IEC 60318-7:2022

IEC 60318-7 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Electroacoustics – Simulators of human head and ear –
Part 7: Head and torso simulator for the measurement of sound sources close to
the ear
Électroacoustique – Simulateurs de tête et d'oreille humaines –
Partie 7: Simulateur de tête et de torse pour le mesurage des sources sonores à
proximité de l'oreille
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IEC 60318-7 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Electroacoustics – Simulators of human head and ear –

Part 7: Head and torso simulator for the measurement of sound sources close to

the ear
Électroacoustique – Simulateurs de tête et d'oreille humaines –

Partie 7: Simulateur de tête et de torse pour le mesurage des sources sonores à

proximité de l'oreille
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 17.140.50 ISBN 978-2-8322-0857-1

– 2 – IEC 60318-7:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Construction . 11
4.1 General . 11
4.2 Geometrical dimensions of the manikin . 11
4.2.1 Head and torso . 11
4.2.2 Pinna simulators for hearing aid measurements . 13
4.2.3 Ear canal extension . 14
4.2.4 Ear simulator . 16
4.2.5 Materials . 16
4.3 Acoustical characteristics of the manikin . 17
4.3.1 Free-field frequency response . 17
4.3.2 Diffuse-field frequency response . 19
4.3.3 Acceptance intervals . 20
4.3.4 Openings . 20
5 Calibration . 21
5.1 Reference environmental conditions . 21
5.2 Calibration method . 21
5.2.1 General . 21
5.2.2 Test signal, test space and measurement equipment . 21
5.2.3 Measurement of sound pressure level. 22
5.2.4 Alignment of manikin azimuth and elevation . 23
5.2.5 Test for sound leakage . 23
6 Marking and instruction manual . 23
6.1 Markings of the manikin . 23
6.2 Instruction manual . 24
7 Maximum permitted uncertainty of measurements . 24
Annex A (informative) Design example of an anatomically shaped manikin . 26
Annex B (informative) Design examples of a geometrically shaped manikin . 27
Annex C (informative) Relationship between tolerance interval, corresponding
acceptance interval and the maximum permitted uncertainty of measurement . 29
Annex D (informative) 3D representation of example pinna simulators . 30
D.1 Background. 30
D.2 Scanning technique . 30
D.3 Examples of pinna simulator shape . 30
D.4 Verification of conformance . 31
Bibliography . 32

Figure 1 – Manikin geometrical references . 8
Figure 2 – Coordinate scheme for azimuth and elevation angles . 9
Figure 3 – Illustration of manikin head and torso dimensions . 12
Figure 4 – Illustration of manikin pinna simulator dimensions . 15
Figure A.1 – Example of an anatomically shaped manikin . 26

Figure B.1 – Example 1 of a geometrically shaped manikin . 27
Figure B.2 – Example 2 of a geometrically shaped manikin . 28
Figure C.1 – Relationship between tolerance interval, corresponding acceptance
interval and the maximum permitted uncertainty of measurement . 29
Figure D.1 – Example of a pinna simulator (embedded 3D PDFs) . 31

Table 1 – Manikin head and torso dimensions . 13
Table 2 – Dimensions of the pinna simulator and the cylindrical ear canal extension of
the manikin . 15
Table 3 – Dimensions of the pinna simulator and the tapered ear canal extension of
the manikin . 16
Table 4 – Free-field frequency response of the manikin (right ear) for an azimuth angle
of 0° in one-twelfth-octave bands . 18
Table 5 – Free-field frequency responses of the manikin (right ear) for azimuth angles
of 90°, 180° and 270° in one-twelfth-octave bands . 19
Table 6 – Diffuse-field frequency response of the manikin (right ear) in one-third-
octave bands . 20
Table 7 – Maximum permitted uncertainty U for type approval measurements . 25
max
– 4 – IEC 60318-7:2022 © IEC 2022
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTROACOUSTICS –
SIMULATORS OF HUMAN HEAD AND EAR –

Part 7: Head and torso simulator for the measurement
of sound sources close to the ear

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and
in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
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preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
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Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
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5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 60318-7 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 29: Electroacoustics. It is an
International Standard.
This publication contains attached files in the form of 3D PDF files. These files are intended to
be used as a complement and do not form an integral part of the publication.
This edition cancels and replaces IEC TS 60318-7:2017. This edition constitutes a technical
revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to
IEC TS 60318-7:2017:
a) changing the title;
b) extending the scope to sound sources close to the ear.

The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
29/1118/FDIS 29/1121/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 60318 series, published under the general title Electroacoustics –
Simulators of human head and ear, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

– 6 – IEC 60318-7:2022 © IEC 2022
ELECTROACOUSTICS –
SIMULATORS OF HUMAN HEAD AND EAR –

Part 7: Head and torso simulator for the measurement
of sound sources close to the ear

1 Scope
This part of IEC 60318 describes a head and torso simulator, or manikin, intended for the
measurement of sound sources placed close to the ear in the frequency range from 100 Hz to
16 000 Hz.
The manikin described in this document is intended for airborne acoustic measurements only.
It is not suitable for measurements which depend upon vibration transmission paths such as
bone conduction, or for measurements requiring the simulation of bone or tissue.
This document specifies the manikin in terms of both its geometrical dimensions and its
acoustical properties. Only manikins compliant with both sets of specifications are in
conformance with this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60118-8, Electroacoustics – Hearing aids – Part 8: Methods of measurement of
performance characteristics of hearing aids under simulated in situ working conditions
IEC 60318-4, Electroacoustics – Simulators of human head and ear – Part 4: Occluded-ear
simulator for the measurement of earphones coupled to the ear by means of ear inserts
IEC 61260-1, Electroacoustics – Octave-band and fractional-octave-band filters – Part 1:
Specifications
ISO 3, Preferred numbers – Series of preferred numbers
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

3.1
manikin
head and torso simulator
simulator of a median adult human head and part of the torso extending in total from the top of
the head to the waist and designed to simulate the sound pick-up characteristics and acoustic
diffraction
Note 1 to entry: The head and torso simulator includes two pinna simulators, and at least one occluded-ear
simulator.
3.2
manikin type
designation of the manikin as either anatomical or geometrical in shape
3.3
pinna simulator
device which has the approximate shape and dimensions of a median adult human pinna
3.4
ear simulator
device for measuring the acoustic output of sound sources where the sound pressure is
measured by a calibrated microphone coupled to the source so that the overall acoustic
impedance of the device approximates that of the normal human ear at a given location and in
a given frequency band
Note 1 to entry: In this document, an ear simulator comprises an ear canal extension and an occluded-ear simulator
(see 4.2.4).
3.5
occluded-ear simulator
ear simulator which approximates the acoustic transfer impedance of the inner part of the ear
canal, from the tip of an ear insert to the eardrum
Note 1 to entry: An occluded-ear simulator is standardised in IEC 60318-4.
3.6
ear canal extension
device that provides a connection between the occluded-ear simulator and the aperture of the
device simulating the concha
3.7
reference plane of the occluded-ear simulator
plane perpendicular to the axis of the cavity of the simulator, chosen to pass through the
position normally occupied by the tip of an ear mould in a human ear canal
3.8
reference point of the manikin
point bisecting the line joining the right and left ear canal entrance points (EEP, 3.17)
3.9
plane of symmetry of the manikin
plane passing through the reference point of the manikin that divides the left and right portions
of the manikin into symmetrical halves, within the allowed tolerances, where left and right is
interpreted as for the human torso
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.

– 8 – IEC 60318-7:2022 © IEC 2022

NOTE The reference point of the manikin is situated within the head.
Figure 1 – Manikin geometrical references
3.10
axis of rotation of the manikin
straight line about which the manikin can be rotated, passing through the reference point of the
manikin, lying in the plane of symmetry of the manikin, and having a direction that would be
vertical if the manikin were mounted in a position corresponding to that of a standing person
SEE: Figure 1.
3.11
reference plane of the manikin
plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation that contains the reference point of the manikin
SEE: Figure 1.
3.12
test point
reproducible position in the test space at which the sound pressure level is measured with the
manikin absent and at which the reference point of the manikin is to be located for test purposes
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.

Figure 2 – Coordinate scheme for azimuth and elevation angles
3.13
test axis
line joining the test point and the acoustic centre of the sound source
SEE: Figure 2.
– 10 – IEC 60318-7:2022 © IEC 2022
3.14
test plane
plane perpendicular to the test axis and containing the test point
3.15
azimuth angle of sound incidence
angle between the plane of symmetry of the manikin and the plane defined by the axis of rotation
of the manikin and the test axis
Note 1 to entry: When the manikin faces the sound source, the azimuth angle of sound incidence is defined as 0°.
When the right ear of the manikin faces the sound source, the angle is defined as +90°. When the left ear of the
manikin faces the sound source, the angle is defined as +270°.
SEE: Figure 2.
3.16
elevation angle of sound incidence
angle between the reference plane of the manikin and the test axis
Note 1 to entry: When the vertex points towards the sound source, the elevation angle is defined as +90°. When
the test axis lies in the reference plane of the manikin, the elevation angle is defined as 0°.
SEE: Figure 2.
3.17
ear canal entrance point
EEP
point located at the centre of the manikin ear canal at the junction between concha and ear
canal extension
3.18
transverse plane of the manikin
plane perpendicular to the plane of symmetry of the manikin and containing the axis of rotation
3.19
reference position of the manikin
position of the manikin in the test space where the reference point of the manikin coincides with
the test point, and the azimuth and elevation angles are both equal to zero
3.20
manikin free-field frequency response
difference, as a function of frequency, between the sound pressure level at the ear simulator
microphone with the reference point of the manikin at the test point within a free-field
measurement environment and the sound pressure level at the test point with the manikin
absent
3.21
manikin diffuse-field frequency response
difference, as a function of frequency, between the sound pressure level at the ear simulator
microphone with the reference point of the manikin at the test point within a diffuse-field
measurement environment and the sound pressure level at the test point with the manikin
absent
4 Construction
4.1 General
The simulator consists of a head mounted on a torso that extends to the waist. The head is
equipped with simulated pinnae and one or two occluded-ear simulators formed of cavities
having acoustic impedance terminations corresponding to that of a median human adult, and
microphones located at positions corresponding to the eardrums. It has been designed to
provide acoustic diffraction similar to that encountered around the median human head and
torso. Measurement results obtained with a manikin can differ substantially from similar
measurements made on an individual person, due to anatomical variations. Measurement
results for a given hearing aid obtained with different models of manikin conforming to this
document can also differ, depending on the type and the method of fitting the hearing aid. The
same holds for measurement results obtained with the same manikin model but with different
models of pinna simulators.
NOTE 1 Above 10 kHz, an occluded-ear simulator conforming to IEC 60318‑4 does not simulate the acoustic
impedance of the human ear and can only be used as an acoustic coupler in this frequency range.
The realization of the manikin conforming to this document can be either anatomically shaped
(see Annex A) or geometrically shaped (see Annex B) and can have different anatomically
shaped pinna simulators. The realization of the ear canal entrance, together with the additional
ear canal extension, can be either cylindrical or tapered in shape. This enables measurements
of all types of insert devices, for example behind-the-ear (BTE) and in-the-ear (ITE) hearing aid
designs.
NOTE 2 Nevertheless, some specific ITE hearing aid models might not be compatible.
This document covers both the geometrical dimensions of the manikin’s head, torso, pinnae
and ear canals and the manikin’s acoustical characteristics. As a minimum, the manikin shall
be specified with cylindrical ear canal extensions and comply with the appropriate acoustical
characteristics. Optionally, tapered ear canal extensions may also be specified. The model and
type of the manikin used (see 3.2) and the model of the pinna simulator used shall be stated
when giving results of measurements made with the manikin.
4.2 Geometrical dimensions of the manikin
4.2.1 Head and torso
The geometrical dimensions of the head and the torso are illustrated in Figure 3, and listed in
Table 1. The realization of the head (excluding the pinnae) and of the torso can be either
anatomically shaped or geometrically shaped. Anatomically shaped manikins are not
necessarily completely symmetrical and may be described as "quasi-symmetrical", when
staying within the allowable differences from the completely symmetrical manikin. Both
anatomically and geometrically shaped manikins shall conform to the specified ranges of
geometrical dimensions and acoustical characteristics specified in this document.
The acceptance interval of the quasi-symmetrical left and right portion of the manikin shall be
±2 mm for the head and ±3 mm for the torso with respect to the plane of symmetry.
NOTE For measurements that include both head and torso dimensions, for example EEP to shoulder, the
acceptance interval sums up to ±5 mm.

– 12 – IEC 60318-7:2022 © IEC 2022

NOTE For position of ear canal entrance point (EEP), see Figure 4.
Figure 3 – Illustration of manikin head and torso dimensions

Table 1 – Manikin head and torso dimensions
Average human
Linear dimension of Nominal Minimum Maximum
data [1]
mm mm mm mm
Head breadth  151 148 153 151
Head length 195 190 204 188
EEP to vertex 130 128 135 130
EEP to EEP distance 132 130 134 132
EEP to occipital wall 95 93 99 95
Chin-to-vertex length 220 217 225 222
c
175 169 181 176
EEP to shoulder
Neck diameter 113 111 115 112
Shoulder breadth 432 399 456 427
Chest breadth 282 280 284 291
Chest depth 219 180 241 –
d
110 108 161 –
Shoulder depth
b, e
6 –4 20 –
Shoulder location
a, f
78 76 80 –
Shoulder position
Manikin height – 600 –
NOTE To be independent of the type of pinna simulator used, this document uses the ear canal entrance point
(EEP) rather than the tragion as a reference point. The differences between both sets of values are chosen in
conformity with [2] to be 5 mm for EEP to vertex, –11 mm for left EEP to right EEP, –3 mm for EEP to occipital
wall and –5 mm for EEP to shoulder.
a
For anatomically shaped manikin only.
b
For geometrically shaped manikin only.
c
Measured from the shoulder surface, 175 mm sideways from the plane of symmetry, to the reference plane of
the manikin.
d
Measured between front and back shoulder points, 175 mm sideward from the plane of symmetry of the
manikin.
e
Measured from the point of the shoulder section, 175 mm sideward from the plane of symmetry, to the
transverse plane of the manikin (positive behind transverse plane).
f
Measured between front shoulder point, 175 mm sideward from the plane of symmetry of the manikin to the

front-most point on the torso.

4.2.2 Pinna simulators for hearing aid measurements
The right and left pinna simulators shall be anatomically shaped.
NOTE 1 3D representations of example pinna simulators are shown in Annex D.
For each type of manikin, only one pair of pinna simulators with cylindrical ear canal extensions
and optionally only one pair of pinna simulators with the tapered ear canal extensions shall be
specified. Their principal dimensions and orientation are illustrated in Figure 4 a), b) and c),
and listed in Table 2 and Table 3.
The acceptance intervals of the quasi-symmetrical left and right pinna simulator of the manikin
shall be ±2 mm.
___________
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

– 14 – IEC 60318-7:2022 © IEC 2022
NOTE 2 In addition to the pinna simulators described in this document, there are many other models of pinna
simulator on the market, for instance a small one used for the measurement of earphones (see IEC 60268-7).
However, these pinna simulators are not intended for hearing aid measurements.
4.2.3 Ear canal extension
Only the cylindrical or tapered ear canal extensions specified in Table 3 shall be used. A
cylindrical ear canal extension shall have a nominal diameter of 7,50 mm. A tapered ear canal
shall have a nominal diameter of 7,50 mm where it couples to the occluded-ear simulator and
a maximum diameter of 7,60 mm where it couples to the bottom of the concha of the pinna
simulator.
NOTE The cylindrical ear canal extension is intended primarily for the measurement of behind-the-ear and full-
concha in-the-ear hearing aids and insert earphones. The tapered ear canal extension is intended for the
measurement of in-the-ear and completely-in-the-canal hearing aids and insert earphones.

Figure 4 a) – Pinna simulator
Figure 4 b) – Ear canal extension cylindrical

Figure 4 c) – Ear canal extension tapered
Key
1 anti-helix
2 helix
3 concha
4 EEP
5 tragion
6 crus of helix
Figure 4 – Illustration of manikin pinna simulator dimensions
Table 2 – Dimensions of the pinna simulator and
the cylindrical ear canal extension of the manikin
Linear dimension of Nominal Minimum Maximum
Ear length 65 mm 64 mm 67 mm
Ear length above EEP 35 mm 33 mm 38 mm
Ear breadth 37 mm 36 mm 38 mm
Ear protrusion 20 mm 18 mm 24 mm
Ear protrusion angle 160° 159,5° 160,5°
Vertical tilt front view 9° 7,5° 10,5°
Vertical tilt side view 6° 5,5° 6,5°
Concha length 24 mm 23 mm 26 mm
Concha length below EEP 10 mm 8 mm 11 mm
Concha breadth, tragion to anti-helix 23 mm 22 mm 24 mm
Concha breadth, EEP to anti-helix 17 mm 14 mm 20 mm
Concha depth 13 mm 11 mm 16 mm
Diameter of ear canal extension 7,50 mm 7,40 mm 7,60 mm
Length of ear canal extension 10 mm 9 mm 11 mm

– 16 – IEC 60318-7:2022 © IEC 2022
Table 3 – Dimensions of the pinna simulator and
the tapered ear canal extension of the manikin
Linear dimension of Nominal Minimum Maximum
Ear length 66 mm 65 mm 67 mm
Ear length above EEP 36 mm 35 mm 37 mm
Ear breadth 37 mm 36 mm 38 mm
Ear protrusion 23 mm 19 mm 24 mm
Ear protrusion angle 160° 159,5° 160,5°
Vertical tilt front view 10° 8° 10,5°
Vertical tilt side view 6° 5,5° 6,5°
Concha length 28 mm 24 mm 29 mm
Concha length below EEP 10 mm 9 mm 11 mm
Concha breadth, tragion to anti-helix 23 mm 22 mm 24 mm
Concha breadth, EEP to anti-helix 23 mm 19 mm 24 mm
Concha depth 15 mm 12 mm 16 mm
Diameter of ear canal extension at the 7,50 mm 7,40 mm 7,60 mm
reference plane of the occluded-ear
simulator
Diameter of ear canal extension at the 10 mm 9,5 mm 10,5 mm
pinna simulator
Length of ear canal extension 8,8 mm 7,8 mm 10 mm

4.2.4 Ear simulator
The ear simulator shall comprise an occluded-ear simulator, for example as described in
IEC 60318-4, and an ear canal extension (see 3.6).
If occluded-ear simulators differing in detail from that specified in IEC 60318-4 are used, their
characteristics should be stated when giving results of measurements of hearing aids made
with the manikin.
4.2.5 Materials
The manikin shall have a non-porous surface, with an acoustic impedance which is high
compared to that of air, and be of a material which ensures dimensional stability.
The pinna simulators shall be made from a high-quality elastomer. The Shore-OO hardness [3]
shall be in the range from 30 Shore OO to 60 Shore OO. The time interval for which the
mechanical characteristics of the pinna simulators are expected to remain compliant with this
document shall be indicated by means of an expiration date.
Measurement results on hearing aids obtained with the same manikin fitted with different pinna
simulator models can differ by varying degrees depending on the type of hearing aid under test
and the way it is fitted. The model, or similar identification, of the pinna simulators together with
their Shore-OO hardness should be stated when giving results of hearing aid measurements
made with the manikin.
4.3 Acoustical characteristics of the manikin
4.3.1 Free-field frequency response
Table 4 and Table 5 specify, in one-twelfth-octave bands, the nominal free-field frequency
(right ear) equipped with cylindrically shaped ear canal extensions.
responses of the manikin
Values are stated for 0° elevation angle and azimuth angles of 0° (frontal incidence), 90°, 180°
and 270°. The values also apply for the corresponding symmetrical azimuth angles for the left
pinna.
NOTE 1 Difficulties can be experienced when measuring the manikin frequency response at the azimuth angle 270°
for 6,3 kHz and higher frequencies. This is due to a combination of reflections from the boundaries of the test
enclosure, and the head shadow effect. Hence, these values have been omitted in Table 5.
NOTE 2 The nominal free-field frequency responses were obtained from a power average of the measured free-
field frequency responses of the three manikins in Annex A and Annex B, extracted from [4]. The free field-frequency
response in [4] is given in one-twelfth-octave bands, which were synthesized from high-frequency-resolution sweep
measurements. The values at the ISO 3 R10 (nominal one-third-octave) frequencies were taken for the specification.
NOTE 3 The nominal one-third-octave band centre frequencies used as test frequencies in Table 4 and Table 5
correspond to the ISO 3 R10 preferred number series.

– 18 – IEC 60318-7:2022 © IEC 2022
Table 4 – Free-field frequency response of the manikin (right ear)
for an azimuth angle of 0° in one-twelfth-octave bands
Mid-frequency of one- Free-field frequency Acceptance interval
twelfth-octave band response
Hz dB dB
Azimuth angle
0°
100 0,0 +1,5 –1,5
125 0,0 +1,5 –1,5
160 0,0 +1,5 –1,5
200 0,0 +1,5 –1,5
250 0,0 +1,5 –1,5
315 1,0 +1,5 –1,5
400 2,0 +1,5 –1,5
500 2,5 +2,0 –1,5
630 3,0 +1,5 –1,5
800 4,0 +1,5 –1,5
1 000 4,0 +2,0 –2,5
1 250 3,0 +2,0 –3,5
1 600 5,0 +1,5 –2,0
2 000 12,0 +2,0 –2,5
2 500 16,5 +3,0 –3,0
3 150 17,5 +2,0 –2,5
4 000 14,0 +2,0 –3,0
5 000 11,5 +2,5 –3,0
6 300 7,0 +2,0 –2,0
8 000 2,0 +3,5 –5,5
10 000 2,0 +4,0 –4,5
12 500 9,0 +4,0 –4,5
16 000 3,0 +4,0 –6,0
NOTE 1 The free field-frequency response is given at the ISO 3 R10 frequencies,
but as one-twelfth-octave bands centred at these frequencies.
NOTE 2 The values in Table 4 are valid only for pinna simulators for hearing aid
measurements by means of cylindrical ear canal extensions according to Table 2.

Table 5 – Free-field frequency responses of the manikin (right ear)
for azimuth angles of 90°, 180° and 270° in one-twelfth-octave bands
Mid-frequency of one- Free-field frequency Acceptance
twelfth-octave band response interval
Hz dB dB
Azimuth angle
90° 180° 270°
100 0,5 0,0 –0,5 +1,5 –1,5
125 0,5 0,0 –0,5 +1,5 –1,5
160 1,0 –0,5 –1,0 +1,5 –1,5
200 1,5 0,0 –1,0 +1,5 –2,0
250 2,5 0,0 –0,5 +1,5 –1,5
315 3,5 0,0 0,0 +1,5 –1,5
400 4,5 0,5 0,5 +1,5 –1,5
500 5,5 1,0 1,5 +2,0 –1,5
630 7,0 2,0 1,5 +1,5 –2,0
800 8,0 4,0 2,0 +1,5 –2,0
1 000 7,5 4,0 2,5 +1,5 –2,0
1 250 9,5 5,5 3,5 +2,5 –2,5
1 600 9,5 5,5 5,0 +2,0 –2,0
2 000 11,0 9,5 7,0 +2,5 –4,0
2 500 16,5 14,0 10,0 +2,5 –2,5
3 150 17,0 13,5 9,0 +3,0 –2,0
4 000 13,5 10,5 3,5 +5,0 –3,0
5 000 17,0 6,0 –3,5 +7,0 –8,0
6 300 17,0 2,0 --- +2,5 –5,0
8 000 16,5 3,5 --- +5,0 –10,5
10 000 10,5 –1,5 --- +6,0 –10,5
12 500 11,5 –0,5 --- +6,0 –8,5
16 000 3,5 –4,0 --- +6,0 –11,0
NOTE 1 The free field-frequency response is given at the ISO 3 R10 frequencies,
but as one-twelfth-octave bands centred at these frequencies.
NOTE 2 The values in Table 5 are valid only for pinna simulators with cylindrical
ear canal extensions according to Table 2.
NOTE 3 Free-field responses for 0° azimuth angle are given in Table 4.

4.3.2 Diffuse-field frequency response
Table 6 specifies, in one-third-octave bands, the diffuse-field frequency response of the manikin
(right ear) equipped with a cylindrically shaped ear canal extension.
NOTE The nominal diffuse-field frequency response was obtained from a power average of the diffuse-field
frequency responses of the three manikins in Annex A and Annex B, extracted from [4]. The diffuse-field frequency
response is given in one-third-octave frequency bands.

– 20 – IEC 60318-7:2022 © IEC 2022
Table 6 – Diffuse-field frequency response of the manikin (right ear)
in one-third-octave bands
Mid-frequency of one- Diffuse-field frequency Acceptance interval
third-octave band response
Hz dB dB
100 –0,5 +1,5 –1,5
125 0,0 +1,5 –1,5
160 0,0 +1,5 –1,5
200 0,5 +1,5 –1,5
250 0,0 +1,5 –1,5
315 0,5 +1,5 –1,5
400 1,5 +1,5 –1,5
500 2,0 +1,5 –1,5
630 3,5 +1,5 –1,5
800 3,5 +1,5 –1,5
1 000 4,0 +1,5 –2,0
1 250 5,0 +1,5 –1,5
1 600 7,0 +1,5 –2,0
2 000 10,5 +2,0 –2,0
2 500 14,0 +2,0 –2,0
3 150 14,5 +2,5 –2,0
4 000 12,5 +2,0 –2,0
5 000 9,5 +2,0 –2,0
6 300 8,0 +2,5 –2,0
8 000 8,0 +2,5 –2,5
10 000 5,0 +3,5 –2,5
12 500 2,5 +4,5 –2,5
16 000 0,0 +6,5 –4,0
NOTE The values in Table 6 are valid only for pinna simulators with cylindrical ear
canal extensions according to Table 2.

4.3.3 Acceptance intervals
Acceptance intervals on the manikin free-field and diffuse-field frequency responses are stated
in Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6. The values include the acceptance interval in the calibration
of the occluded-ear simulator, but not the free-field or diffuse-field sensitivity of the microphone.
They are rounded to the nearest 0,5 dB increment.
4.3.4 Openings
Any openings for access to the interior of the manikin other than the ears shall not affect the
responses of the manikin as specified in 4.3.1 and 4.3.2.

5 Calibration
5.1 Reference environmental conditions
The reference environmental conditions are the following.
Reference ambient pressure: . 101,325 kPa
Reference temperature: . 23 °C
Reference relative humidity:. 50 %
5.2 Calibration method
5.2.1 General
When determining the acoustical characteristics of the manikin, no wig shall be used with the
head and no clothing shall be used with the head or torso. If the head can be inclined, the
upright position shall be used. If the length of the neck can be adjusted, the nominal value of
"EEP to shoulder" from Table 1 shall be used.
5.2.2 Test signal, test space and measurement equipment
5.2.2.1 Free-field testing (FFT)
The stimulus signals and analysis methods used shall provide a frequency resolution of at least
1 Hz or less and a signal-to-noise ratio of at least 10 dB at all analysis frequencies. For example,
swept-sine measurements followed by an FFT analysis can be used.
NOTE 1 For example, a sampling frequency of 48 kHz and an FFT size of 65 536 yield a frequency resolution of
0,73 Hz.
The manikin free-field frequency response data shall be processed in one-twelfth-octave bands
that are centred at the ISO 3 R10 frequencies used in the specification, see 4.3.1.
NOTE 2 The test signal used in [4] was a 16 s exponential swept sine from 20 Hz to 25,6 kHz, recorded with a
sampling frequency of 65 535 Hz. Its advantage is a considerably improved signal-to-noise ratio. The
one-
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