CWA 50487:2005

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2007
Pametne hiše – Pravila ravnanja
SmartHouse Code of Practice
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CWA 50487:2005
ICS:
97.120 Avtomatske krmilne naprave Automatic controls for
za dom household use
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

CENELEC CWA 50487
WORKSHOP
AGREEMENT November 2005
English version
SmartHouse Code of Practice
This CENELEC Workshop Agreement has been drafted by a Workshop of representatives of interested
parties and was approved on 2005-11-02.

The formal process followed by the Workshop in the development of this Workshop Agreement has been
endorsed by the national members of CENELEC but neither the national members of CENELEC nor the
CENELEC Central Secretariat can be held accountable for the technical content of this CENELEC Workshop
Agreement or possible conflicts with standards or legislation.

This CENELEC Workshop Agreement can in no way be held as being an official standard developed by
CENELEC and its members. This CENELEC Workshop Agreement is publicly available as a reference
document from the CENELEC members.

CENELEC members are the national electrotechnical committees of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.
CENELEC
European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique
Europäisches Komitee für Elektrotechnische Normung

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 35, B - 1050 Brussels

© 2005 CENELEC - All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CENELEC members.

Ref. No. CLC/TR 50487:2005 E
Foreword
This CENELEC Workshop Agreement has been developed through the collaboration of a large
number of industry experts (see Annex E). Its final text was approved as CWA 50487 on 2005-11-02.

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Preface
This Code of Practice is intended to provide a valuable reference for anyone involved in creating a
SmartHouse, a house that has intelligent systems, intelligent equipment and networks and has
services and applications that use the SmartHouse intelligence.
It has been put together from the efforts of a large number of industry experts. In order to cope with
the very broad scope of the Code of Practice and the many stakeholders that were involved, it was
seen as desirable that the document should be subdivided into Sections each of which covers a
particular market segment in the service supply chain of services and applications to and within the
SmartHouse.
Each Section has been constructed by a Section Editor who is an expert in the area of the section and
overall editing and management of the project has been the task of an overall Managing Editor. Each
Section Editor has had the assistance of a dedicated group of experts and around 160 experts have
been involved in these working groups. Overall, there have been 4 Open Forums/Workshops attended
by an average of 65 Experts for the first 3. Some 325 experts have been involved in the review
process. The 10 section editors have worked incredibly hard with their experts to deliver the current
text. The time recorded by the experts now adds up to more than 600 man days.
There have been numerous disagreements as to what should be in the text and what left out. These
have been resolved although some hard decisions have had to be made. There is now agreement on
the text and all the comments received have been resolved and put into the document
Because there is significant variability in the scope of the sections, some sections deal with hard
physical facts whereas some deal with the objectives and needs of stakeholders such as the
consumer and the service provider. Other sections deal with entities where the market is still evolving
and therefore the hard physical facts are not readily available. Therefore, while there has been
considerable attention to ensuring consistency, there are areas where there is overlap, because the
sections lie side by side on the service supply chain, and some sections look at similar issues from
different perspectives.
An example of this is the way in which we have used the term “cluster”. In each section where it is
used it describes a broadly market segment grouping but is used in a slightly different way and
although the market segments are broadly similar, in some sections the market segments are sliced
more thinly.
Overall, it is considered that this document will provide a most helpful document for the stakeholder of
the SmartHouse market. It is hoped that the Code of Practice will bring understanding of the issues
and in particular allow the system designer of the SmartHouse to work more effectively and with more
understanding of the wider issues.
As managing editor, I would like to thank all the section editors and their teams of experts for the help
and support they have given me in putting this Code of Practice together.
The document has been approved unanimously by experts in a CENELEC Workshop and by experts
from previous workshops who have reviewed the document and indicated their approval by mail
(See E.1). The Chairperson (Stephen Pattenden) accordingly decided that consensus had now been
reached and the document should be adopted as a CENELEC Workshop Agreement.
Stephen Pattenden (06/11/2005)

Acknowledgements
In certain parts of this Code of Practice organisations and companies and their products may be
mentioned. In all cases where used the names of any product and their trade marks are
acknowledged as belonging to them and have been used where appropriate to illustrate particular
concepts or the common usage of such products.
Disclaimer
Every effort has been taken to ensure the accuracy of this Code of Practice, however, in a document
with such a broad scope and with multiple experts and authors, neither CENELEC, nor the Editors and
experts involved in compiling this Code of Practice can accept any responsibility for any loss either
direct or consequential arising from information provided by this Code of Practice. The reader is
advised to satisfy him or her self as to the accuracy of any advice given by researching the referenced
standards, glossary and bibliography.

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CONTENTS
Preface.3
1 Scope & introduction .9
1.1 The SmartHouse and its components.9
1.1.1 Scope of the SmartHouse Code of Practice .9
1.1.2 Parts of the Code of Practice .11
1.1.3 Issues.12
1.1.4 Recommendations .12
1.1.5 Annexes.13
2 The Environment of the SmartHouse .13
2.1 The reason for a SmartHouse and why its value is more than the sum of its parts; .13
2.1.1 Introduction.13
2.2 The consumers’ needs and requirements.15
2.2.1 Introduction – Why the SmartHouse designer needs to understand the consumer. .15
2.2.2 The scope of this section .16
2.2.3 Issues.17
2.2.4 Additional recommendations.28
2.2.5 Conclusions.29
2.3 Service Providers, Services and Applications .30
2.3.1 Introduction.30
2.3.2 Scope.31
2.3.3 Issues.33
2.3.4 Relevant standards, developing standards and specifications .38
2.3.5 References.38
3 The design of the SmartHouse system and product development.39
3.1 Architectures .39
3.1.1 Introduction.39
3.1.2 Issues.42
3.1.3 Recommendations .49
3.2 The Wide Area and its network operators and delivery media .51
3.2.1 Introduction.51
3.2.2 Issues.52
3.2.3 Recommendations .56
3.2.4 Dependencies on Other SMARTHOUSE CoP sections .57
3.3 The Home Networks and their media .58
3.3.1 Introduction.58
3.3.2 Issues.62
3.3.3 Recommendations .65

3.4 NTE & gateways .76
3.4.1 Introduction.76
3.4.2 IP based Access Networks assumptions & requirements.79
3.4.3 Scope.80
3.4.4 The Residential Gateway Modules. .82
3.4.5 The Home Residential Gateway Project areas: .84
3.4.6 Goals.86
3.4.7 Quality of Service (QoS) requirements and functions.86
3.4.8 Issues.87
3.4.9 Relevant standards, developing standards and specifications .89
3.4.10 References.89
3.5 System security.90
3.5.1 Introduction.90
3.5.2 Scope.91
3.5.3 Issues.92
3.5.4 Security models.93
3.5.5 Threat analysis.94
3.5.6 Security to provide trust.95
3.5.7 Recommendations .98
COMPONENTS - Product development. .100
3.6 Service and application development .100
3.6.1 Introduction.100
3.6.2 Recommendations.100
3.7 Home Equipment (HE).100
3.7.1 Introduction.100
3.7.2 Scope.101
3.7.3 Methodology.102
3.7.4 Usage cases.102
3.7.5 SmartHouse Home Equipment Usage case clusters.105
3.7.6 Home Automation Usage cases: example lighting control.105
3.7.7 SmartHouse Household Appliances Usage case .108
3.7.8 Business requirements.109
3.7.9 Relevant standards, developing standards and specifications .111
3.8 User Interfaces & A/V.112
3.8.1 Introduction.112
3.8.2 Scope.113
3.8.3 Issues.113
3.8.4 Services and their requirements .117
3.8.5 Services and applications .117
3.8.6 Consumer issues.122
3.8.7 Recommendations and checklists.122

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4 Installation.123
4.1 Introduction – The installation process .123
4.1.1 Scope of this section .123
4.1.2 Analysis.124
4.1.3 Planning.127
4.1.4 Undertaking the installation.127
4.1.5 Maintenance.128
4.1.6 Standards identified.128
4.1.7 Documentation recommendations .128
Annex A – Abbreviations, acronyms, terms and definitions .131
A.1 Comments on this Annex .131
A.2 Abbreviations and acronyms.131
A.3 Terms and definitions.135
Annex B – Standards referenced.159
B.1 The EN 50090 series.159
B.2 Referenced standards.161
Annex C – Additional material from sections.179
C.1 Additional material from Network Operators Section .179
C.1.1 QoS Service Model for the SmartHouse .179
C.1.2 SmartHouse QoS Service Architecture.179
C.1.3 Application Traffic Class Attributes (End-to-End Transport Layer) .181
C.1.4 Service Attribute Selection – Examples .183
C.1.5 What Communications Technologies are available? .184
C.2 Discussion on the requirements for a SmartHouse Open Architecture .186
C.2.1 Overview.186
C.2.2 General.189
C.2.3 The Objectives for an Architecture for the SmartHouse .192
C.2.4 How to meet the objectives .192
C.2.5 Comments on these objectives .193
C.2.6 Further research.193
C.3 Additional material from Home Networks Section.194
C.4 Additional material from Home Equipment Section .196
C.4.1 Communications [external].196
C.4.2 Home Automation Usage cases.199
C.5 Additional material from Installation section – Example forms .220
C.5.1 Inspection, test and commissioning certificates.220
Annex D – Bibliography.225
D.1 Input from consumer’s needs and requirements.225
D.2 Input from gateways.225

D.3 Input from security.225
D.4 Input form user interfaces. .226
D.5 Input from installation process .227
D.5.1 French documents.227
D.5.2 German documents.227
D.5.3 Spanish documents.228
D.6 General documents.228
Annex E .229
E.1 Attendees of SmartHouse Open Forum/Workshops approving document.229
E.2 Contributors and attendees at forums and meetings .230

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1 Scope & introduction
1.1 The SmartHouse and its components
The SmartHouse consists of a large and wide ranging set of many Services, Applications, Equipment,
Networks and Systems that act together in delivering the “intelligent” or “connected” home in order to
address security and control, communications, leisure and comfort, environmental integration and
accessibility. These components are represented by many actors that interact and work together to
provide interoperable systems that benefit the home based user in the SmartHouse. Because of this
wide ranging variability of the entities in the SmartHouse, there is a very high level of potential
complexity in finding the optimal solution for any particular SmartHouse.
The main actors that influence the SmartHouse are the consumers (customers, subscribers,
individuals) that live in and utilise the Services, Applications and Products that are designed for the
SmartHouse. It is therefore appropriate that the other main set of actors are the service and
application providers that deliver the services that the consumers need and require, including those
responsible for installing systems in the SmartHouse and for maintaining them.
These consumers have needs and requirements in many areas and these are described in the
Section on Consumers. Likewise the aims and objectives of the Service Providers in fulfilling
consumer needs are described in the section on Service Providers. The installer also has to fulfil
consumer needs and the Installation Process is described in the section on Installation.
1.1.1 Scope of the SmartHouse Code of Practice
The SmartHouse Code of Practice is a document that provides a “system designer” working to
implement a SmartHouse (to be used as dwelling and as a home office) with a source of information
on sensible and pragmatic guidelines for the design, installation and maintenance of SmartHouse
systems and the services and applications provided.
It is recognised also that providers and installers must work within diverse regulatory environments
and must be free to make choices appropriate to their business objectives (which in relation to this
document focus on meeting the needs of domestic and small-office users, not large-scale commercial
premises). Therefore, we consider standards as enablers and leave prescriptive aspects to local
regulation.
SmartHouse includes the digital home, intelligent home, connected home, networked home.
SmartHouse includes any “smart” activity, service or application in the SmartHouse including any form
of “office” or working environment in the SmartHouse (but the smart office in commercial premises is
excluded). SmartHouse covers any residential premises where people live (e.g. house or apartment)
but excludes commercial and institutional premises (such as hotels or prisons and other commercial
dwellings where the day to day management of the accommodation is not controlled by the resident.).
SmartHouse includes consideration of the interface with the consumer (customer, subscriber, end
user) and the consumer’s needs.
The aim is to provide a useful reference document to ensure that the user may exploit the benefits of a
consistent system architecture by utilising European and International Standards and other generally
accepted specifications in the design of the Smart House system. This document delivers a route to
investment synergies, flexibility of services and useful and usable applications that satisfy the
individual consumer’s needs and requirements.
There are many stakeholders in the SmartHouse, each with their own viewpoint and interests. Rather
than try to provide a document that covers all the viewpoints, it was decided to write this Code of
Practice as a guide for the System Designer of systems, applications and services in and into the
SmartHouse. The interests of all the stakeholders overlap in the System Design of the SmartHouse.

The design and implementation of systems, services, applications and products requires detailed
information about:
- consumer needs and expectations;
- user interfaces;
- security;
- the performance of both the wide area and local networks;
- the kinds of applications and services to be used;
- the equipment using it
- the principles of systems architecture
- and how the system and its components are installed, operated, maintained and used.
This Code of Practice provides a resource for the practitioner of the SmartHouse and covers
information and issues that surround the choices to be made as well as providing a route map for the
designer of systems in the SmartHouse. In short, the consumer must want or need the service or
application, must be able to use it and have it delivered within a SmartHouse system that is installed
so that it works effectively and seamlessly with the other systems and components in the SmartHouse.
Any service, application or device in the SmartHouse should also be simple to use, easy and intuitive
to operate and allow additional applications and services to be added retrospectively. This Code of
Practice is therefore subdivided into sections addressing the environment in which the system
designer is working and the requirements of the actors in that environment in order to place into
context the decisions and constraints the System Designer must make.
The CENELEC SmartHouse Code of Practice covers the full range of stakeholders involved in the
SmartHouse. Thus as Figure 1.1 below shows, the CoP ranges from the Service provider to the
Consumer and takes in all the activities in between that allow services and applications to be delivered
to end users including the installation, maintenance and management of the SmartHouse. Although
the sections and stakeholders in the SmartHouse are shown as separate entities, thes are not
mutually exclusive and any organisation properly qualified may undertake multiple roles in The
SmartHouse.
Figure 1.1. – The Sections of the SmartHouse

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1.1.2 Parts of the Code of Practice
This Code of Practice is presented in four main Parts.
Part 1 - This Introduction
Part 2 - The environment of the SmartHouse
This section concerns market sectors where the SmartHouse is situated and provides the reason for
any activity in the SmartHouse. It is important to understand that without consumers and the activity of
service providers, manufacturers and system designers in meeting the needs of consumers, a
SmartHouse is unnecessary. This section provides an understanding the SmartHouse environment, of
the needs of the individual Consumer or owner of the system and the demands of Service Providers in
providing the Consumer with appropriate applications and services and with optimal user interfaces.
We are all consumers and our needs influence the services that are developed for us to use. The
provision of services to us as consumers creates a set of requirements on what is provided in the
SmartHouse as systems, networks, equipment and user interfaces. It also creates a demand for the
provision of communication networks from the service provider to the SmartHouse. Therefore the
perspective of the Consumer and how the service provider needs to fulfil consumer expectations is an
esential part of this Code of Practice. This Part consists of subsections that illustrate:
- The reason for a SmartHouse and why its value is more than the sum of its parts;
- the Consumer’s needs and requirements; and
- the Service Provider’s aims and objectives in meeting the consumer’s needs
Part 3 - The SmartHouse system, product development and use
This part is divided into sections each describing the process for different aspects of the system in
order to deliver the optimal System Design to fulfil the consumers requirements.
It is essential that the Components (products, services and applications) that are used in the
SmartHouse are effective and easy to use and fulfil the consumer’s needs. One consideration of this
part is to understand how the overall architecture of service supply to the end user can be defined.
There are many entities in the Service Service Chain each of which must satisfy the requirements of
the service as provided to the consumer and must satisfy that each entity’s business case. The
sections of Part 3 are divided into Systems (what is needed to supply systems and applications) and
Components the devices that the consumer interfaces with. They are as follows:
Part 3a - Systems
- Architectures
- The Wide Area and its Network Operators and delivery media
- The Home Networks and their Media
- Residential Gateways; and
- Security
Part 3b – Components
- Service and Application development
- Home Equipment
- User Interfaces
Part 4 - Installation
This part describes the processes that the Installer, Maintainer and Manager of the SmartHouse
system should consider. It is placed last because the installer may need to understand and reference
information from the preceeding sections and partly becase the installer may well be the system
designer of a SmartHouse as well as managing the Installation Process. This part has one section.
- The Installation Process
1.1.2.1 Sections of the Code of Practice
The Introduction and each following section deliver material that provides:
- At the highest level, anyone with some knowledge of what may be possible
- At the next level, any practitioner of the SmartHouse with details of best practice
- At the lowest level, the system designer overall and experts in the specific area of the section,
recommendations for implementing the SmartHouse
The four parts focus on the process of selecting from a wide range of possible options, what standards
and practices to use and how to use them in configuring and installing systems for the SmartHouse.
Because there are many ways in which this may be achieved, each subsection has a number of levels
of description.
- The first level is an introduction that outlines the major issues of the subsection
- The second level describes the issues in greater detail and provides a decision process that
assists the system designer in reaching appropriate design choices in the form of
recommendations. Where decisions need to be made, then there are short descriptions of the
issues.
- The third level is to guide the user where decisions have to be made. Here there are
references to appropriate standards, specifications and ongoing standards and research work.
Since there are many interactions and dependencies with other sections, these too are
referenced.
1.1.3 Issues
Each of the sections below describe the issues as they relate mainly to the system designer of the
SmartHouse. However each section will include specific issues that are relevant to the section and
what any stakeholder will need to consider when designing, installing, managing and operating the
systems and services of the SmartHouse
1.1.4 Recommendations
Each section provides a set of recommended methods of working, standards that should be used and
will have a form of decision tree that will assist the user.
NOTE 1 The presentation of each section covers its specific area in the most appropriate way and this results in some
sections being more descriptive than others. For instance in an area where there is a good set of definitive standards, the text is
compact and the recommendations definitive but where the area is more subjective the text contains significant discussion.
NOTE 2 Because of the range of Services, Applications, Networks and Equipment in the SmartHouse, some sections have
used the concept of grouping these services, applications, networks and equipment into clusters of similar Services, Networks
or equipment. A cluster in one section does not imply a similar cluster in another one although in general clusters do relate to
service, network or equipment requirements and these may overlap.

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1.1.5 Annexes
As referenced in each section, European and International Standards as well as other specifications
that are relevant can be found in a separate annex. Each annex has a general part and a part that is
specific to each section. The annexes reference:
Annex A Abbreviations, Acronyms and Terms
Annex B Referenced Standards
- Standards
- National Standards
- Specifications and proprietary specifications
- and Standards and specifications in progress that are relevant to the issues and
recommendations.
Annex C Additional Material (addenda and additional supporting material from sections)
Annex D Bibliography
Annex E Approving Experts and Experts involved in the Work
2 The Environment of the SmartHouse

Figure 2.1 – Environment of the SmartHouse
2.1 The reason for a SmartHouse and why its value is more than the sum of its parts
2.1.1 Introduction
The term SmartHouse is a convenient term for the convergence of intelligent devices and
entertainment systems in the home. Devices that contain processors or are computers (pervasive
computing) that can communicate with other systems are increasingly populating the home. Some of
these are remote from the house and some can receive an ever increasing wealth of information and
entertainment content from external and internal sources into or within the home.

The introduction and deployment of intelligent devices, networks, applications and services in the
home are a direct result of manufacturers providing new technology and of consumers becoming
aware and demanding new services, applications and equipment. It is in this convergent environment
of the wide range of services, applications, equipment and entertainment products that the
SmartHouse (Connected Home, Intelligent Home) is situated.
Until recently, almost all these devices have operated independently from one another. However,
because communication systems into and around the Home (see sections 2.2 and 2.3) are becoming
capable of delivering any information anywhere at realistic speeds, these independent devices can
now communicate. The SmartHouse is all about harnessing the additional value that systems of
interacting devices deliver to the user and consumer. It is the integration of differing systems in the
SmartHouse that allows new services and applications to be constructed, new ways of living and
synergistic ecomomies that can only be attained in the truly SmartHouse that deliver a value in the
SmartHouse that can far out weigh that of the individual parts.
Innovations in telecoms industry have reshaped the way we communicate, with more connectivity,
more bandwidth, more services, and more scalability and we want all, not just certain elements. If we
have a high-speed Internet access at work, than we want it also at home The demand goes not only
for a high-speed access, but also other applications such as linking telecommuters with corporate
offices, controlling a home alarm system from the other side of the country, turning the dishwasher ON
from the office or downloading a movie from one computer to another within our homes.
Reliable broadband services delivered to the home enable a variety of applications to enrich our
quality of life, like: new multimedia services for voice, video, videoconferencing, interactive gaming,
high speed Internet access, telecommuting; services for white goods, metering, health care for the ill,
elderly and disabled, security, monitoring and intelligence.
As can be seen from Section 3.7 the devices in the home can be classified and fall into a number of
types. Again while similar types of device may use the same communications technologies, the
information that they have for other systems is applicable for all types of device. It is also likely that
external management, monitoring and control of some devices is both possible and beneficial.
The information that is likely to come into the home will include entertainment from many sources and
also much low-level information about the environment. This will enable energy and utility
management systems to conserve valuable resources world-wide, there will be enhancements to
security systems and, for example, a benefit that can be realised includes the use of the security
system to assist the energy management system by saving energy usage in unoccupied rooms. Just
as easily the TV could be put on Pause if all the room's occupants left the room.
The SmartHouse enables device interactivity in the home and this changes the home from a place
with multiple dumb devices to a system comprised of many intelligent devices working together to the
advantage of the occupants but also in many cases for the common good.
Every SmartHouse is likely to be unique. There will be a myriad of ways in which any SmartHouse will
be implemented and the needs of consumers in any SmartHouse will be different. The SmartHouse
once installed is likely to evolve organically as consumers needs change, they add to their systems
and new services and applications require new systems to support their new requirements.
The wide range of differing systems makes the SmartHouse a highly complex and evolving system of
systems and autonomous management of this system is in itself a very necessary requirement. This is
why this Code of Practice is being prepared. It covers the things that should be thought about and
carried out by the System designer. It covers issues such as how we design an overall architecture
that ensures the many subsystems can interact and exchange valuable information and it looks at all
the components in this very valuable system.

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2.2 The Consumers’ needs and requirements

Figure 2.2 – Consumers’ Section in relation to the SmartHouse
2.2.1 Introduction – Why the SmartHouse designer needs to understand the consumer
This section considers consumer requirements for smart houses and explains how a standards based
code of practice can be used to ensure these requirements are met. It is the satisfaction of the
consumer and perceived reliability, privacy and security that will ensure applications and services
delivered electronically become acceptable and result in market growth. Therefore it is important that
understanding the issues concerning the consumer are considered through all sections of this Code of
Practice.
From a consumer’s perspective, a smart house represents more than just a ‘high tech’ gadget. Any
house represents a long-term commitment or investment but a smart house will additionally bring
dramatic lifestyle changes, both domestically and in the way they conduct their daily lives. Previous
innovations (e.g. television broadcasting, the home computer) have produced significant social change
but the changes smart houses will create are likely to be more far reaching. As a designer you should
also be aware that consumers new to the concept of a smart house are sceptical about issues such as
reliability, security and privacy. This is natural due to their experiences, or their perception of current
communication and computer technology. Explaining that because a smart house takes a holistic
approach to the implementation of these technical developments (see section 2.1 of this document),
then these issues are both addressed and improved should help resolve this issue.
In the short and medium term, consumers need to decide whether they want to embrace this
technology. It will not be a simple decision such as purchasing a new appliance. There is unlikely to be
any financial benefit to completely re-equipping and re-wiring their house to convert it to a Smart
House, so in the immediate future, the fully functional Smart House will most likely be a newly built
home. However, they could decide on a retrofit solution employing computer control and ”no new
wires” networking. The smart house designer needs to give the consumer forward compatibility
providing both affordable short-term solutions with guaranteed upgrade-ability for long-term solutions.
———————
For the purposes of this document the “consumer” is considered to be the end user of smart house technology, the
occupant of a smart house and their visitors. In some instances, other stakeholders such as the person or organisation
commissioning, paying for, or operating the smart house installation or services needs to be considered as well.

Such solutions may be made financially attractive by creating consortia of companies consisting of
equipment, software and service providers. Over a period of time these will bring Smart House
technology into the home by subsidy and subscription. Local authorities and other support services will
also need to provide smart solutions so it is important to establish techni
...