponible à l’adresse https://www.iso.org/obp
2) IEC Electropedia : disponible à l’adresse https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1
essai de cancérogénicité
essai destiné à déterminer la survenue d’un cancer après une exposition à long terme ou à la durée de vie
des animaux
3.2
essai de toxicité sur le développement
essai destiné à déterminer les effets indésirables sur l'organisme en développement au cours du
développement prénatal ou après l'accouchement jusqu'au moment de la maturation sexuelle
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
3.3
essai de génotoxicité
essai qui utilise des cellules, des bactéries, des levures, des champignons, des animaux ou d'autres
systèmes biologiques afin de déterminer si des mutations géniques, des altérations chromosomiques ou
d'autres modifications génétiques sont causées par l'échantillon pour essai
3.4
essai de toxicité sur la reproduction
essai destiné à évaluer les effets potentiels des échantillons pour essai sur la fonction reproductrice mâle
ou femelle à tout stade de développement ou de fertilité
3.5
véhicule en incubation fictive
véhicule témoin exposé au même temps et à la même température d'extraction que l'extrait d'échantillon
pour essai
3.6
seuil de préoccupation toxicologique SPT
niveau d'exposition des constituants, au-dessous duquel il n'y aurait pas de risque appréciable pour la
santé humaine
Note 1 à l'article : Le constituant est défini comme un produit chimique ou un composé présent dans ou sur un
dispositif médical fini ou un ou plusieurs matériaux constitutifs. La présence des constituants peut être volontaire
(par exemple, un additif tel qu'un antioxydant) ou involontaire (par exemple, une impureté).
[SOURCE : ISO/TS 21726:2019, 3.5, modifié — La Note 1 à l'article a été ajoutée.]
4 Stratégies d'évaluation
4.1 Généralités
L'ISO 10993-1 indique les circonstances dans lesquelles le potentiel de génotoxicité, de cancérogénicité
et de toxicité sur la reproduction et sur le développement constitue des dommages biologiques pertinents
à prendre en compte dans une évaluation de sécurité biologique globale. L'évaluation des dommages
biologiques doit être effectuée en tenant compte des facteurs suivants :
— si l'évaluation est nécessaire basée sur la population de patients (par exemple, pas dans le cas où
l'espérance de vie est inférieure à 6 mois) ; et l'impact anticipé des résultats des essais sur les
décisions de gestion des risques ;
— si l'évaluation est nécessaire basée sur la quantité la plus défavorable, le type de contact et la durée
de l'exposition ;
NOTE La quantité peut être influencée par la taille et le nombre de dispositifs utilisés par patient.
— analyse des composants chimiques du ou des matériaux du dispositif, notamment des résidus du
processus de fabrication et des produits de dégradation ou des métabolites, pour identifier les causes
des problèmes. L'identification peut être fondée sur des données de toxicité spécifiques à un produit
chimique, le cas échéant ; sinon, les relations structure/activité ou la démonstration antérieure de la
toxicité dans la classe chimique peuvent être utilisées ;
— informations existantes pertinentes relatives à l'évaluation de la génotoxicité, de la cancérogénicité
et de la toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement du dispositif médical ; et
— l'utilisation antérieure de matériaux et traitements équivalents (voir l'ISO 10993-1:2018, 4.1) dans
des applications pertinentes.
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
La décision de renoncer aux essais de génotoxicité in vitro doit être justifiée. La décision de réaliser des
essais in vivo doit être justifiée.
4.2 Autres considérations
L'évaluation de la toxicité peut être garantie pour les états supplémentaires du dispositif, tels que des
débris d'usure provenant du dispositif, des matériaux résorbables ou les matériaux qui durcissent in situ
(par exemple, ciments, adhésifs et mélanges de prépolymères) sauf si l'évaluation du risque toxicologique
fondée sur les informations sur le matériau ne détermine aucune cause de problème. Pour des lignes
directrices sur la préparation des échantillons pour les dispositifs de durcissement in situ, voir
l'ISO 10993-12.
NOTE Les informations sur le matériau peuvent inclure la composition chimique, les produits de dégradation,
la taille et la morphologie des débris, les produits de prépolymérisation et de post-polymérisation, etc.
Si l'exposition à des constituants identifiés conformément à l'ISO 10993-18 est déterminée comme étant
dans les limites acceptables sur la base de l'évaluation du risque toxicologique effectuée conformément
à l'ISO 10993-17, alors aucun essai supplémentaire n'est nécessaire pour évaluer les risques concernés.
5 Évaluation de la génotoxicité
5.1 Généralités
Il convient d'évaluer le risque génotoxique :
a) en réalisant une évaluation toxicologique du risque fondée sur la caractérisation chimique,
conformément à l'ISO 10993-17 et à l'ISO 10993-18 ; ou
b) en réalisant des essais de génotoxicité de la batterie d'essais standards conformément à 5.2.2.
Dans certains cas (par exemple, un matériau qui n'a pas été utilisé dans un dispositif commercialisé
légalement), l'évaluation des risques toxicologiques et les essais de génotoxicité peuvent être appropriés.
Une évaluation supplémentaire doit être prise en compte dans le cas où le dispositif est composé de et
libère des nanomatériaux.
NOTE Voir l'ISO/TR 10993-22 et l'Annexe D pour plus d'informations.
Une analyse ciblée des résidus génotoxiques doit être effectuée dans le cas où le dispositif contient des
substances génotoxiques identifiées qui ne sont pas facilement détectées à l'aide des approches
analytiques décrites dans l'ISO 10993-18 et qui ne sont pas ciblées (par exemple glutaraldéhyde,
formaldéhyde). Lorsque le profilage de la composition ou la chimie analytique révèle la présence de
composants chimiques avec des données de génotoxicité inadéquates et lorsque les informations QSAR
(relation quantitative structure-activité) ne sont pas concluantes (voir l'ISO 10993-17), il convient de
prendre en compte les essais de chaque produit chimique ou composant du dispositif contenant le
produit chimique. Dans les deux cas, l'échantillon pour essai doit être justifié.
5.2 Stratégie d'essai
5.2.1 Généralités
Aucun essai unique n'est capable de détecter tous les agents génotoxiques. Par conséquent, l'approche
habituelle est d'effectuer une batterie d'essais in vitro et, dans certaines circonstances, également in vivo.
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
Les essais de génotoxicité sont conçus pour détecter les deux principales classes de lésions génétiques :
— les mutations géniques (modification d'une paire de base simple de l'ADN, petites suppressions ou
additions) ; et
— la lésion chromosomique (aberrations structurelles telles que des translocations, des petites ou
grandes délétions et insertions et gain ou perte de chromosomes entiers (aneuploïdie) ou de parties
de chromosomes).
NOTE Des essais de mutation réverse sur des bactéries ont permis de détecter des modifications de mutation
pertinentes à petite échelle générées par la majorité des cancérigènes génotoxiques détectés par des essais
biologiques sur rongeurs.
5.2.2 Batterie d'essais
Lorsque des essais de génotoxicité sont réalisés, ils doivent être effectués conformément à l'Annexe B et
la batterie d'essais doit comprendre :
1) un essai de mutation géniques dans les bactéries (voir OCDE 471), modifié pour les dispositifs
médicaux, voir Article B.2 ; et
2) l'un des trois essais suivants sur des cellules de mammifères in vitro validés :
a) un essai in vitro avec une évaluation cytogénétique des lésions chromosomiques de cellules de
mammifères (voir OCDE 473) modifié pour les dispositifs médicaux, voir Articles B.3 et
B.4.1.2 ; ou
+/-
b) un essai de kinase de thymidine du lymphome murin in vitro utilisant des cellules L5178Y
(voir OECD 490) modifié pour les dispositifs médicaux, comprenant la détection de petites
colonies (à croissance lente) et grandes colonies, voir Articles B.3 et B.4.1.1 ; ou
c) un essai in vitro de micronoyaux sur cellules de mammifères relatif aux lésions chromosomiques
et au pouvoir aneugène (voir OCDE 487) modifié pour les dispositifs médicaux, voir Articles B.3
et B.4.1.3.
NOTE 1 L'OCDE 471 peut être inapproprié pour les nanomatériaux, voir l'Annexe D.
Les essais doivent être réalisés en présence et en l'absence d'activation métabolique. L'activation
métabolique est obtenue par ajout d'une fraction post-mitochondriale enrichie en cofacteur (S9).
NOTE 2 L'Annexe E fournit un exemple recette de S9.
Les essais mammifères in vitro doivent inclure à la fois une exposition à court terme avec et sans S9 et
une exposition à long terme sans S9.
+/-
Les résultats des essais d'aberration chromosomique et de kinase de thymidine du lymphome murin
(MLA) ont un niveau de concordance relativement élevé pour les composés qui sont considérés comme
génotoxiques mais qui donnent des résultats négatifs dans l'essai de mutation réverse sur des bactéries.
Le MLA détecte le spectre le plus large de lésions génétiques, y compris les lésions génétiques à petite et
à grande échelle. L'essai de micronoyau détecte les lésions chromosomiques sous la forme d'une perte
chromosomique totale ou de fragments chromosomiques et détecte de manière unique l'aneuploïdie. Les
trois essais sont également acceptables en tant qu'essai de génotoxicité mammifères in vitro (voir
OCDE 473, OCDE 487 et OCDE 490).
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
5.2.3 Essai de génotoxicité in vivo
1) Les essais de génotoxicité in vivo ne font pas partie de la batterie d'essais de génotoxicité
recommandée car ils sont relativement insensibles et ne sont pas susceptibles de détecter les
concentrations de substances généralement présentes dans les dispositifs médicaux ou dans les
[52][53]
extraits de dispositifs médicaux. Cependant, dans certaines circonstances, un essai in vivo peut
être informatif. Ces circonstances peuvent inclure l'évaluation des nanomatériaux ou autres
particules suspectés de séquestration dans des organes ou tissus particuliers (voir l'Annexe D, [2] et
ISO/TR 10993-22) ; ou
2) lorsque des facteurs pertinents supplémentaires tels que la toxicocinétique (voir l'ISO 10993-16) ou
la toxicité spécifique à un organe sont à prendre en compte.
Les essais in vivo ne sont valides qu'avec des données démontrant que l'échantillon pour essai a atteint
les cellules, organes ou tissus cibles. L'analyse de mutation dans les organes cibles de rats ou de souris
peut être déterminée à l'aide de l'un des essais de mutation chez les rongeurs transgéniques (voir
OCDE 488) ; les lésions chromosomiques peuvent être évaluées dans l'essai de micronoyau sur
érythrocytes (voir OCDE 474), dans l'essai des comètes in vivo (voir OCDE 489) ou dans l'essai
d'aberration chromosomique in vivo (voir OCDE 475). Voir B.5 pour des considérations supplémentaires
relatives aux essais in vivo.
Toutes les études sur les animaux doivent être réalisées dans une installation approuvée par un
organisme reconnu au niveau national et conformément à toutes les réglementations appropriées
traitant du bien-être des animaux de laboratoire afin de satisfaire aux exigences de l'ISO 10993-2.
5.2.4 Évaluation de suivi
Si les essais de génotoxicité sont réalisés conformément à 5.2.2 et si les essais in vitro sont négatifs,
l'article d'essai peut être considéré comme non génotoxique et il n'est pas nécessaire de réaliser d'autres
essais.
Lorsqu'un seul essai in vitro est positif, les options suivantes doivent être prises en compte :
a) l'identification des constituants génotoxiques tels que les impuretés ou les résidus par
caractérisation chimique (collecte d'informations ou essais chimiques analytiques) ou autres essais,
avec les mesures appropriées prises pour éliminer ou gérer tout risque identifié ;
b) si des facteurs de confusion sont suspectés d'avoir provoqué la réponse positive lors d'un essai initial
de génotoxicité, les conditions de dosage et/ou d'essai peuvent être altérées ;
c) la supposition qu'un risque de génotoxicité existe et gérer le risque conformément à l'ISO 14971. Les
résultats équivoques (c'est-à-dire les résultats élevés qui ne répondent pas aux critères d'un résultat
positif) peuvent nécessiter de répéter les essais avec un protocole modifié tel que l'ajustement de la
dilution de l'extrait ou du produit chimique d'essai dans le système d'essai.
5.3 Préparation des échantillons pour essai
Il convient d'extraire les échantillons pour essai dans des véhicules compatibles avec le système d'essai
(voir l'Annexe A). L'utilisation de véhicules d'extraction incompatibles avec le système d'essai exige une
manipulation supplémentaire (par exemple l'élimination du solvant) qui peut altérer la composition de
l'extrait et, par conséquent, affecter les résultats de l'essai. L'utilisation de véhicules d'extraction
incompatibles avec le système d'essai doit être justifiée.
Sauf justification contraire, l'extraction doit être effectuée conformément à l'ISO 10993-12.
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
Les essais peuvent être réalisés sur des solutions (par exemple, dispositifs solubles ou liquides), des
suspensions (par exemple, méthode A de l'Annexe A), des extraits (par exemple, méthode B de l'Annexe
A) du produit fini, des composants du dispositif ou des produits chimiques individuels provenant du
dispositif médical. Si des produits chimiques individuels sont soumis à essai, les lignes directrices de
l'OCDE appropriées doivent être suivies.
NOTE Certaines autorités compétentes préfèrent utiliser la méthode C de l'Annexe A.
6 Évaluations de la cancérogénicité
6.1 Généralités
L'objectif des études de cancérogénicité est de déterminer le potentiel tumorigène chez les animaux et
d'évaluer le risque concerné pour les patients. Les mécanismes de cancérogénicité peuvent être
génotoxiques ou non génotoxiques. Les dispositifs médicaux doivent être évalués pour les deux types de
cancérogénicité, de préférence par des approches alternatives, telles que la caractérisation chimique et
l'évaluation des risques toxicologiques, qui n'utilisent pas d'essais in vivo.
L'expérimentation animale en matière de cancérogénicité est techniquement difficile. Elle exige
l'implantation de nombreux dispositifs médicaux ou échantillons représentatifs du dispositif médical ou
l'application d'extraits concentrés du dispositif médical pour obtenir les doses élevées nécessaires à un
essai valide sur un nombre raisonnable d'animaux. Pour ces raisons, l'expérimentation animale n'est
généralement pas justifiée lorsque les risques peuvent être correctement évalués par d'autres moyens.
NOTE Pour plus d'informations sur les essais de cancérogénicité chez l'animal, voir l'Annexe C.
Lorsque la génotoxicité d'un dispositif médical est établie, une évaluation supplémentaire des risques
cancérogènes doit être effectuée (par exemple ISO 10993-17). Dans cette situation, il convient de prendre
en compte des facteurs supplémentaires tels que les résultats de génotoxicité, les antécédents
d'utilisation clinique et l'indication d'utilisation lors de la détermination des risques. Il peut être
informatif d'identifier le(s) constituant(s) génotoxique(s) et de concentrer l'évaluation sur ce(s)
produit(s) chimique(s).
6.2 Stratégie d'évaluation
6.2.1 Généralités
Il convient d'évaluer la cancérogénicité initialement au moyen de la caractérisation chimique
conformément à l'ISO 10993-18 et l'évaluation des risques toxicologiques conformément à
l'ISO 10993-17. Dans les cas où des dispositifs ou des matériaux ne se prêtent pas facilement à des essais
chimiques analytiques et où des informations adéquates sur les matériaux sont disponibles ainsi que des
données d'essais de génotoxicité sur le dispositif final et définitif, il est toujours préférable d'utiliser des
informations chimiques et une évaluation des risques toxicologiques pour déterminer la cancérogénicité
potentielle plutôt que pour réaliser une étude de cancérogénicité sur l'animal.
NOTE 1 Certaines autorités compétentes peuvent exiger la prise en compte des essais de cancérogénicité pour
les nouveaux matériaux (par exemple, lorsque des données ne sont pas disponibles pour fournir une évaluation
adéquate).
Aucune autre évaluation n'est requise dans le cas où les résultats de l'évaluation des risques
toxicologiques n'indiquent aucun risque inacceptable de cancérogénicité du dispositif.
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
Les essais de cancérogénicité ne doivent pas être réalisés lorsque les risques peuvent être correctement
évalués ou gérés sans générer de nouvelles données d'essai de cancérogénicité ou lorsque l'analyse
bénéfices/risques dispense d'une évaluation de cancérogénicité. Si l'évaluation des risques
toxicologiques démontre un risque inacceptable de cancérogénicité du dispositif, le risque doit être géré
en conséquence (voir également l'ISO 14971). Alternativement, si le dispositif contient un produit
chimique avec des données toxicologiques insuffisantes, les essais biologiques doivent être justifiés sur
la base d'un besoin d'informations supplémentaires. Il convient que l'évaluation porte à la fois sur la
cancérogénicité génotoxique (voir 6.2.2) et sur la cancérogénicité non génotoxique (voir 6.2.3) du produit
chimique individuel identifié dans l'évaluation des risques toxicologiques.
NOTE 2 L'historique d'utilisation clinique chez l'homme peut être pris en compte dans l'évaluation des risques.
Les preuves cliniques du risque de cancérogénicité ne sont généralement pas surveillées sur une période adéquate
et cet aspect de la sécurité du dispositif peut être inconnu.
6.2.2 Cancérogènes génotoxiques
Le risque lié aux agents cancérigènes génotoxiques peut être établi par des essais de génotoxicité ou par
une évaluation des risques toxicologiques. Les essais nécessiteront une batterie d'essais (voir 5.2.2).
Lorsque la génotoxicité d'un dispositif médical est établie, une évaluation supplémentaire des risques
cancérogènes doit être effectuée conformément à l'ISO 10993-17. Dans ces situations, il convient de
prendre en compte des facteurs supplémentaires tels que les résultats de génotoxicité, les antécédents
d'utilisation clinique et l'indication d'utilisation lors de la détermination de l'évaluation des risques. Il
peut être informatif d'identifier le constituant génotoxique et de concentrer l'évaluation sur ce produit
chimique.
NOTE Bien que la cancérogénicité génotoxique implique des mécanismes sans seuil, il existe des niveaux
d'exposition en dessous desquels l'impact sur le risque de cancer à vie est considéré comme acceptable
(généralement moins d'une incidence supplémentaire sur 100 000 au cours de la vie).
6.2.3 Cancérogènes non génotoxiques
Les agents cancérogènes non génotoxiques ne causent pas de lésion directe à l'ADN, mais induisent des
cancers par d'autres mécanismes (voir [29], [30] et [31]). Ces agents cancérogènes induisent
principalement leurs effets (menant à un cancer) lors d'une exposition répétée entraînant une
interférence prolongée avec des processus homéostatiques conduisant à une prolifération cellulaire
irréversible et incontrôlée. La prédiction du potentiel cancérogène des produits chimiques non
génotoxiques est compliquée par :
— la diversité des modes d'action ;
— la spécificité des tissus et des espèces ; et
— l'absence de méthodes d'essai actuellement validées.
Bien qu'une évaluation fiable consiste à réaliser un essai de cancérogénicité sur des rongeurs (voir [30],
[32], [33] et [34]), il existe de nombreux défis pratiques (voir 6.1). Par conséquent, il convient de réaliser
une évaluation des risques toxicologiques conformément à l'ISO 10993-17.
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
Si la substance n'est pas génotoxique et si les données de cancérogénicité ne sont pas disponibles, alors
une dose tolérable (TI) basée sur des données de toxicité systémique subchronique ou chronique peut
être utile pour évaluer les risques. S'il n'y a pas suffisamment de données pour établir une TI, alors le TTC
décrit dans l'ISO/TS 21726 peut être utilisé pour estimer les risques. Des publications récentes indiquent
que les TTC basés sur la classe de Cramer sont protecteurs pour les agents cancérogènes non
génotoxiques (voir [37]).
NOTE 1 Les cancérogènes non génotoxiques comportent des seuils au-dessous desquels le risque de cancer est
[36]
peu probable (ECHA 2017 ).
NOTE 2 Les approches de prédiction de la cancérogénicité non génotoxique sont activement en cours d'étude
(par exemple, [33] et [35]).
NOTE 3 Des exemples de cancérogènes non génotoxiques peuvent être trouvés dans (voir [37], matériau
supplémentaire).
7 Évaluation de la toxicité sur la reproduction et le développement
7.1 Généralités
L'évaluation de la toxicité sur la reproduction doit être prise en compte pour les dispositifs destinés à
être utilisés chez des individus en âge de reproduction dans l'une des conditions suivantes :
— les dispositifs sont en contact direct ou indirect, prolongé ou à long terme, avec des organes
reproducteurs ou des gamètes ;
— les dispositifs sont en contact in vitro, prolongé ou à long terme, avec des gamètes/tissu reproductif ;
— les dispositifs ont une utilisation prolongée ou à long terme et contiennent des substances toxiques
sur la reproduction connues ou présumées (matériaux ayant un effet néfaste connu sur la
reproduction) ;
— les dispositifs sont résorbables ou durcis in situ, et sont à proximité immédiate des organes
reproducteurs, quelle que soit la durée du contact ; ou
— les matériaux qui n'ont pas été utilisés dans un dispositif commercialisé légalement, pour un usage
similaire prévu.
NOTE 1 Le terme « matériau » désigne le matériau constitutif, les additifs prévus ou les résidus de processus, ou
une combinaison des trois.
NOTE 2 Une utilisation similaire signifie que la catégorie de la nature de contact et la catégorie de la durée de
contact sont identiques ; et le niveau de risque du dispositif est considéré comme identique ou inférieur à celui du
dispositif commercialisé légalement. Outre la catégorie de contact et la durée de contact, les facteurs
supplémentaires à prendre en compte dans la détermination du niveau de risque du dispositif incluent : le type et
la quantité de matériau, la composition du matériau, la fréquence de contact du dispositif, la nature/le degré de
contact tissulaire avec le dispositif et la population d'utilisateurs.
ISO/DIS 10993-3:2025(fr)
L'évaluation de la toxicité sur le développement doit être prise en compte pour :
— les dispositifs étant en contact direct ou indirect, prolongé ou à long terme, avec des embryons ou
des fœtus ; et
— les dispositifs destinés à une utilisation prolongée ou à long terme sur des individus dans la petite
enfance et contenant des substances toxiques connues ou présumées sur le développement [par
exemple des perturbateurs endocriniens (voir l'Annexe F) et du plomb]. Il convient également de
prendre en compte l'exposition potentielle d'un dispositif médical entrant en contact avec des
femmes allaitantes ;
— les dispositifs sont résorbables ou durcis in situ, et sont à proximité immédiate des organes
reproducteurs, quelle que soit la durée du contact ; ou
— les matériaux qui n'ont pas été utilisés dans un dispositif commercialisé légalement, pour un usage
équivalent prévu.
7.2 Méthodes d'évaluation
Il convient d'évaluer les risques
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