ISO 17677-1:2021

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17677-1
NORME
Third edition
Troisième édition
INTERNATIONALE
2021-02
Resistance welding — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Spot, projection and seam welding
Soudage par résistance —
Vocabulaire —
Partie 1:
Soudage par points, par bossages et à
la molette
Widerstandsschweißen — Begriffe —
Teil 1:
Punkt-, Buckel- und
Rollennahtschweißen
Reference number
Numéro de référence
ISO 17677-1:2021(E/F)
©
ISO 2021

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ISO 17677-1:2021(E/F)

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© ISO 2021
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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved/Tous droits réservés

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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 Welding and testing procedures . 1
3.2 Hardware and tools . 3
3.3 Welding process and parameters. 4
3.4 Measurements and values . 9
Bibliography .27
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 44, Welding and allied processes,
Subcommittee SC 6, Resistance welding and allied mechanical joining, in collaboration with the European
Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/TC 121, Welding and allied processes,
in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 17677-1:2019), of which it constitutes a
minor revision. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the terms and definitions of ISO 14329 have been implemented;
— editorial changes have been made.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
Official interpretations of ISO/TC 44 documents, where they exist, are available from this page: https://
committee .iso .org/ sites/ tc44/ home/ interpretation .html.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17677-1:2021(E)
Resistance welding — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Spot, projection and seam welding
1 Scope
This document establishes a vocabulary of terms and definitions for resistance spot welding, projection
welding and seam welding.
NOTE In addition to terms used in English and French, two of the three official ISO languages, this document
gives the equivalent terms in German; these are published under the responsibility of the member body for
Germany (DIN). However, only the terms and definitions given in the official languages can be considered as ISO
terms and definitions.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Welding and testing procedures
3.1.1
chisel test
test in which a chisel is driven between the sheets near to adjacent welds until either fracture occurs or
until the metal near the weld yields or bends
3.1.2
cross tension test
tensile test of a resistance welded specimen to determine the mechanical properties and failure mode
of the weld
3.1.3
cross-wire welding
projection welding (3.1.11) of crossed wires or rods
3.1.4
direct welding
resistance welding secondary circuit variant in which welding current and electrode force (3.3.5) are
applied to the workpieces by directly opposed electrodes (3.2.1) and only one weld is made by one
welding operation
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 12 for typical arrangements.
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.1.5
indirect welding
resistance welding secondary circuit variant in which the welding current flows through the workpieces
in locations away from, as well as at, the welds
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 13 for typical arrangements.
3.1.6
multiple impulse welding
welding with more than one impulse
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 4 to 7 for related time and electrode force (3.3.5) diagrams.
3.1.7
multiple spot welding
spot welding in which two or more welds are made simultaneously in one welding operation
Note 1 to entry: Examples are parallel spot welding (3.1.8) and series spot welding (3.1.14).
3.1.8
parallel spot welding
resistance welding secondary circuit variant in which the secondary current is divided in parallel
electrical paths to make two or more welds simultaneously
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 11 a).
3.1.9
peel test
destructive test in which a resistance-welded lap joint is tested by applying a peel force which results in
stresses mainly in the thickness direction of the weld
3.1.10
pillow test
destructive test in which internal pressure is applied in order to test for leaks and the strength of a
seam weld
3.1.11
projection welding
resistance welding in which the resulting welds are localized at predetermined points by projections,
embossments or intersections, concentrating force and current by their geometry
Note 1 to entry: The projections are raised on, or formed from, one or more of the faying surfaces (3.3.16) and
collapse during welding.
3.1.12
resistance spot welding
resistance welding process producing a weld at the faying surfaces (3.3.16) between overlapping parts
by the heat obtained from resistance to the flow of welding current through the workpieces from the
electrodes (3.2.1) serving to concentrate the welding current and pressure at the weld area
3.1.13
seam welding
resistance welding in which force is applied continuously and current is applied continuously or
intermittently to produce a linear weld, the workpieces being between two electrode wheels (3.2.5) or
an electrode wheel and an electrode bar
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.1.14
series spot welding
resistance welding secondary circuit variant in which the secondary current is conducted through the
workpieces and electrodes (3.2.1) in a series electrical path to simultaneously form multiple resistance
spot, seam or projection welds
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 1 and 11 b).
3.1.15
roll spot welding
resistance welding process variant that produces intermittent spot welds using one or more rotating
circular electrodes
Note 1 to entry: The rotation of the electrodes (3.2.1) may or may not be stopped during the making of a weld.
3.1.16
shunt weld
first weld on a series of spot welds, which acts as a shunt
3.1.17
tensile shear test
test in which a lap-welded specimen is subjected to a tensile force with the aim of determining the
mechanical properties of the specimen
3.1.18
stitch welding
spot welding in which successive welds overlap
3.2 Hardware and tools
3.2.1
electrode
resistance welding electrode
component of the electrical circuit that supplies electrical power and applies electrode force (3.3.5) to
the workpiece
EXAMPLE Rotating wheel, rotating roll, bar, cylinder, plate, clamp, chuck, variations thereof.
3.2.1.1
angled electrode
bent electrode
electrode for spot or stitch welding (3.1.18) whose electrode working face (3.2.6) is not normal to the
mounting axis
3.2.1.2
contact electrode
resistance welding electrode (3.2.1) designed to conduct secondary current through a workpiece without
making a weld
3.2.1.3
offset electrode
eccentric electrode
electrode for spot or stitch welding (3.1.18) whose electrode working face (3.2.6) is not concentric with
the axis of the electrode adaptor (3.2.2)
3.2.2
electrode adaptor
shank
device used to attach an electrode (3.2.1) to an electrode holder (3.2.4)
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.2.3
electrode cap
replaceable electrode (3.2.1) tip used in resistance spot welding (3.1.12)
3.2.4
electrode holder
device holding a welding electrode (3.2.1)
3.2.5
electrode wheel
seam welding wheel
rotating resistance welding electrode (3.2.1) of ring or disc shape
3.2.6
electrode working face
end of a resistance welding electrode (3.2.1) in contact
with the workpiece
3.2.7
welding head
device comprising the force generation and guiding system, carrying an electrode holder (3.2.4), platen
or electrode wheel (3.2.5)
3.3 Welding process and parameters
3.3.1
chill time
quench time
period of time between the end of the weld current and the start of post-heat current during which no
current flows and the weld is cooled by the electrodes (3.2.1)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.
3.3.2
cool time
pause time
time interval between successive heat times in multiple impulse welding (3.1.6) or seam welding (3.1.13)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 4 and 7.
3.3.3
current delay time
time interval between reaching set force and initiation of current flow
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 3.
3.3.4
current-off time
period of time between the cessation of current in one welding cycle (3.3.43) and the beginning of
current in the next one
3.3.5
electrode force
force applied by the electrodes to the workpieces
Note 1 to entry: See welding force (3.3.44).
3.3.6
welding electrode force
electrode force applied during weld time (3.3.40)
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.3.7
forging electrode force
forge force
electrode force applied in the forge force time
3.3.8
dynamic electrode force
electrode force applied during the actual welding cycle (3.3.43)
3.3.9
static electrode force
electrode force with no current flowing and no movement in the welding machine
3.3.10
theoretical electrode force
force, neglecting friction and inertia, available at the electrodes of a resistance welding machine by
virtue of the initial force and the theoretical mechanical properties of the system
3.3.11
electrode force programme
predetermined sequence of changes of force during welding
3.3.12
electrode force and current programme
predetermined sequence of changes of force and current during the welding cycle (3.3.43)
3.3.13
electrode movement during welding
physical displacement of electrodes (3.2.1) due to thermal expansion, shrinkage and indentation
during welding
3.3.14
electrode skidding
lateral movement of the electrodes (3.2.1) relative to the surface of the workpieces during the
welding process
3.3.15
electrode stroke
physical movement of electrodes (3.2.1) in the electrode axis during the welding cycle (3.3.43)
3.3.16
faying surface
mating surface of a workpiece in contact with another workpiece to which it is to be joined
3.3.17
force application time
total time of the application of force by the electrodes (3.2.1) to the workpiece in a welding cycle (3.3.43)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
3.3.18
force fall time
time between the start of force decrease to zero force
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
3.3.19
force maintenance time
time in the welding cycle (3.3.43) during which a force is maintained at a predetermined level, excluding
the force rise time (3.3.20) and force fall time (3.3.18)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.3.20
force rise time
time between the start of a force increase and the application of the predetermined force
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
3.3.21
electrode force time
force time
time during which the force is built up and applied
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
3.3.22
forge time
time of increased force applied during or after the passage of the
welding current
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 6.
3.3.23
head approach time
time of movement of the electrode (3.2.1) from the rest position to contact with the workpiece
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
3.3.24
head return time
time of electrode return from contact with the workpiece to the rest position
3.3.25
heat-affected zone
HAZ
portion of non-melted parent metal whose microstructure has been affected by the heat of welding
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 25901-1:2016, 2.1.2.2, modified — “by the heat of welding” has been added to the
definition and Note 1 to entry has been added.]
3.3.26
heat time
duration of any one impulse in multiple impulse welding (3.1.6) or resistance seam welding (3.1.13)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 4 to 7.
3.3.27
hold time
duration of electrode force (3.3.5) after cessation of current flow
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
3.3.28
off-time
force set off-time
time after hold time until next start of working cycle
Note 1 to entry: See actual force off-time (3.3.29).
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.3.29
actual force off-time
actual off-time
measured period of time between two successive welding cycles (3.3.43) when no electrode force (3.3.5)
is being applied to the workpiece
Note 1 to entry: See off-time (3.3.28).
Note 2 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
3.3.30
opposing forces
forces tending to separate the electrodes, such as from a mismatch of workpieces, spring back,
sealants, etc.
Note 1 to entry: See welding force (3.3.44).
3.3.31
post-heat time
temper time
time following the chill time (3.3.1) during which a current is passed through the weld for heat treatment
or improvement of weld microstructure
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 5 and 6.
3.3.32
preheat time
duration of preheating current flow applied before the welding current
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 5 and 6.
3.3.33
expulsion
splash
spatter
flash
metal particles expelled between the faying surfaces (3.3.16) of the components or between the
components and electrodes during resistance spot welding (3.1.12), projection welding (3.1.11) or seam
welding (3.1.13)
3.3.34
squeeze time
set time between the initiation of the welding cycle (3.3.43) and first application of current
Note 1 to entry: See actual squeeze time (3.3.35).
Note 2 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
3.3.35
actual squeeze time
actual time between the initiation of the welding cycle (3.3.43) and first application of current
Note 1 to entry: See squeeze time (3.3.34).
Note 2 to entry: The time and electrode force (3.3.5) diagrams of Figures 3 to 8 show squeeze time.
3.3.36
time base
time expressed in cycles of the power supply frequency or in milliseconds
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.3.37
upslope
controlled continuous increase of the current from a predetermined value or zero during a set time period
Note 1 to entry: See down slope (3.3.38).
3.3.38
down slope
controlled continuous decrease of the current until a predetermined value or zero is reached during a
set time period
Note 1 to entry: See upslope (3.3.37).
3.3.39
weld contact area
area in the faying surface (3.3.16) through which welding current passes from one component to another
during resistance welding
3.3.40
weld time
duration of continuous flow of welding current
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
3.3.41
welding current programme
predetermined sequence of changes of current
3.3.42
welding cycle time
time required to complete a welding cycle (3.3.43), excluding the time for positioning the electrodes (3.2.1)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
3.3.43
welding cycle
sequence of operations carried out by the machine to make a weld and return the
electrodes (3.2.1) to their initial position
3.3.44
welding force
force acting on the faying surfaces (3.3.16), resulting from the electrode force (3.3.5) and any opposing
forces (3.3.30), e.g. spring back of the workpieces, and the geometry of the parts
3.3.45
welding force programme
predetermined sequence of changes of force
3.3.46
work clearance stroke
physical displacement of electrodes (3.2.1), which allows them to move from one welding position to
the next
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 8.
3.3.47
working cycle time
duration of a succession of operations carried out by a machine or gun for the making of a weld,
including the return to the initial position
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 3 to 7.
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.3.48
working stroke
minimum movement of the electrodes (3.2.1) during the welding cycle (3.3.43)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 8.
3.3.49
maximum stroke
high lift stroke
retract stroke
maximum electrode (3.2.1) stroke
3.4 Measurements and values
3.4.1
corona bond area
area surrounding the nugget (3.4.11) at the faying surfaces (3.3.16) in which only solid phase bonding
has occurred
3.4.2
corona bond diameter
d
c
mean diameter of the corona bond area (3.4.1)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 2 and 9.
3.4.3
current pass area
area through which current passes from an electrode (3.2.1) to the workpiece, smaller than the electrode
working face (3.2.6) and which varies during the welding operation
3.4.4
duty cycle
X
c
percentage of time during a specified period when a power source or its accessories can be operated at
rated output without overheating
()t
∑
on
Note 1 to entry: X = ×100%
c
t
sp
where t is the heat time, and t is the specific period.
on sp
3.4.5
electrode indentation
spot or seam weld depression formed on the surface of workpieces by electrodes (3.2.1)
3.4.6
electrode indentation depth
e , e
u l
maximum depth of the electrode indentation (3.4.5) measured in the direction of the electrode force (3.3.5)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.4.7
electrode indentation diameter
d , d
eu el
diameter of the electrode indentation (3.4.5)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
Note 2 to entry: If possible the mean value should be used.
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.4.8
electrode life
number of acceptable spot welds or length of weld seam that can be made with an electrode without
any redressing or replacement of the electrode
3.4.9
electrode service life
electrode production life
number of acceptable spot welds or length of weld seam that can be made with an electrode (3.2.1)
before the electrode is no longer useable
3.4.10
electrode misalignment
unintentional offset between the axes of the electrodes (3.2.1)
3.4.11
nugget
zone in spot, projection or seam weld where the metal has been melted
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.4.12
nugget penetration
p p
l, u
maximum penetration of the nugget (3.4.11) into the upper or lower workpiece, measured perpendicular
to the faying surface(s) (3.3.16) of the workpieces
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.4.13
nugget thickness
p
maximum thickness of the nugget (3.4.11) in two or more sheets
measured perpendicular to the faying surface(s) (3.3.16) of the workpieces
Note 1 to entry: For two sheets, p = p + p ; see Figure 2.
l u
3.4.14
nugget overlap
o
length of common area between two adjacent overlapping seam weld nuggets (3.4.11)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 14.
Note 2 to entry: The area contains the portion of the preceding weld nugget remolten by the succeeding weld.
3.4.15
seam weld width
width of the weld metal in the plane of the faying surfaces (3.3.16) in a direction normal to the
longitudinal axis of the linear seam weld
3.4.16
seam weld nugget length
d
l
length of individual weld nugget (3.4.11) in the seam welding (3.1.13) direction
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.4.17
sheet separation
x
gap between the faying surfaces (3.3.16) measured at a distance of 0,5 d from the edge of the nugget
n
(3.4.11)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.4.18
throat area
region bounded by the physical components of the secondary circuit of the welding machine
3.4.19
width of seam weld electrode indentation
width of the electrode indentation (3.4.5) measured in a direction normal to the longitudinal axis of the
linear seam weld
3.4.20
weld diameter
d
w
mean diameter of fused zone at faying surface (3.3.16) after destructive testing without metallurgical
examination
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 10.
3.4.21
nugget diameter
d
n
diameter of nugget (3.4.11) measured at the faying surface (3.3.16) by metallurgical examination
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.4.22
plug diameter
d
p
mean diameter of the plug measured after destructive testing
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 10.
3.4.23
plug
button
part of a spot weld, which tears out during destructive testing
Note 1 to entry: It may include all or part of the nugget, the heat-affected zone and base metal.
Note 2 to entry: A hole is left in the mating sheet(s).
3.4.24
interface failure
fracture through the weld nugget along the faying surface (3.3.16)
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 9 and 15.
Note 2 to entry: If less than approximately 20 % of the mating sheet thickness is removed, the fracture is still
interfacial.
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.4.25
plug failure
button pull
failure mode of a weld, where separation occurs through base metal or the heat-affected zone (3.3.25) of
the weld, resulting in a plug (3.4.23) on one sheet and a hole in the other sheet
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 10 and 15.
3.4.26
partial thickness failure
failure mode of a weld where parts of the nugget and/or parent metal are pulled out of the mating
sheets without leaving a through hole
Note 1 to entry: See Figures 15 and 16.
Note 2 to entry: The portion removed must be more than 20 % of the mating sheet thickness, otherwise the
fracture is interfacial. In all cases of partial thickness failures a cavity is left in the mating sheet wherever there
is no through thickness hole from a button plug pull.
Note 3 to entry: In case of having a fracture along the boundary between the weld nugget (3.4.11) and the heat-
affect zone the fracture is called a dome failure.
3.4.27
mixed failure mode
failure mode of a spot weld where two or three different failure modes are combined
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 17.
Note 2 to entry: The three different failure modes are the interface failure (3.4.24), the plug failure (3.4.25) and
the partial thickness failure (3.4.26).
3.4.28
fused area
area of the weld at the faying surface (3.3.16) after destructive testing in case of interface failure
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 9.
3.4.29
solid phase joint
forged joint formed without melting
3.4.30
asymmetrical weld
elongated or oval welds in spot or projection welding (3.1.11)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 10.
3.4.31
minimum seam weld width
w
min
minimum width of the seam weld width (3.4.15) along the longitudinal direction
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 18.
3.4.32
brazed area
area over which the bond is formed between the coatings only
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 19.
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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

3.4.33
brazed zone diameter
d
sb
diameter of the brazed area (3.4.32) measured in the plane of the
weld at the faying surface (3.3.16)
Note 1 to entry: The mean value should be used (see Figure 19).
3.4.34
distance between nugget centres
a
distance between the centres of two adjacent nuggets (3.4.11)
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 16.
Note 2 to entry: The position of the nugget centre normally corresponds with the position of maximum nugget
penetration.
3.4.35
heat-affected zone diameter
d
HAZ
diameter of the heat-affected zone (3.3.25) measured on a macro- or microsection
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.4.36
heat-affected zone penetration
P , P
HAZ,u HAZ,l
maximum size of the heat-affected zone (3.3.25) in the thickness direction of each sheet
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.4.37
maximum thickness of seam weld
p
max
maximum thickness of the nugget (3.4.11) in the thickness direction
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 14.
3.4.38
minimum thickness of seam weld
p
min
minimum thickness of the nugget (3.4.11) in the thickness direction
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 14.
Note 2 to entry: It is usually achieved in the overlap area.
Note 3 to entry: The minimum nugget thickness can be measured in discontinuous seam and roll spot welds but
the ability to do so in continuous seam and roll spot welds depends on the weld condition and metal.
3.4.39
plug failure in parent metal
button pull in parent metal
special case of plug failure (3.4.25) where the failure occurs through the base metal, resulting in a
greater plug diameter than the nugget diameter which would be measured in a cross section
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 20.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 13

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ISO 17677-1:2021(E)

Key
1 electrode
2 workpiece
3 current flow
4 copper packing piece
Figure 1 — Examples of series spot welding
14 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

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