ISO/IEC 27050-1:2019

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 27050-1
Second edition
2019-11
Information technology — Electronic
discovery —
Part 1:
Overview and concepts
Technologies de l'information — Découverte électronique —
Partie 1: Aperçu général et concepts
Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2019
© ISO/IEC 2019
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ii © ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 4
5 Overall structure and overview of the ISO/IEC 27050 series . 4
6 Overview of electronic discovery . 5
6.1 Background . 5
6.2 Basic concepts . 5
6.3 Objectives of electronic discovery . 6
6.4 Electronic discovery foundation . 7
6.4.1 General. 7
6.4.2 Competency . 7
6.4.3 Candour . 7
6.4.4 Cooperation . 7
6.4.5 Completeness . 7
6.4.6 Proportionality . 7
6.5 Governance and electronic discovery . 8
6.5.1 General. 8
6.5.2 Risk and environmental factors . 8
6.5.3 Compliance and review . 8
6.5.4 Privacy and data protection . 8
6.6 ICT readiness for electronic discovery . 9
6.6.1 General. 9
6.6.2 Long-term retention of ESI . 9
6.6.3 Maintaining ESI confidentiality . 9
6.6.4 Destruction of ESI . 9
6.7 Planning and budgeting an electronic discovery project . 9
7 Electronically Stored Information (ESI) .10
7.1 Background .10
7.2 Common types of ESI .11
7.2.1 General.11
7.2.2 Active data .11
7.2.3 Inactive data . .11
7.2.4 Residual data .11
7.2.5 Legacy data .12
7.3 Common sources of ESI .12
7.3.1 General.12
7.3.2 Custodian data sources .12
7.3.3 Non-custodian data sources .12
7.3.4 Potentially excluded sources of ESI .13
7.4 ESI representations .13
7.4.1 General.13
7.4.2 Native formats .13
7.4.3 Near-native formats .14
7.4.4 Image (near-paper) formats .14
7.4.5 Hardcopy .14
7.5 Non-ESI as part of discovery .14
8 Electronic discovery process.15
8.1 Overview .15
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8.2 ESI identification .17
8.3 ESI preservation .17
8.4 ESI collection .17
8.5 ESI processing .18
8.6 ESI review .18
8.7 ESI analysis .18
8.8 ESI production .18
9 Additional considerations .19
9.1 Presentation of ESI .19
9.2 Chain of custody and provenance .19
Bibliography .20
iv © ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that
are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through
technical committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of
technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other
international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also
take part in the work.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents) or the IEC
list of patent declarations received (see http:// patents .iec .ch).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 27, Information security, cybersecurity and privacy protection.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 27050-1:2016), which has been
technically revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the titles of different parts of the ISO/IEC series have been updated;
— Clause 3 has been aligned to the Directives, Part 2.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
A list of all parts in the ISO/IEC 27050 series can be found on the ISO website.
© ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved v

Introduction
This document provides an overview of electronic discovery and describes related terminology,
concepts, and processes that are intended to be leveraged by other parts of the ISO/IEC 27050 series.
Electronic discovery often serves as a driver for investigations as well as evidence acquisition and
handling activities (covered in ISO/IEC 27037). In addition, the sensitivity and criticality of the data
sometimes necessitate protections like storage security to guard against data breaches (covered in
ISO/IEC 27040).
vi © ISO/IEC 2019 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 27050-1:2019(E)
Information technology — Electronic discovery —
Part 1:
Overview and concepts
1 Scope
Electronic discovery is the process of discovering pertinent Electronically Stored Information (ESI)
or data by one or more parties involved in an investigation or litigation, or similar proceeding. This
document provides an overview of electronic discovery. In addition, it defines related terms and
describes the concepts, including, but not limited to, identification, preservation, collection, processing,
review, analysis, and production of ESI. This document also identifies other relevant standards (e.g.
ISO/IEC 27037) and how they relate to, and interact with, electronic discovery activities.
This document is relevant to both non-technical and technical personnel involved in some or all of the
electronic discovery activities.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 27000, Information technology — Security techniques — Information security management
systems — Overview and vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 27000 and the
following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
chain of custody
demonstrable possession, movement, handling, and location of material from one point in time
until another
3.2
custodian
person or entity that has custody, control or possession of Electronically Stored Information (3.9)
3.3
data breach
compromise of security that leads to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration,
unauthorized disclosure of, or access to protected data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 27040:2015, 3.7]
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3.4
discovery
process by which each party obtains information held by another party or non-party concerning a matter
Note 1 to entry: Discovery is applicable more broadly than to parties in adversarial disputes.
Note 2 to entry: Discovery is also the disclosure of hardcopy documents, Electronically Stored Information (3.9)
and tangible objects by an adverse party.
Note 3 to entry: In some jurisdictions, the term disclosure is used interchangeably with discovery.
3.5
disposition
range of processes associated with implementing records retention, destruction or transfer decisions
which are documented in disposition authorities (3.6) or other instruments
[SOURCE: ISO 15489-1:2016, 3.8]
3.6
electronic archive
long-term repository of Electronically Stored Information (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Electronic archives can be online, and therefore accessible, or off-line and not easily accessible.
Note 2 to entry: Backup systems (e.g. tape, virtual tape, etc.) are not intended to be electronic archives, but rather
data protection systems (i.e. recovery mechanisms for disaster recovery and business continuity).
3.7
electronic discovery
discovery (3.4) that includes the identification, preservation, collection, processing, review, analysis, or
production of Electronically Stored Information (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: Although electronic discovery is often considered a legal process, its use is not limited to the
legal domain.
3.8
Electronically Stored Information
ESI
data or information of any kind and from any source, whose temporal existence is evidenced by being
stored in or on any electronic medium
Note 1 to entry: ESI includes traditional e-mail, memos, letters, spreadsheets, databases, office documents,
presentations and other electronic formats commonly found on a computer. ESI also includes system, application
and file-associated metadata (3.19) such as timestamps, revision history, file type, etc.
Note 2 to entry: Electronic medium can take the form of, but is not limited to, storage devices and storage
elements.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 27040:2015, 3.16]
3.9
ESI analysis
element of an electronic discovery (3.8) process focused on evaluating Electronically Stored Information
(3.9) for content and context to identify facts, relationships, key patterns, and other features that can
lead to improved understanding of an ESI (3.9) corpus
Note 1 to entry: Content and context can include key patterns, topics, people and discussions.
3.10
ESI collection
element of an electronic discovery (3.8) process focused on gathering Electronically Stored Information
(3.9) and other related material
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3.11
ESI identification
element of an electronic discovery (3.8) process focused on locating potential sources and the criteria
for selecting potentially relevant Electronically Stored Information (3.9)
3.12
ESI preservation
element of an electronic discovery (3.8) process focused on maintaining Electronically Stored Information
(3.9) in its original or existing state
Note 1 to entry: In some matters or jurisdictions, there can be requirements to prevent spoliation (3.21) of
Electronically Stored Information (3.9).
3.13
ESI processing
element of an electronic discovery (3.8) process focused on extracting Electronically Stored Information
(3.9) and converting it, if necessary, to forms more suitable for ESI review (3.16) and ESI analysis (3.10)
3.14
ESI production
element of an electronic discovery (3.8) process focused on delivering or making available Electronically
Stored Information (3.9)
Note 1 to entry: ESI production can also include getting Electronically Stored Information (3.9) in appropriate
forms and using appropriate delivery mechanisms.
Note 2 to entry: ESI production can be to any person or organization.
3.15
ESI review
element of an electronic discovery (3.8) process focused on screening Electronically Stored Information
(3.9) based on specific criteria
Note 1 to entry: In some matters or jurisdictions, Electronically Stored Information that is considered privileged
can be excluded from production.
3.16
investigation
systematic or formal process of inquiring into or researching, and examining facts or materials
associated with a matter
Note 1 to entry: Materials can take the form of hardcopy documents or Electronically Stored Information (3.9).
3.17
legal hold
process of suspending the normal disposition (3.5) or processing of records and Electronically Stored
Information (3.9) as a result of current or anticipated litigation, audit, government investigation or
other such matters
Note 1 to entry: The issued communication that implements the legal hold can also be called a “hold,”
“preservation order,” “preservation notice,” “suspension order,” “freeze notice,” “hold order,” or “hold notice.”
3.18
metadata
data that defines and describes other data
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 11179-1:2015, 3.2.16]
3.19
provenance
information that documents the origin or source of Electronically Stored Information (3.9), any changes
that have taken place since it was originated, and who has had custody of it since it was originated
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3.20
sanitize
render access to target data on storage media infeasible for a given level of effort
Note 1 to entry: Clear, purge, and destruct are actions that can be taken to sanitize storage media.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 27040:2015, 3.38]
3.21
storage
device, function, or service supporting data entry and retrieval
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 27040:2015, 3.43]
3.22
spoliation
act of making or allowing a change to or destruction of Electronically Stored Information (3.9) where
there is a requirement to keep it intact
Note 1 to entry: Spoliation can take the form of ESI destruction, corruption, or alteration of the ESI or associated
metadata (3.19) as well as rendering ESI unavailable (e.g. due to encryption with no access to the decryption key,
loss of media, under the control of a third party, etc.).
3.23
store
record data on volatile storage or non-volatile storage
Note 1 to entry: Non-volatile storage refers to storage that retains its contents even after power is removed,
while volatile storage refers to storage that fails to retain its contents after power is removed.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC 27040:2015, 3.50, modified — Note 1 to entry has been added.]
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
CD compact disc
DVD digital versatile disc
EDMS electronic document management system
ERMS electronic records management system
ICT information and communications technology
NAS network attached storage
OCR optical character recognition
PII personally identifiable information
RAM random access memory
5 Overall structure and overview of the ISO/IEC 27050 series
The ISO/IEC 27050 series is organized to address various stakeholders' needs with regards to electronic
discovery. The initial structure of the ISO/IEC 27050 series is as follows:
— This document addresses general ESI and electronic discovery terminology and concepts as well as
describing the electronic discovery process elements. It is intended to serve a broad audience and
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to be a foundational source of information on electronic discovery. It does not include any guidance
or requirements.
— ISO/IEC 27050-2 focuses on the governance and management aspects of electronic discovery
that are relevant to the governing body or senior management of an organization. The provided
guidance can help an organization align its electronic discovery process with the six principles of
good governance described in ISO/IEC 38500.
— ISO/IEC 27050-3 provides requirements and guidance for personnel involved in some or all of the
electronic discovery activities. Supplemental materials are included to help practitioners understand
the objectives of each electronic discovery process element and the associated considerations,
which can help these individuals determine the relevance of each process element and to assist in
avoid failures that can increase risks and expenses.
NOTE Additional parts can be added to the ISO/IEC 27050 series as necessary.
6 Overview of electronic discovery
6.1 Background
Electronic discovery is increasingly important, both within organizations and in the legal systems
of some jurisdictions. This trend is expected to continue as more and more electronic records and
information (or ESI) are created, modified, manipulated, used, and ultimately destroyed without ever
taking on a physical form (e.g. a printed document). The emergence of ESI as the preferred representation
of information is introducing new challenges associated with locating the ESI, handling massive
quantities of data, preservation and retention of ESI, authenticity, data integrity, data confidentiality,
data or media sanitization, etc. While electronic discovery needs and responses vary by matter, failure
to appropriately handle the electronic discovery process in view of the context of a particular matter
can result in rework, unnecessary costs, possible sanctions, and legal liabilities.
ISO/IEC 27050 (all parts) addresses these challenges by:
— promoting a common approach, understanding, and language for electronic discovery;
— encouraging practical and cost-effective discovery by those tasked with managing ESI through the
process;
— identifying competency areas for those involved in electronic discovery;
— promoting consideration of the proactive use of technology, in reducing costs and risks, while
increasing efficiencies throughout the discovery process; and
— suggesting ways of avoiding inadvertent disclosures of potentially privileged, confidential, or
sensitive ESI.
The overriding goal is to help organizations plan for and meet their electronic discovery objectives and
obligations, if any, commensurate with the needs of each particular matter.
6.2 Basic concepts
It is useful to consider in advance the following electronic discovery issues. The significance of these
issues and the need to address them vary by matter and need to be calibrated to the needs of the matter:
— scope of electronic discovery;
— governance and management of electronic discovery;
— establishing responsibilities for each aspect of an electronic discovery project;
— identification of systems holding potentially relevant ESI;
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— identification of potentially relevant ESI;
— developing appropriate documentation throughout the electronic discovery process;
— anticipated costs and their proposed allocation;
— preservation of ESI, including the legal hold process;
— disclosure of information on the ESI storage methods, hardware, and software;
— collection/acquisition of ESI;
— processing of ESI;
— review and analysis of ESI;
— production of ESI including the form of production.
Those engaging in electronic discovery have many influencing factors specific to the context. Cost can
be significant among these. The primary cost drivers include:
— collection: finding and retrieving the potentially relevant ESI;
— volume: the raw quantity of ESI to be collected, processed, or reviewed;
— number of sources: the number of custodians, enterprise systems, and external systems and
applications under the control of the entity involved in the collection of ESI can increase exponentially
the amount of time and effort involved;
— human competencies: the need for qualified people who can perform the functions needed for
effective data retrieval, handling, searching, and final review for relevance, privilege, and review
for classification (e.g. relevance, privilege, trade secret, confidentiality or special treatment); these
competencies can include information technology, computer technology, statistics, search sciences,
and law;
— case complexity: simple cases can require a limited scope and review process, but more complex
cases can involve elaborate document review strategies and processes.
The time it takes to find and retrieve ESI, the volume of ESI, the number of sources subject to an
ESI investigation and, ultimately, the acceptance of that ESI as reliable in a legal proceeding or ESI
investigation, are intimately tied to the practices and policies an organization has put in place to address
the management of ESI throughout its life cycle in the organization. Organizations that build electronic
discovery readiness into their comprehensive information governance structures prior to engaging
in electronic discovery are likely to more efficiently and cost-effectively meet the requirements of
electronic discovery. ISO/IEC 27050-2 provide specific guidance for doing so.
6.3 Objectives of electronic discovery
Objectives of electronic discovery vary by matter. As adjusted for each matter, the objectives can include
the following:
— comply with confidentiality, data privacy, and other restrictions on data access, use, handling, or
transfer imposed by applicable laws, regulations, rules, and expectations;
— identify potentially relevant sources of ESI;
— properly preserve and retain potentially relevant ESI;
— process relevant ESI into a format that facilitates its efficient searching or review;
— minimize the potential of failing to designate as responsive ESI that is responsive;
— minimize the potential of designating as responsive ESI that is not responsive;
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— minimize the potential of failing to designate for withholding or special treatment responsive ESI
that qualifies for withholding or special treatment;
— minimize the potential of designating for withholding or special treatment responsive ESI that does
not qualify for withholding or special treatment;
— produce responsive ESI in a form that is useable by the requesting party;
— consider the proportionality of the response in the context of the matter and the costs;
— utilize technology in order to reduce risks and costs throughout the project.
6.4 Electronic discovery foundation
6.4.1 General
Electronic discovery often involves parties with conflicting interests and, in a worst-case scenario, they
can be adversarial parties. Electronic discovery can be key to resolving a conflict or matter, but only
when it is conducted on a foundation that facilitates a measure of trust.
For electronic discovery, this foundation includes adequately addressing competency, candour,
cooperation, completeness, and proportionality issues that can require the reconciliation of the
requirements of electronic discovery with the requirements of other processes, values or principles.
6.4.2 Competency
Given the complexities associated with electronic discovery, it is important that the individuals
engaging in the electronic discovery process have the relevant technical or legal competencies. They
potentially need to be able to demonstrate that they are properly trained and have sufficient technical
or legal understanding to handle ESI appropriately and to execute the electronic discovery process on
behalf of a party.
6.4.3 Candour
The parties conducting electronic discovery are expected to adhere to the applicable standards of
professionalism and ethical conduct. In some jurisdictions, this means the parties have an obligation
to correct and supplement the record (e.g. additional disclosures or to amend prior responses). In
addition, purposeful sluggishness in executing the electronic discovery process needs to be avoided by
all parties involved.
6.4.4 Cooperation
Cooperation on issues relating to the preservation, collection, search, review, and production of ESI
can be expected in courts of some jurisdictions and, in such courts, cooperation typically does not
compromise representation of a client. In addition, in the context of litigation, cooperation in reasonably
limiting ESI discovery requests, on the one hand, and in reasonably responding to ESI discovery
requests, on the other hand, can reduce costs and delays. Cooperative exchanges of information at the
earliest stages of discovery can be useful as appropriate.
6.4.5 Completeness
The objective of a producing party is to retrieve and produce a set of (non-privileged) ESI that
represents, under the specific circumstances of the matter, a complete and accurate production.
6.4.6 Proportionality
With the explosive growth of ESI, there are increased concerns over how to best address the costs
and burdens associated with the discovery process. One approach to address this problem is to take
steps to help ensure that the benefits of discovery be commensurate with the corresponding burdens.
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The burdens of electronic discovery can be varied including, but not limited to, disruption of business
operations, financial cost, or intrusions on individual privacy.
6.5 Governance and electronic discovery
6.5.1 General
ISO/IEC 38500 sets out six principles for good governance of ICT that are associated with responsibility,
strategy, acquisition, performance, conformance, and human behaviour. Each principle is expressed
as a preferred behaviour to guide decision making (i.e. each principle refers to what is expected to
happen, but does not prescribe how, when or by whom the principles would be implemented, as these
aspects are dependent on the nature of the organization implementing the principles). Governing
bodies are encouraged to require that these principles are applied, and as a result, they can be assisted
in managing risks and encouraging the exploitation of opportunities arising from the use of ICT.
According to ISO/IEC 38500, good governance of ICT also assists governing bodies in assuring
conformance with obligations (regulatory, legislation, common law, contractual) concerning the
acceptable use of ICT.
The general topic of governance, as it relates to electronic discovery, is addressed in ISO/IEC 27050-2,
but 6.5 highlights some of the more important elements to help draw attention to the issues.
6.5.2 Risk and environmental factors
Electronic discovery has the potential of exposing an organization or its governing bodies to causes of
failure that can have detrimental effects. Governance can help avoid negative consequences that can
take the form of:
— breaches of privacy, health and safety, record keeping legislation and regulations;
— non-compliance with standards relating to security, social responsibility; and
— matters relating to intellectual property rights including licensing agreements.
Avoiding negative consequences associated with these failures requires awareness and mitigations that
cover the electronic discovery process as well as things such as inadequate ICT systems and improper
or inappropriate use of ICT.
6.5.3 Compliance and review
Many organizations are faced with compliance issues that originate from statutory, regulatory, legal,
or other requirements. These requirements can be the reason that an organization undertakes an
electronic discovery activity, but more likely, they have an impact on how the electronic discovery
process is carried out. For example, there can be restrictions on who can see the ESI, how the ESI is
transmitted or stored, and specific retention or destruction issues. It is important to ensure that the
electronic discovery process takes into account the relevant compliance requirements.
6.5.4 Privacy and data protection
Besides regulatory restrictions and compliance issues as mentioned in 6.5.3, it is important to be aware
of some privacy limitations on the use of custodian data (see also ISO/IEC 29100). In particular, there
can be some restrictions on personally identifiable information (PII) at custodian data sources that
need to be considered as part of ESI management.
When electronic discovery involves PII in some jurisdictions, there can be severe restrictions on what
can be done with it (e.g. it cannot be transported across borders). Even without such restrictions,
additional data protection measures are often necessary to protect confidentiality and guard against
data breaches.
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6.6 ICT readiness for electronic discovery
6.6.1 General
Throughout the electronic discovery process, the parties involved in a matter are gathering, handling,
and manipulating ESI. Often, this ESI has been extracted from a computing or storage environment
that is specifically designed to protect it. Similar protections can be needed for the ESI that has been
removed or copied from these environments.
6.6.2 Long-term retention of ESI
Electronic discovery is commonly employed early in litigation, audit, government investigation or
other such matters. While the matter proceeds, the parties need to retain the associated ESI in such
a way that it continues to be available and its integrity is maintained. Adequate disaster recovery and
business continuity measures along with common data protection mechanisms (e.g. backups) can be
important elements of a retention program for ESI.
It is important to consider the timeframes involved when making decisions about long-term retention
of ESI. There are significant differences between the approaches for retaining ESI for a few weeks
or months versus retaining ESI for decades (e.g. complex civil litigation that goes through multiple
appeals) in electronic archives.
An additional consideration is whether data protection and privacy requirements affect how long
personal data may be retained and if the matter requires normal data retention periods to be suspended.
This can vary significantly between jurisdictions.
6.6.3 Maintaining ESI confidentiality
ESI often contains proprietary, privileged, and sensitive information that needs to be handled and
stored in a way that protects the confidentiality of the information. Failure to adequately control
sensitive ESI can result in serious repercussions if there is a data breach.
Depending on the sensitivity of the ESI, security measures such as data in motion and data at rest
encryption along with the corresponding key management are likely to be needed.
6.6.4 Destruction of ESI
When ESI is no longer needed, it is important to eliminate it in a way that avoids data breaches. This
typically means that the logical storage or the storage media used to retain the ESI has to be properly
sanitized (e.g. cleared using overwrite techniques or cryptographic erase).
6.7 Planning and budgeting an electronic discovery project
The varied drivers behind an electronic discovery project make it difficult to plan such a project many
months in advance. As such, they are typically managed on an individual basis, which can increase costs
significantly. Regardless of the urgency of the request, as with any project, time invested in planning at
the outset typically saves significant time and costs later in the project. This is especially so, as many of
the steps in a typical electronic discovery project are disproportionately expensive to repeat at a later
stage. For example, if the production structure and format are not agreed on in advance of the review,
and families of ESI or hardcopy documents are not marked consistently, then it can cause the review to
have to be partially repeated.
An important early step is to establish an electronic discovery project team that, at a minimum, includes
a project sponsor and manager from the business/organization, a project manager from the legal or
investigative team, and a project manager from the ICT perspective. This triangle of communication
between the business/organization, the legal/investigators, and the ICT team is vital to a successful
project.
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Also, an early step is the establishment of an electronic discovery project plan, with as much detail as
possible. As with any project plan, the electronic discovery plan needs to contain the project milestones
(e.g. identification, preservation/collection, processing, review, analysis, production, and possibly
presentation), the individual steps required at each stage, and the individual assignments at each step.
Given the costs involved in a typical electronic discovery project, preparing and monitoring a detailed
budget from the outset are an important consideration. This budget needs to take into account the
diverse disciplines on the electronic discovery team and the fact that they can consist of internal
and external counsel, as well as internal and external ICT or electronic discovery consultants. It is
important to include a budget for each electronic discovery process element of the plan, and in some
cases, each step of each process element, so that it is possible to determine if the proposed approach is
proportionate to the matter at hand.
NOTE While the description in 6.5 is more oriented towards large enterprises involved in large matters and
may not be fully applicable to smaller organizations or smaller matters, the points being made are still relevant
for consideration.
7 Electronically Stored Information (ESI)
7.1 Background
ESI is now an integral part of both business and individual environments. Consequently, it forms an
increasingly important source of relevant materials in modern disputes or matters.
ESI is worthy of considera
...