ISO 2415:2022

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 2415
Fourth edition
2022-07
Forged shackles for general lifting
purposes — Dee shackles and bow
shackles
Manilles forgées pour levage — Manilles droites et manilles lyres
Reference number
ISO 2415:2022(E)
© ISO 2022

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ISO 2415:2022(E)
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© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Form and dimensions . 3
4.1 Dee shackles . 3
4.2 Bow shackles . 3
4.3 Hole diameter . 5
4.4 Types of shackle pin . 5
5 Mechanical properties .7
5.1 General . 7
5.2 Deformation resistance test . 7
5.3 Breaking force . 8
5.4 Fatigue resistance . 8
6 Material. 8
6.1 General . 8
6.2 Grade . 9
6.3 Specific requirements . 9
6.4 Charpy impact test . 9
7 Heat treatment .10
7.1 Grades 6, 8 and 10 . 10
8 Workmanship .10
8.1 Manufacture. 10
9 Screw threads .11
10 Type testing .11
10.1 General . 11
10.2 Deformation resistance test . 12
10.3 Breaking force test .12
10.4 Fatigue test. 12
10.5 Charpy impact test .12
10.6 Acceptance criteria for type testing .12
10.6.1 Deformation resistance test .12
10.6.2 Static strength test and fatigue test .12
10.6.3 Charpy impact test .13
11 Manufacturing testing .13
11.1 Visual examination .13
11.2 Proof force test .13
11.3 Hardness testing . 13
11.4 Non-destructive testing . 13
12 Marking . .14
12.1 Shackle body . 14
12.2 Shackle pins . 14
13 Manufacturer’s certificate .14
14 Instructions for use . .15
Annex A (informative) Designation .16
Annex B (informative) Safe use of shackles .17
Bibliography .24
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 111, Round steel link chains, chain slings,
components and accessories, Subcommittee SC 3, Components and accessories.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 2415:2004), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— modification of the grades to 6, 8 and 10;
— corresponding adaption of preferred dimensions, heat treatment and mechanical requirements;
— selective method to ensure product material toughness; and
— including the guidance for safe use of shackles in Annex B.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 2415:2022(E)
Forged shackles for general lifting purposes — Dee
shackles and bow shackles
1 Scope
This document specifies the general characteristics of forged dee and bow shackles in a range of sizes
having working load limits from 0,5 t to 120 t and in grades 6, 8 and 10, and presents their performance
and preferred dimensions necessary for their interchangeability and compatibility with other
components for use in the temperature range of -20 °C to 200 °C.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 148-1, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 261, ISO general purpose metric screw threads — General plan
ISO 263, ISO inch screw threads — General plan and selection for screws, bolts and nuts — Diameter range
0,06 to 6 in
ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 1: General principles
ISO 9934-1, Non-destructive testing — Magnetic particle testing — Part 1: General principles
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Calibration and verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system
EN 10228-1, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Part 1: Magnetic particle inspection
EN 10228-2, Non-destructive testing of steel forgings - Part 2: Penetrant testing
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
shackle
component consisting of two readily separable parts, the body (3.2) and the pin (3.5)
3.2
body
one of the two parts of a shackle (3.1), consisting of a bar of suitable cross section formed or forged to
the appropriate shape and terminating in coaxial eyes (3.4)
3.3
crown
part of the shackle (3.1) body opposite the pin (3.5)
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
3.4
eye
boss on each end of the body (3.2) with coaxial holes through which the pin (3.5) passes
3.5
pin
straight bar of circular cross section which passes through the eye (3.4) holes and secured in a manner
that can be readily disassembled
Note 1 to entry: Some types may have additional components, for example: a nut.
3.6
dee shackle
shackle (3.1), the crown (3.3) of which forms a semicircle with an inner radius of half the width between
the eyes (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.7
bow shackle
shackle (3.1), the crown (3.3) of which forms more than a semicircle with an inner radius of more than
half the width between the eyes (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.8
breaking force
F
b
maximum force reached during a static tensile test before the assembly being tested fails to retain the
load
3.9
proof force
F
e
force applied as a test to a finished shackle (3.1)
Note 1 to entry: See Table 2.
3.10
working load limit
WLL
maximum mass a shackle (3.1) is designed to sustain in general service
3.11
working load
WL
maximum mass a shackle (3.1) may sustain in a particular stated service
3.12
finished condition
state of the surface after forging, heat treatment, machining and surface treatment
Note 1 to entry: Examples of surface treatment are descaling, electroplating, hot dip galvanizing, painting, etc.
3.13
lot
specified number of shackles (3.1) from which samples are selected for testing purposes, and which
have been manufactured from the same cast of steel and subjected to the same heat treatment process
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
3.14
grade
minimum ultimate tensile strength of the material
Note 1 to entry: See Table 4.
4 Form and dimensions
4.1 Dee shackles
The dimensions of dee shackles shall be in accordance with Figure 1 and Table 1.
Key
1 crown
2 body
3 screwed pin with eye and collar — Type W (see Figure 3)
4 eye
5 bolt-type pin with hexagon head, hexagon nut and split cotter pin — Type X (see Figure 3)
NOTE This figure is intended only to show where dimensions are measured. It does not purport to indicate
any detailed design of any part of the shackle.
Figure 1 — Dimensions of dee shackles
4.2 Bow shackles
The dimensions of bow shackles shall be in accordance with Figure 2 and Table 1.
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
Key
1 crown
2 body
3 screwed pin with eye and collar — Type W (see Figure 3)
4 eye
5 bolt-type pin with hexagon head, hexagon nut and split cotter pin — Type X (see Figure 3)
NOTE This figure is intended only to show where dimensions are measured. It does not purport to indicate
any detailed design of any part of the shackle.
Figure 2 — Dimensions of bow shackles
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Table 1 — Preferred dimensions of dee and bow shackles
Working load limit
(WLL)
d D W e S 2r
[t]
Grade Grade Grade
min. typ. max. min. typ. max. min. typ. max. min. typ. max. min. typ. min.
6 8 10
0,5 0,75 5,5 7 8 7 8 9 9,5 12 14,5 15,5 17 18,5 20 27 19
0,75 1 7 9 10 8,5 9,5 10,5 11 13,5 16 18,5 20 21,5 25 29 20
1 1,5 2 9 10 11,5 10 11 12 14 16,5 19 22 23,5 25 27 32 24
1,5 2 2,5 10,2 11 12,7 11,2 12,2 13,2 16,5 19 21,5 25 26,5 28 33 39 27
2 2,5 3,3 12,5 13,5 15 15 16 17 19 21,5 24 29,5 32 34,5 38 44 30
3,25 4 5 14 16 19 17 19 21 24 27 30 38 40 43 47 57 39
4,75 6,3 7 17,5 19 22,5 20 22 24 28,5 31,5 34,5 44 46 49 52 65 48
6,5 8,5 9,5 20,5 22 25,5 23 25 27 33,5 36,5 39,5 50 52 55 65 76 55
8,5 9,5 12,5 23 25 28 26 28 30 40 43 46 56 59 62 74 88 64
9,5 12 15 26,5 28 31,5 30 32 34 43,5 46,5 49,5 64 67 70 83 101 70
12 13,5 18 30,5 32 35,5 33 35 37 47,5 51,5 55,5 70 73 76 87 108 78
13,5 17 21 33,5 35 39,5 36 38 40 53 57 61 76 80 84 104 126 85
17 25 30 36,5 38 42,5 40 42 44 56 60 64 84 88 92 115 139 94
25 35 40 43 45 49 49 51 53 70 74 78 100 104 108 139 168 119
35 42,5 50 48 50 52 56 58 60 79 83 87 108 112 116 155 182 130
42,5 50 55 55 57 59 63 65 67 90 95 100 126 130 134 170 205 150
55 70 85 62 65 68 68 70 72 100 105 110 140 145 150 185 240 170
85 100 120 72 75 78 80 83 86 122 127 132 157 162 167 205 300 180
120 87 90 95 92 95 98 142 147 152 205 210 215 250 370 225
NOTE  Sizes, tolerances and loads in other standards are not specifically excluded by this table and can be deemed compliant.
4.3 Hole diameter
The maximum diameter of the unthreaded hole or holes in the body of the shackle shall be either 1,1 × D
or D + 1,5 mm, whichever is greater, where D is the actual pin diameter.
Holes in shackle bodies shall be generally aligned coaxially with each other and concentric to the
outside diameter of the eyes. Centre of the shackle eye and centre of the hole to be the concentric within
a tolerance of ±5 % of the nominal diameter of the shackle pin.
4.4 Types of shackle pin
The threaded shackle pins shown in Figure 3 illustrate only typical examples of pins; other suitable
forms of pins are acceptable.
The pins illustrated are of the following types:
a) Type V: screwed with eye;
b) Type W: screwed with eye and collar;
c) Type X: bolt with hexagon head, hexagon nut and a retainer, for example a split pin;
d) Type Y: countersunk and slotted head.
For the purpose of the designation system (see Annex A), all other types of pins are designated as being
of Type Z.
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
a) Type V: screwed with eye
b) Type W: screwed with eye and collar
c) Type X: bolt with hexagon head, hexagon nut and a retainer: for example, a split pin
d) Type Y: countersunk and slotted head
Figure 3 — Typical examples of shackle pin types
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
5 Mechanical properties
5.1 General
The mechanical properties of the shackles in terms of proof force and breaking force shall be as
specified in Table 2.
Table 2 — Mechanical properties
Working load limit Proof force Breaking force
(WLL) F F
e b
[t] [kN] [kN]
Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade
6 8 10 6 8 10 6 8 10
See Table 1 Min. 2 times WLL Min. number of times WLL
5 or 6 5 5
For grade 6 the breaking force shall be a minimum of 5 or 6 times WLL with the factor as classified in
Table 5.
In the tests specified in 5.2 to 5.4, the force shall be applied to the shackle axially without shock to
the crown of the body, using a test machine fixture having a dimension not greater than 60 % of the
maximum internal width of the shackle, and to the centre of the shackle pin, using a testing machine
fixture having a width not exceeding the diameter of the pin. The fixtures that are used for the
deformation resistance test, breaking force test and fatigue test shall be the same configuration.
The test machine used in the tests specified in 5.2 to 5.4 shall comply with ISO 7500-1 Class 1.
5.2 Deformation resistance test
Each shackle, when tested in accordance with 10.2, shall be capable of sustaining the manufacturing
proof force to 2 × WLL without exceeding the deformation requirement, as measured between e1 and
c, e2 and c, e1 and e2, i.e. no dimension shall alter by more than 2 % (or 0,5 mm whichever is greater),
of the initial dimension after the proof force has been applied. After removal of the test force, the pin,
when loosened, shall turn freely (see Figure 4). Small indents from the test tools are allowed.
To remove deformation due to “setting” from a real deformation result, it is allowed to apply an initial
load equal to the WLL of the shackle being tested and measure initial dimensions after release of this
first load.
Figure 4 — Positions for measuring deformation
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
5.3 Breaking force
Each shackle, when tested in accordance with 10.3, shall have a breaking force at least equal to that
specified in Table 2.
On completion of the breaking force test, the shackle shall show evidence of ductility. Dee shackles shall
have a minimum inside length increase of 5 % for grade 6 and 8, and 2 % for grade 10. Bow shackles shall
have a minimum inside length increase of 10 % for grade 6 and 8, and 5 % for grade 10. Measurements
are taken from bearing point to bearing point.
If the pin breaks, it shall show a permanent bend of not less than 20° for grades 6 and 8, and grade 10
shall show a permanent bend of not less than 10°. A shackle bow shall show a diameter reduction
(contraction) after breaking and there shall be a fine-grained structure in the fracture area.
NOTE 1 This test can be carried out on the same shackles that have been subjected to the deformation test.
NOTE 2 It is not necessary to test the shackle up to its actual breaking force for the mechanical properties
specified to be demonstrated.
5.4 Fatigue resistance
Each shackle of grade 6, 8 and 10 with a working load limit up to and including 32 t, when tested in
accordance with 10.4, shall, after at least 20 000 cycles, be capable of retaining the load.
Fatigue resistance testing may be conducted on shackles that have passed a proof load test.
6 Material
6.1 General
The steel shall be produced by an electric, or by an oxygen-blown process.
In its finished state, as supplied to the shackle manufacturer, the steel shall comply with the
requirements specified in 6.2, as determined by a cast or check analysis on the bar or on the finished
shackle.
The steel shall be fully killed, shall be suitable for forming or forging and shall be capable of being
heat treated to obtain the mechanical properties required by this document. Its content of sulfur and
phosphorus shall be restricted in accordance with Table 3.
Table 3 — Maximum sulfur and phosphorus content
Maximum mass content
Element
[%]
Cast analysis Check analysis
Sulfur 0,025 0,030
Phosphorus 0,025 0,030
The steel shall be made in conformity with fine-grain practice in order to obtain an austenitic grain size
of 5 or finer when tested in accordance with ISO 643.
NOTE This could be achieved, for example, by ensuring that the steel contains sufficient aluminium or an
equivalent element to permit the manufacture of shackles stabilized against strain-age-embrittlement during
service; a minimum value of 0,020 % of total aluminium is given for guidance.
Within the limitations specified above, it is the responsibility of the shackle manufacturer to select steel
such that the finished shackle, suitably heat-treated, complies with the requirements of the mechanical
properties specified in this document.
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
6.2 Grade
Definition of grade:
Table 4 — Material strength
Minimum ultimate tensile
strength of the material
Grade
[MPa]
6 600
8 800
10 1 000
Shackles comply with this document if the minimum ultimate tensile strength of the material in finished
condition is met in Table 4 as combined with the basic requirements of this document.
NOTE The shackle grade designation system describes the minimum required material ultimate strength
in the finished condition and does not reflect the strength of grade 6, grade 8 and grade 10 chain and chain
components of equivalent sizes (see Table 1 for shackles’ WLL).
6.3 Specific requirements
Manufacturers shall use one of three methods to insure design robustness; increased factor, a minimum
Charpy value, or alloying elements. See Table 5.
Table 5 — Specific requirements
Charpy V-notch
Minimum mass content
impact test
(in percent by mass)
at -20 °C
Grade Factor of alloy elements
as determined by cast analysis
minimum energy
[%]
[J]
Ni Cr Mo

0,4 0,4 0,15

6 - - - -
6 5 - At least two of the above elements contained.
5 20 - - -

5 - Ni and at least one of the other elements contained.
8
5 27 - - -

5 - Ni and at least one of the other elements contained.
10
5 30 - - -
NOTE Regardless of which method is used to increase product robustness, nothing precludes a manufacturer
from using Charpy testing to ensure their products material toughness and/or production control.
6.4 Charpy impact test
If Charpy test is used to insure product robustness, samples shall be tested from both shackle pins
and bodies at a temperature of -20 °C. The test temperature shall conform to the lowest application
temperature. They shall have a minimum impact value as stated in Table 5.
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ISO 2415:2022(E)
The Charpy V-notch impact test shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 148-1 on shackles of all
sizes ≥ 13 mm. The position of the notched specimen in the sample shall be as indicated in Figure 5 for
the small diameters sampled from the centre of the bar.
For tests where the size of shackle is too small to provide a suitable test piece, tests may be carried out
on sample material which shall be of the same cast and heat treatment.
Key
1 approximately 1/3 r
2 notch
Figure 5 — Position and orientation of the notched specimen in a sample
7 Heat treatment
7.1 Grades 6, 8 and 10
Shackles that are quenched and tempered shall be hardened from a temperature above the AC3 point
and tempered before being subjected to the manufacturing proof force. The tempering temperature
shall be a minimum of 400 °C.
The tempering conditions shall be at least as effective as a temperature of 400 °C maintained for a
period of 1 h.
A method of verification is that after the shackles have been re-heated to, and maintained for 1 h at a
minimum 400 °C and then cooled to room temperature, they shall conform to the mechanical properties
of Table 2.
If an alternative heat treatment method is used, the mechanical properties of Table
...