ISO/TR 16144:2002
(Main)Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of liquid automatic particle counters — Procedures used to certify the standard reference material SRM 2806
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of liquid automatic particle counters — Procedures used to certify the standard reference material SRM 2806
ISO/TR 16144:2002 describes the procedures used by the United States National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) for the certification of the calibration material SRM 2806, which is used in the primary calibration of liquid automatic particle counters. SRM 2806 is a suspension of ISO MTD in hydraulic fluid with a number size distribution certified using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and image analysis techniques.
Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques de particules en suspension dans les liquides — Procédures utilisées pour certifier le matériau de référence normalisé SRM 2806
L'ISO/TR 16144 décrit les procédures utilisées par le National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) des États-Unis pour la certification du matériau d'étalonnage SRM 2806, qui est utilisé pour l'étalonnage primaire des compteurs automatiques de particules en suspension dans les liquides. Le SRM 2806 est une suspension d'ISO MTD dans un fluide hydraulique avec une distribution granulométrique en nombre certifiée à l'aide d'un microscope électronique à balayage (MEB) et de techniques d'analyse d'image.
Fluidna tehnika - Hidravlika - Kalibriranje naprav za avtomatsko štetje delcev, izločenih v tekočinah - Uporabljeni postopki za certificiranje standardnih referenčnih materialov po SRM 2806
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2003
)OXLGQDWHKQLND+LGUDYOLND.DOLEULUDQMHQDSUDY]DDYWRPDWVNRãWHWMHGHOFHY
L]ORþHQLKYWHNRþLQDK8SRUDEOMHQLSRVWRSNL]DFHUWLILFLUDQMHVWDQGDUGQLK
UHIHUHQþQLKPDWHULDORYSR650
Hydraulic fluid power -- Calibration of liquid automatic particle counters -- Procedures
used to certify the standard reference material SRM 2806
Transmissions hydrauliques -- Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques de particules en
suspension dans les liquides -- Procédures utilisées pour certifier le matériau de
référence normalisé SRM 2806
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO/TR 16144:2002
ICS:
23.100.60 )LOWULWHVQLODLQ Filters, seals and
RQHVQDåHYDQMHWHNRþLQ contamination of fluids
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 16144
First edition
2002-09-15
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of
liquid automatic particle counters —
Procedures used to certify the standard
reference material SRM 2806
Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques
de particules en suspension dans les liquides — Procédures utilisées pour
certifier le matériau de référence normalisé SRM 2806
Reference number
©
ISO 2002
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not
be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this
file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this
area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters
were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event
that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2002
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body
in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.ch
Web www.iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction. v
1 Scope. 1
2 Equipment and material. 1
2.1 Test powder . 1
2.2 Test fluid. 1
2.3 Sample preparation loop . 2
2.4 Membrane preparation equipment . 2
2.5 Scanning electron microscope and image analyser .2
3 Equipment validation. 3
3.1 Sample preparation validation. 3
3.2 Microscope calibration validation . 4
3.3 Membrane preparation validation. 4
3.4 Membrane and SRM 2806 stability testing . 6
4 Test procedure . 6
4.1 Calibration suspension preparation SRM 2806 . 6
4.2 Membrane preparation. 7
4.3 Membrane examination and particle counting. 7
5 Data processing . 11
Bibliography. 16
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is
normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority
vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature
and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Technical Report may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 16144 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 131, Fluid power systems, Subcommittee SC 6,
Contamination control.
iv © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Solid particulates are a major contributor to wear in hydraulic systems. The fluid power industry, the aerospace
industry and the military sector utilize optical automatic particle counter (APC) technologies to assess the level of
hydraulic oil contamination by suspended particulate. The amount of contamination is often related to the integrity
of the system and the usage of the fluid. APCs are also employed in various oil filter testing operations by the
[1]1)
manufacturers and the users. The standard method ISO 4402 has been used for nearly 30 years to calibrate
optical particle counters in terms of particle size as a function of particle concentration.
The calibration material used in ISO 4402:1991 is Air Cleaner Fine Test Dust (ACFTD) produced in the past by a
division of General Motors Corporation. This material consists of a polydisperse dust having the largest number of
particles, as indicated in ISO 4402:1991, with the size range of 1 µm to 80 µm diameter (particle concentration
increases with decreasing diameter). There is a low concentration of particles reported to extend out to
approximately 100 µm. Some problems have arisen with the use of ACFTD in such calibration procedures. Firstly,
there has been ongoing concern that the particle size distribution is not accurate in the small particle size regime
[2], [3], [4], [5]
(< 10 µm) of the distribution . Many researchers have noted that there are more sub-10 µm particles in
ACFTD than reported by ISO 4402:1991. Secondly, but not less importantly, the production of ACFTD has been
discontinued by the supplier.
Thus there is a need to investigate, design and devise a new standard method (Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration
[6]
method for liquid automatic particle counters) using a new Standard Reference Material (SRM) . The National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was requested to develop an SRM for use by the fluid power
industry. Users will benefit from improved precision since there is a central source of only one material and
[7]
increased accuracy resulting from the size characterization . The new SRM, designated as SRM 2806, is
composed of ISO Medium Test Dust (ISO MTD) suspended in MIL-H-5606 hydraulic fluid. The number of particles
per millilitre greater than specified sizes has been determined for this material.
1) Cancelled in 1999 and replaced by ISO 11171:1999.
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16144:2002(E)
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of liquid automatic particle
counters — Procedures used to certify the standard reference
material SRM 2806
1 Scope
This Technical Report describes the procedures used by the United States National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) for the certification of the calibration material SRM 2806, which is used in the primary calibration
of liquid automatic particle counters.
SRM 2806 is a suspension of ISO MTD in hydraulic fluid with a number size distribution certified using a scanning
electron microscope (SEM) and image analysis techniques.
2 Equipment and material
2.1 Test powder
2.1.1 Standard reference material SRM 2806
The particulate material used is a silica powder made from Arizona desert sand by jet milling and then air
classifying to a consistent particle size distribution. Several grades with different size ranges are available and their
[8]
properties are specified in ISO 12103-1 .
The powder used to prepare SRM 2806 is an ISO 12103-A3 grade, also called ISO MTD, with supplier batch
number 4390C.
2.1.2 Reference materials RM 8631 and RM 8632
Reference materials RM 8631 and RM 8632 are composed of ISO MTD and ISO ultra fine test dust lot numbers
4390C (same lot as the SRM 2806) and 4476 J, respectively. These RMs provide materials to make secondary
[9] [10]
standards used in support of ISO 11171 and SRM 2806 . The RM was received in 3,6 kg bottles. This dust
was dried and spin-riffled into 147 aliquots, each of 20 mg. The material was examined for homogeneity using
optical particle counters after suspension in clean oil.
2.2 Test fluid
Test fluid in which ISO MTD is suspended is a hydraulic fluid widely used worldwide for filter testing. This oil is
defined in American national standards as MIL-H 5606 and in French national standards as AIR 3520, and in the
NATO specification H 515.
[11]
Its physical-chemical properties are defined in annex A of ISO 16889:1999 .
To ease particle dispersion, a small quantity (50 µg/g) of an antistatic agent is added to the oil so that its
conductivity is 1 500 pS/m ± 100 pS/m.
2.3 Sample preparation loop
In view of supplying worldwide demand for several years with the SRM 2806 (supplied in bottles of 400 ml), it was
necessary to prepare and store a great number of bottles for further sales.
Because of the settling velocity of the larger silica grains, a special mixing loop was built with mechanical and
hydraulic components which were used to eliminate grinding the powder in suspension. It was designed according
[12]
to the recommendations of ISO 11943 .
To guarantee bottle sample homogeneity, a supplementary volume of oil was necessary to allow sampling of
control bottles used as described in 3.1.2.
The schematic of the sample preparation loop is given in Figure 1.
Key
1 Fluid reservoir (200 l)
2 Circulating pump
3 Clean-up filter
4 Sampling tap
Figure 1 — Schematic of calibration suspension preparation loop
2.4 Membrane preparation equipment
Particles are filtered on 25 mm diameter polycarbonate membranes, 0,2 µm pore diameter using the equipment
[13]
commonly used for determining hydraulic fluid particulate contamination by gravimetry according to ISO 4405 or
[14]
by microscopic counting according to ISO 4407 .
2.5 Scanning electron microscope and image analyser
The scanning electron microscope used to examine particles is a JEOL 840. The images were produced by
electron backscattering and collected on a MicroVax and analysed using LISPIX, a public domain image
processing software developed at NIST. LISPIX currently runs on a
...
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 16144
First edition
2002-09-15
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of
liquid automatic particle counters —
Procedures used to certify the standard
reference material SRM 2806
Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques
de particules en suspension dans les liquides — Procédures utilisées pour
certifier le matériau de référence normalisé SRM 2806
Reference number
©
ISO 2002
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but shall not
be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In downloading this
file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat accepts no liability in this
area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation parameters
were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In the unlikely event
that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2002
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic
or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO's member body
in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.ch
Web www.iso.ch
Printed in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword . iv
Introduction. v
1 Scope. 1
2 Equipment and material. 1
2.1 Test powder . 1
2.2 Test fluid. 1
2.3 Sample preparation loop . 2
2.4 Membrane preparation equipment . 2
2.5 Scanning electron microscope and image analyser .2
3 Equipment validation. 3
3.1 Sample preparation validation. 3
3.2 Microscope calibration validation . 4
3.3 Membrane preparation validation. 4
3.4 Membrane and SRM 2806 stability testing . 6
4 Test procedure . 6
4.1 Calibration suspension preparation SRM 2806 . 6
4.2 Membrane preparation. 7
4.3 Membrane examination and particle counting. 7
5 Data processing . 11
Bibliography. 16
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO
member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO technical
committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been established has
the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards adopted
by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when a technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is
normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide by a simple majority
vote of its participating members to publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature
and does not have to be reviewed until the data it provides are considered to be no longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Technical Report may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/TR 16144 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 131, Fluid power systems, Subcommittee SC 6,
Contamination control.
iv © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Solid particulates are a major contributor to wear in hydraulic systems. The fluid power industry, the aerospace
industry and the military sector utilize optical automatic particle counter (APC) technologies to assess the level of
hydraulic oil contamination by suspended particulate. The amount of contamination is often related to the integrity
of the system and the usage of the fluid. APCs are also employed in various oil filter testing operations by the
[1]1)
manufacturers and the users. The standard method ISO 4402 has been used for nearly 30 years to calibrate
optical particle counters in terms of particle size as a function of particle concentration.
The calibration material used in ISO 4402:1991 is Air Cleaner Fine Test Dust (ACFTD) produced in the past by a
division of General Motors Corporation. This material consists of a polydisperse dust having the largest number of
particles, as indicated in ISO 4402:1991, with the size range of 1 µm to 80 µm diameter (particle concentration
increases with decreasing diameter). There is a low concentration of particles reported to extend out to
approximately 100 µm. Some problems have arisen with the use of ACFTD in such calibration procedures. Firstly,
there has been ongoing concern that the particle size distribution is not accurate in the small particle size regime
[2], [3], [4], [5]
(< 10 µm) of the distribution . Many researchers have noted that there are more sub-10 µm particles in
ACFTD than reported by ISO 4402:1991. Secondly, but not less importantly, the production of ACFTD has been
discontinued by the supplier.
Thus there is a need to investigate, design and devise a new standard method (Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration
[6]
method for liquid automatic particle counters) using a new Standard Reference Material (SRM) . The National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) was requested to develop an SRM for use by the fluid power
industry. Users will benefit from improved precision since there is a central source of only one material and
[7]
increased accuracy resulting from the size characterization . The new SRM, designated as SRM 2806, is
composed of ISO Medium Test Dust (ISO MTD) suspended in MIL-H-5606 hydraulic fluid. The number of particles
per millilitre greater than specified sizes has been determined for this material.
1) Cancelled in 1999 and replaced by ISO 11171:1999.
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 16144:2002(E)
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of liquid automatic particle
counters — Procedures used to certify the standard reference
material SRM 2806
1 Scope
This Technical Report describes the procedures used by the United States National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) for the certification of the calibration material SRM 2806, which is used in the primary calibration
of liquid automatic particle counters.
SRM 2806 is a suspension of ISO MTD in hydraulic fluid with a number size distribution certified using a scanning
electron microscope (SEM) and image analysis techniques.
2 Equipment and material
2.1 Test powder
2.1.1 Standard reference material SRM 2806
The particulate material used is a silica powder made from Arizona desert sand by jet milling and then air
classifying to a consistent particle size distribution. Several grades with different size ranges are available and their
[8]
properties are specified in ISO 12103-1 .
The powder used to prepare SRM 2806 is an ISO 12103-A3 grade, also called ISO MTD, with supplier batch
number 4390C.
2.1.2 Reference materials RM 8631 and RM 8632
Reference materials RM 8631 and RM 8632 are composed of ISO MTD and ISO ultra fine test dust lot numbers
4390C (same lot as the SRM 2806) and 4476 J, respectively. These RMs provide materials to make secondary
[9] [10]
standards used in support of ISO 11171 and SRM 2806 . The RM was received in 3,6 kg bottles. This dust
was dried and spin-riffled into 147 aliquots, each of 20 mg. The material was examined for homogeneity using
optical particle counters after suspension in clean oil.
2.2 Test fluid
Test fluid in which ISO MTD is suspended is a hydraulic fluid widely used worldwide for filter testing. This oil is
defined in American national standards as MIL-H 5606 and in French national standards as AIR 3520, and in the
NATO specification H 515.
[11]
Its physical-chemical properties are defined in annex A of ISO 16889:1999 .
To ease particle dispersion, a small quantity (50 µg/g) of an antistatic agent is added to the oil so that its
conductivity is 1 500 pS/m ± 100 pS/m.
2.3 Sample preparation loop
In view of supplying worldwide demand for several years with the SRM 2806 (supplied in bottles of 400 ml), it was
necessary to prepare and store a great number of bottles for further sales.
Because of the settling velocity of the larger silica grains, a special mixing loop was built with mechanical and
hydraulic components which were used to eliminate grinding the powder in suspension. It was designed according
[12]
to the recommendations of ISO 11943 .
To guarantee bottle sample homogeneity, a supplementary volume of oil was necessary to allow sampling of
control bottles used as described in 3.1.2.
The schematic of the sample preparation loop is given in Figure 1.
Key
1 Fluid reservoir (200 l)
2 Circulating pump
3 Clean-up filter
4 Sampling tap
Figure 1 — Schematic of calibration suspension preparation loop
2.4 Membrane preparation equipment
Particles are filtered on 25 mm diameter polycarbonate membranes, 0,2 µm pore diameter using the equipment
[13]
commonly used for determining hydraulic fluid particulate contamination by gravimetry according to ISO 4405 or
[14]
by microscopic counting according to ISO 4407 .
2.5 Scanning electron microscope and image analyser
The scanning electron microscope used to examine particles is a JEOL 840. The images were produced by
electron backscattering and collected on a MicroVax and analysed using LISPIX, a public domain image
processing software developed at NIST. LISPIX currently runs on any computer.
2 © ISO 2002 – All rights reserved
3 Equipment validation
3.1 Sample preparation validation
3.1.1 General
Quality assurance for both production and testing was developed by a task force composed of North American
members from two filter manufacturers, a particle counter manufacturer, an independent laboratory and NIST. APC
measurements were made by both the independent laboratory and NIST, with NIST performing the data analysis.
3.1.2 Homogeneity testing/batch screening
An experimental sampling design was developed and implemented at NIST to measure the bottle-to-bottle
homogeneity and, at the same time, to identify possible systematic errors in the instrumental measurements. In the
production process, four bottles (a, b, c, d) were filled at any one time. There were 320 bottles per batch and
bottles were numerically labelled sequentially from 1 (a, b, c, d), 2 (a, b, c, d), ., to 80 (a, b, c, d) as they were
produced. Selected bottles from each batch were tested for homogeneity at both the independent laboratory and
NIST using APCs with extinction sensors calibrated according to ISO 4402:1991. Four bottles (a, b, c, d) were
sampled and analysed from appro
...
RAPPORT ISO/TR
TECHNIQUE 16144
Première édition
2002-09-15
Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage
des compteurs automatiques de particules
en suspension dans les liquides —
Procédures utilisées pour certifier le
matériau de référence normalisé SRM 2806
Hydraulic fluid power — Calibration of liquid automatic particle counters —
Procedures used to certify the standard reference material SRM 2806
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2002
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© ISO 2002
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque
forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit de l'ISO à
l'adresse ci-après ou du comité membre de l'ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax. + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.ch
Web www.iso.ch
Imprimé en Suisse
ii © ISO 2002 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos . iv
Introduction. v
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Équipement et matériau. 1
2.1 Poudre d'essai. 1
2.2 Fluide d'essai. 1
2.3 Boucle de préparation des échantillons. 2
2.4 Appareillage pour la préparation des membranes . 2
2.5 Microscope électronique à balayage et analyseur d'image. 2
3 Validation de l'équipement. 3
3.1 Validation de la préparation des échantillons. 3
3.2 Validation de l'étalonnage du microscope . 4
3.3 Validation de la préparation de la membrane . 5
3.4 Membrane et essai de stabilité du SRM 2806. 7
4 Protocole d'essai. 7
4.1 Préparation de la suspension d'étalonnage SRM 2806. 7
4.2 Préparation de la membrane. 7
4.3 Examen de la membrane et comptage des particules . 8
5 Traitement des données. 12
Bibliographie. 19
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée aux
comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du comité
technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en
liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission
électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 3.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur publication
comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres votants.
Exceptionnellement, lorsqu'un comité technique a réuni des données de nature différente de celles qui sont
normalement publiées comme Normes internationales (ceci pouvant comprendre des informations sur l'état de la
technique par exemple), il peut décider, à la majorité simple de ses membres, de publier un Rapport technique.
Les Rapports techniques sont de nature purement informative et ne doivent pas nécessairement être révisés avant
que les données fournies ne soient plus jugées valables ou utiles.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent Rapport technique peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne pas
avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO/TR 16144 a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 131, Transmissions hydrauliques et pneumatiques,
sous-comité SC 6, Contrôle de la contamination.
iv © ISO 2002 – Tous droits réservés
Introduction
Dans les systèmes hydrauliques, la contribution des particules solides à l'usure est importante. L'industrie des
transmissions hydrauliques, l'industrie aérospatiale et le secteur militaire utilisent les technologies des compteurs
optiques automatiques de particules (CAP) pour évaluer le degré de contamination de l'huile hydraulique par des
particules en suspension. L'importance de la contamination est souvent liée à l'intégrité du système et à l'utilisation
du fluide. Les CAP sont également employés dans divers essais de filtres à huile par leurs fabricants et leurs
[1]1)
utilisateurs. La méthode normalisée ISO 4402:1991 a été utilisée pendant près de 30 ans pour étalonner des
compteurs optiques de particules en termes de granulométrie en fonction de la concentration des particules.
Le matériau d'étalonnage utilisé dans l'ISO 4402:1991 est de la fine poudre d'essai pour épurateur d'air (ACFTD)
que produisait un département de l'entreprise General Motors. Ce matériau est constitué d'une poudre
polydispersée ayant le plus grand nombre de particules, comme indiqué dans l'ISO 4402:1991, dans la plage de
dimensions allant de 1 µm à 80 µm de diamètre (la concentration des particules augmente avec la diminution du
diamètre). Au-delà d'environ 100 µm, on observe une faible concentration de particules. L'emploi de l'ACFTD a
parfois posé des problèmes d'étalonnage à ces dimensions. Le premier sujet de préoccupation récurrent a été le
manque d'exactitude de la distribution granulométrique dans le domaine de faible granulométrie (< 10 µm) de la
[2], [3], [4], [5]
distribution . De nombreux chercheurs ont noté qu'il y a dans l'ACFTD plus de particules inférieures à
10 µm qu'indiqué dans l'ISO 4402:1991. Second facteur, non moins important, le fournisseur a cessé de produire
l'ACFTD.
Il a été jugé indispensable de produire une nouvelle méthode normalisée (Transmissions hydrauliques —
Étalonnage des compteurs automatiques de particules en suspension dans les liquides) utilisant un nouveau
[6]
matériau de référence normalisé (SRM) . Il a été demandé au National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) d'élaborer un SRM à utiliser par le secteur des transmissions hydrauliques. Les utilisateurs y gagneront en
précision, le matériau unique ayant une provenance unique, et l'exactitude étant accrue du fait de la caractérisation
[7]
des dimensions . Le nouveau SRM nommé le SRM 2806, est composé d'un matériau de référence normalisé
(ISO MTD) en suspension dans un fluide hydraulique MIL-H 5606. Le nombre de particules par millilitre supérieur
aux dimensions spécifiées a été déterminé pour ce matériau.
1) Annulée en 1999 et remplacée par l'ISO 11171:1999.
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE ISO/TR 16144:2002(F)
Transmissions hydrauliques — Étalonnage des compteurs
automatiques de particules en suspension dans les liquides —
Procédures utilisées pour certifier le matériau de référence
normalisé SRM 2806
1 Domaine d'application
Le présent Rapport technique décrit les procédures utilisées par le National Institute of Standards and Technology
(NIST) des États-Unis pour la certification du matériau d'étalonnage SRM 2806, qui est utilisé pour l'étalonnage
primaire des compteurs automatiques de particules en suspension dans les liquides.
Le SRM 2806 est une suspension d'ISO MTD dans un fluide hydraulique avec une distribution granulométrique en
nombre certifiée à l'aide d'un microscope électronique à balayage (MEB) et de techniques d'analyse d'image.
2 Équipement et matériau
2.1 Poudre d'essai
2.1.1 Matériau de référence normalisé SRM 2806
Le matériau particulaire utilisé est une poudre de silice obtenue par broyage au jet de sable du désert d'Arizona,
soumise ensuite à une classification par air pour donner une distribution granulométrique cohérente. Il existe
[8]
plusieurs qualités de poudre selon leur granulométrie, et leurs propriétés sont spécifiées dans l'ISO 12103-1 .
La poudre utilisée pour préparer le SRM 2806 est une poudre ISO 12103-A3, également appelée ISO MTD;
numéro de lot du fournisseur 4390C.
2.1.2 Matériaux de référence RM 8631 et RM 8632
Les matériaux de référence RM 8631 et RM 8632 sont composés d'ISO MTD et de poudre d'essai ISO ultra-fine,
numéro de lot 4390C (même lot que le SRM 2806) et 4476 J, respectivement. Ces matériaux de référence (MR)
[9]
servent de matériaux pour la préparation des étalons secondaires utilisés à l'appui de l'ISO 11171 et du
[10]
SRM 2806 . Le MR a été reçu en bouteilles de 3,6 kg. La poudre a été séchée et fractionnée en 147 aliquotes de
20 g chacun. L'homogénéité du matériau a été examinée à l'aide de compteurs optiques de particules après mise
en suspension dans une huile propre.
2.2 Fluide d'essai
Le fluide d'essai dans lequel l'ISO MTD est mis en suspension est un fluide hydraulique largement utilisé dans le
monde entier pour les essais de filtres. Cette huile est définie dans les normes nationales américaine comme la
MIL-H 5606 et française AIR 3520, ainsi que dans la spécification de l'OTAN H 515.
[11]
Ses propriétés physico-chimiques sont définies dans l'annexe A de l'ISO 16889:1999 .
Pour faciliter la dispersion des particules, une faible quantité (50 µg/g) d'agent antistatique est ajoutée à l'huile de
façon que sa conductivité résiduelle soit de 1 500 pS/m ± 100 pS/m.
2.3 Boucle de préparation des échantillons
Compte tenu de la demande mondiale de SRM 2806 (livré en flacons de 400 ml) pendant de nombreuses années,
il a été nécessaire de préparer et de stocker un grand nombre de flacons pour les ventes ultérieures.
En raison de la vitesse de sédimentation des gros grains de silice, une boucle de mélange spéciale a été réalisée,
avec des composantes mécaniques et hydrauliques utilisées afin d'éliminer les particules en suspension broyées.
[12]
Sa conception suit les recommandations de l'ISO 11943 .
Pour garantir l'homogénéité de l'échantillon d'un flacon à l'autre, un volume supplémentaire d'huile a été
nécessaire pour l'échantillonnage des flacons de contrôle utilisés comme décrit en 3.1.2.
Le schéma de la boucle de préparation des échantillons est représenté à la Figure 1.
2.4 Appareillage pour la préparation des membranes
Les particules sont filtrées sur des membranes de polycarbonate de 25 mm de diamètre, de diamètre de pore
0,2 µm, au moyen de l'appareillage communément utilisé pour déterminer la contamination particulaire des fluides
[13] [14]
hydrauliques par la méthode gravimétrique de l'ISO 4405 ou par comptage au microscope selon l'ISO 4407
2.5 Microscope électronique à balayage et analyseur d'image
Le microscope électronique à balayage (MEB) utilisé pour examiner les particules est un modèle JEOL 840. Les
images ont été produites par rétrodiffusion électronique, recueillies sur un MicroVax et analysées avec LISPIX,
logiciel de traitement de données du domaine public développé au NIST. LISPIX fonctionne actuellement sur
n'importe qu
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