IEC TR 62669:2026

IEC TR 62669 ®
Edition 3.0 2026-08
TECHNICAL
REPORT
Case studies supporting IEC 62232 - Determination of RF field strength, power
density and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication base stations for the
purpose of evaluating human exposure

ICS 13.280; 17.240 ISBN 978-2-8327-1414-0

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CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 15
INTRODUCTION . 17
1 Scope . 18
2 Normative references . 18
3 Terms and definitions . 18
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 35
4.1 Physical quantities . 35
4.2 Constants . 36
4.3 Abbreviated terms. 36
5 General . 38
5.1 Overview of case studies . 38
5.2 Terminology related to measurement survey implementation . 40
6 Small cells product compliance assessment using SAR measurements . 41
6.1 General content . 41
6.2 Case study A: indoor small cell . 41
6.2.1 General description . 41
6.2.2 Technical description of the EUT . 41
6.2.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 42
6.2.4 Technical outcome . 43
6.3 Case study B: outdoor small cell . 44
6.3.1 General description . 44
6.3.2 Technical description of the EUT . 45
6.3.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 45
6.3.4 Technical outcome . 46
6.4 Lessons learned . 47
7 Street cell with omnidirectional antenna product compliance assessment using

SAR measurements and power density spatial averaging. 47
7.1 General content . 47
7.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 47
7.2.1 Evaluation process . 47
7.2.2 Methodology . 48
7.2.3 Reporting . 48
7.3 Technical outcome . 49
7.4 Comparative study . 49
7.4.1 Comparison process. 49
7.4.2 Comparison of spatial average field strength and SAR results . 49
7.5 Lessons learned . 50
8 Macro BS with massive MIMO product compliance assessment . 50
8.1 General content . 50
8.2 Technical description of the EUT . 51
8.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 52
8.3.1 Evaluation process . 52
8.3.2 Methodology . 53
8.3.3 Reporting . 54
8.4 Technical outcome . 54
8.5 Lessons learned . 54
9 Wireless link with parabolic dish antenna product compliance assessment . 55
9.1 General content . 55
9.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 56
9.2.1 Evaluation process . 56
9.2.2 Methodology . 56
9.2.3 Reporting . 57
9.3 Technical outcome . 57
9.4 Lessons learned . 58
10 Small cell product installation compliance assessment using simplified installation
criteria . 58
10.1 General content . 58
10.2 Case study A. 58
10.2.1 General description . 58
10.2.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 59
10.2.3 Technical outcome . 60
10.3 Case study B. 60
10.3.1 General description . 60
10.3.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 61
10.3.3 Technical outcome . 61
10.4 Lessons learned . 61
11 Macro site with massive MIMO product installation compliance assessment . 62
11.1 General content . 62
11.2 Case study A. 62
11.2.1 General description . 62
11.2.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 63
11.2.3 Technical outcome . 64
11.3 Case study B. 66
11.3.1 General description . 66
11.3.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 67
11.3.3 Technical outcome . 69
11.4 Lessons learned . 71
12 General implementation of the actual maximum approach . 72
12.1 General content . 72
12.2 Case Study A . 72
12.2.1 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 72
12.2.2 Verification of actual EIRP control on operational sites . 72
12.3 Case study B. 75
12.3.1 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 75
12.3.2 Verification of actual EIRP control on one operational site . 76
12.4 Lessons learned . 77
13 Power or EIRP control features validation case studies . 78
13.1 General content . 78
13.2 Case study A. 78
13.2.1 General description . 78
13.2.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 78
13.2.3 Technical outcome . 81
13.3 Case study B. 85
13.3.1 General description . 85
13.3.2 In-situ validation of MCF in a MU-MIMO scenario . 85
13.3.3 Technical outcome . 88
13.4 Case study C . 88
13.4.1 General description . 88
13.4.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 88
13.4.3 Technical outcome . 91
13.5 Lessons learned . 93
14 Small cell site in-situ exposure measurements . 94
14.1 General description . 94
14.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 for measurement Campaign A . 95
14.2.1 Evaluation process . 95
14.2.2 Methodology . 96
14.2.3 Reporting . 97
14.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 for measurement Campaign B . 97
14.3.1 General description . 97
14.3.2 Case B (comprehensive exposure evaluation) . 98
14.3.3 Reporting . 98
14.4 Lessons learned . 98
15 Millimetre-wave (FR2) small cell site in-situ exposure assessment . 99
15.1 General description . 99
15.2 Test campaign A: indoor installation in an entrance hall of an office building . 99
15.2.1 Evaluation site . 99
15.2.2 Evaluation process . 100
15.2.3 Methodology . 100
15.2.4 In-situ measurements with emulated BS load profile using frequency
spectrum measurement . 103
15.2.5 Measurement method using a dedicated NR decoder and extrapolation . 104
15.2.6 Reporting . 105
15.2.7 Technical outcome . 105
15.3 Test campaign B: indoor installation in an operating theatre . 106
15.3.1 Evaluation site . 106
15.3.2 Evaluation process . 107
15.3.3 Methodology . 107
15.3.4 Technical outcome . 109
15.4 Test campaign C: outdoor installation . 112
15.4.1 Evaluation site . 112
15.4.2 Evaluation process . 113
15.4.3 Methodology . 114
15.4.4 Reporting . 115
15.4.5 Technical outcome . 116
15.5 Test campaign D: in-situ measurement at a residential apartment with
5G millimetre-wave fixed wireless access from rooftop small cell . 118
15.5.1 Evaluation site . 118
15.5.2 Evaluation process . 120
15.5.3 Methodology . 120
15.5.4 Reporting . 122
15.5.5 Technical outcome . 122
15.6 Test campaign E: in-situ measurement case study . 124
15.6.1 Product configurations . 124
15.6.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 124
15.6.3 Technical outcome . 126
15.7 Test campaign F: comparative study about in-situ measurements in NLoS
and LoS conditions . 128
15.7.1 General content . 128
15.7.2 Evaluation process . 128
15.7.3 Technical outcome . 131
15.8 Lessons learned . 131
16 Macro site in-situ measurements . 132
16.1 General content . 132
16.2 Case study A. 132
16.2.1 General description . 132
16.2.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 133
16.2.3 Technical outcome . 134
16.3 Case study B. 134
16.3.1 General description . 134
16.3.2 Measurement equipment. 135
16.3.3 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 136
16.3.4 BS site A . 137
16.3.5 BS site B . 142
16.3.6 Technical outcome . 145
16.4 Case study C . 145
16.4.1 General description . 145
16.4.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 145
16.4.3 Technical outcome . 150
16.5 Case study D . 151
16.5.1 General description . 151
16.5.2 Implementation of IEC 62232:2025 . 151
16.5.3 Technical outcome . 155
16.5.4 Discussion and next step . 156
16.6 Lessons learned . 157
16.7 Discussion about time averaging . 157
16.8 Discussion about spatial averaging . 158
17 NR FR1 extrapolation for in-situ RF exposure assessment . 158
17.1 General description of case studies . 158
17.2 Measurement campaigns A and B . 159
17.2.1 General. 159
17.2.2 Evaluation sites . 159
17.2.3 Evaluation process . 161
17.2.4 Methodology . 161
17.2.5 Reporting . 162
17.2.6 Technical outcome . 167
17.3 Measurement campaign C . 167
17.3.1 General description . 167
17.3.2 Evaluation site(s) . 167
17.3.3 Evaluation process . 169
17.3.4 Methodology . 170
17.3.5 Technical outcome . 174
17.4 Measurement campaign D . 177
17.4.1 Description of evaluation sites . 177
17.4.2 Evaluation process . 181
17.4.3 Methodology . 181
17.4.4 Technical outcome . 187
17.5 Lessons learned . 190
18 Macro site in-situ measurements using drones . 191
18.1 General content . 191
18.2 Implementation . 191
18.2.1 Evaluation system . 191
18.2.2 Evaluation process and methodology . 192
18.2.3 Reporting . 192
18.3 Technical outcome . 193
18.4 Lessons learned . 193
19 Emerging laboratory measurement methods for product compliance assessments . 193
19.1 General description . 193
19.2 Evaluation of wbSAR from BSs operating at frequencies above 6 GHz by
means of reverberation chamber measurements . 194
19.2.1 Methodology . 194
19.2.2 Validation . 197
19.2.3 Example. 197
19.2.4 Lessons learned . 199
19.3 Measurements of absorbed power density from BSs by means of an over-
the-air augmented technique . 200
19.3.1 Methodology . 200
19.3.2 Validation . 201
19.3.3 Example. 203
19.3.4 Lessons learned . 206
Annex A (informative) Technical information supporting the case study "Small cell
product installation compliance assessment using simplified installation criteria" (Case
study A in Clause 10) . 207
A.1 3GPP categories of BSs . 207
A.2 E0 installation class case study – Touch compliant . 207
A.3 E2 installation class case study . 208
A.4 E10 installation class case study . 208
A.5 E100 installation class case study . 210
A.6 E+ installation class case study . 211
Annex B (informative) Technical information supporting the case study "Macro site
with massive MIMO product installation compliance assessment" (case study A in
Clause 11) . 214
B.1 Description of the site . 214
B.2 Description of the EUT . 215
B.3 Evaluation procedure . 216
B.4 Calculations . 216
B.5 Interpretation of the results . 219
Annex C (informative) Technical information supporting the introduction of the actual
maximum approach . 220
C.1 Rationale and technical background . 220
C.2 Actual EIRP evaluation assumptions . 222
C.3 Calculation of the actual power per segment. 225
C.4 Modelling studies on F . 227
PR
C.5 Experimental studies on F . 230
PR
C.6 Configurations with multiple transmitters . 232
C.6.1 Guiding principles for configurations with multiple transmitters . 232
C.6.2 Rationale . 232
C.6.3 Power combination factors applicable to configurations with multiple
transmitters . 234
C.7 Modelling case studies . 236
C.7.1 Modelling case study A . 236
C.7.2 Modelling case study B . 238
C.7.3 Modelling case study C . 240
Annex D (informative) Technical information supporting the case study "Small cell site
in-situ exposure measurements" (Clause 14) . 244
D.1 General description and note . 244
D.2 Technical information and results for measurement Campaign A . 244
D.2.1 General description and measurement process . 244
D.2.2 Test results for Trial 1 . 244
D.2.3 Test results for Trial 2 . 246
D.2.4 Reporting . 249
D.3 Technical information for measurement Campaign B . 249
D.3.1 General description . 249
D.3.2 Measurement process . 249
D.3.3 Results . 250
D.3.4 Measurement uncertainty . 251
D.3.5 Reporting . 252
Annex E (informative) Technical information supporting the case study "Macro site in-
situ measurements using drones" (Clause 18) . 253
E.1 Description of the test setup . 253
E.1.1 Technical parameters of the measurement system . 253
E.1.2 Technical parameters of the drone . 253
E.1.3 Software interface of the drone-based measurement system . 254
E.2 Description of the BS measurement site . 255
E.3 Description of the measurement process . 255
E.4 Considerations for performing RF exposure measurements using drones . 258
Bibliography . 259

Figure 1 – Representation of the terminology related to a typical measurement survey
implementation scenario . 40
Figure 2 – Tested local area BS . 41
Figure 3 – Definition of cylindrical RF compliance boundary . 43
Figure 4 – Small remote radio equipment at 3,5 GHz (EUT antenna). 44
Figure 5 – Views of the SAR measurement setup . 46
Figure 6 – Characteristics of SAR of EUT antennas as a function of separation
distance at 3,5 GHz . 46
Figure 7 – Omnidirectional antenna connected to the street cell product . 47
Figure 8 – Vertical scan lines for spatially averaged field strength measurements . 48
Figure 9 – 5G BS description . 51
Figure 10 – Box-shaped RF compliance boundary . 53
Figure 11 – Typical radio transmitters using parabolic dish antennas . 55
Figure 12 – Cylindrical shape RF compliance boundary . 56
Figure 13 – Overview of BS installation classes for simplified RF exposure assessment
of small cells . 59
Figure 14 – Indoor site with 5G small cell product at millimetre-wave frequency . 60
Figure 15 – Outline of the 5G site . 63
Figure 16 – Top view of the compliance boundaries (red: occupational, yellow: general
public) . 65
Figure 17 – Side view of the compliance boundaries (red: occupational, yellow: general
public) . 65
Figure 18 – Outline of the multiband site . 66
Figure 19 – Compliance boundaries for the pre-existing LTE site (installation
scenario 0) . 69
Figure 20 – General public compliance boundaries for the new site using installation
scenario 2 – reduction of the configured maximum transmitted power . 69
Figure 21 – General public compliance boundaries for the new site using installation
scenario 3 – actual EIRP control on the entire 5G cell (single segment) . 70
Figure 22 – General public compliance boundaries for the new site using installation
scenario 4 – EIRP control using two segments . 70
Figure 23 – Horizontal and vertical planes corresponding to installation scenario 4 . 71
Figure 24 – Counter verification of actual EIRP control on an operational site with
single segment . 73
Figure 25 – Counter verification of actual EIRP control on an operational site with two
segments . 74
Figure 26 – Schematic view of monitoring and control of the actual maximum transmit
power for a cell-wide solution and a multi-segment solution . 75
Figure 27 – Six-minute time-averaged transmitted power (cell-wide) distribution
normalized to the configured maximum for a cell-wide monitoring and control feature . 76
Figure 28 – Distribution of the six-minute time-averaged maximum EIRP within each
segment normalized to its maximum for a directional monitoring and control feature . 77
Figure 29 – Measurement setup for validation case study A . 80
Figure 30 – Power density measurement results for TC1 . 83
Figure 31 – Measured time variation of the power density using TC2 . 84
Figure 32 – Measured time variation of the power density using TC3 . 84
Figure 33 – Test site with indication of MU-MIMO systems and MEPs . 86
Figure 34 – Segments configured on the MCF under test . 86
Figure 35 – Instantaneous power at mMIMO BS, transmitted RBs, and UE status . 87
Figure 36 – OTA configurations used for MCF validation . 89
Figure 37 – Example of actual EIRP MCF test results with one segment . 91
Figure 38 – Example of actual EIRP MCF test results with two segments . 92
Figure 39 – Illustration of small cells integration in street furniture . 95
Figure 40 – Photographs of typical examples of the three small cell site groups . 97
Figure 41 – The measured BS and the measurement area . 99
Figure 42 – Installation of the EUT . 100
Figure 43 – Description of the EVL and MEPs . 102
Figure 44 – The EUT and interested area. 107
Figure 45 – Measurement locations . 108
Figure 46 – MEP positions at 1,5 m above ground superimposed with modelling results . 108
Figure 47 – Free space modelling of the RF exposure in front of the EUT . 110
Figure 48 – Electric field strength for the three MELs . 110
Figure 49 – Comparison of measurement and modelled results in the boresight
direction . 111
Figure 50 – Comparison of measurement and modelled results in the direction
perpendicular to boresight . 111
Figure 51 – EUT installation, measurement points and measurement area . 112
Figure 52 – EUT frame structure . 113
Figure 53 – F calculation per frame . 115
TDC
Figure 54 – The measurement area range and MEPs . 116
Figure 55 – The results of electric field strength measurements at MEP1 and MEP2 . 117
Figure 56 – EUT and measurement location . 119
Figure 57 – Transmission path from millimetre-wave small cell to apartment (132 m). 119
Figure 58 – Example of test case representing family with teenagers and guests during
a weekend stay . 121
Figure 59 – Example of test case representing technology-intensive usage . 122
Figure 60 – Measured RF exposure levels (30-minute time-averaged) – family with
teenagers . 122
Figure 61 – Measured RF exposure levels (30-minute time-averaged) – technology-
intensive usage . 123
Figure 62 – Outdoor site with 5G small cell product at millimetre-wave frequency
installed on a 44 m radio tower . 124
Figure 63 – Measurement locations in the measurement area . 126
Figure 64 – Map of the outdoor measurement locations . 127
Figure 65 – Outdoor measurement location 1 . 127
Figure 66 – Outdoor measurement location 2 . 127
Figure 67 – Satellite view of measurement site . 129
Figure 68 – Description of the measurement setup . 130
Figure 69 – View from the measurement location to the BS. 133
Figure 70 – Example of frequency selective measurement result – POME 3, BS site A
with additional data downloading . 137
Figure 71 – View from the MELs to the BS site A . 138
Figure 72 – Measurement results for POME-3 under normal operation for different
values of averaging schemes (10-second sampling): tumbling (blue) and sliding
average (cyan) . 140
Figure 73 – Measurement results in POME-3 for different values of averaging time . 141
Figure 74 – Measurement results in POME-3 – comparison between the normal
operation mode (left) and the forced data transmission mode (right) . 141
Figure 75 – View from the MEL to the BS site B . 142
Figure 76 – Measurement results on BS site B for different values of averaging time . 144
Figure 77 – Measurement results on BS site B – comparison between the normal
operation mode and the forced data transmission mode . 144
Figure 78 – BS, UE and broadband meter positioning. 146
Figure 79 – Broadband RMS electric field strength measurements using the non-
specific BS load profile. 147
Figure 80 – Measurements with typical BS load profile .
...