EN ISO 23936-1:2009

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2009
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Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Nonmetallic materials in contact
with media related to oil and gas production - Part 1: Thermoplastics (ISO 23936-1:2009)
Erdöl-, petrochemische und Erdgasindustrie - Nichtmetallische Werkstoffe mit
Medienkontakt bei der Ölund Gasproduktion - Teil 1: Thermoplaste (ISO 23936-1:2009)
Industries du pétrole, de la pétrochimie et du gaz naturel - Matériaux non-métalliques en
contact avec les fluides relatifs à la production d'huile et de gaz - Partie 1: Matières
thermoplastiques (ISO 23936-1:2009)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 23936-1:2009
ICS:
75.180.01 Oprema za industrijo nafte in Equipment for petroleum and
zemeljskega plina na splošno natural gas industries in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 23936-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2009
ICS 75.180.01
English Version
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Non-
metallic materials in contact with media related to oil and gas
production - Part 1: Thermoplastics (ISO 23936-1:2009)
Industries du pétrole, de la pétrochimie et du gaz naturel - Erdöl-, petrochemische und Erdgasindustrie -
Matériaux non-métalliques en contact avec les fluides Nichtmetallische Werkstoffe mit Medienkontakt bei der Öl-
relatifs à la production d'huile et de gaz - Partie 1: Matières und Gasproduktion - Teil 1: Thermoplaste (ISO 23936-
thermoplastiques (ISO 23936-1:2009) 1:2009)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 13 March 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 23936-1:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3

Foreword
This document (EN ISO 23936-1:2009) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67 "Materials,
equipment and offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries" in collaboration with Technical
Committee CEN/TC 12 “Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and
natural gas industries”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at
the latest by October 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 23936-1:2009 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 23936-1:2009 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23936-1
First edition
2009-04-15
Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas
industries — Non-metallic materials in
contact with media related to oil and gas
production —
Part 1:
Thermoplastics
Industries du pétrole, de la pétrochimie et du gaz naturel — Matériaux
non-métalliques en contact avec les fluides relatifs à la production
d'huile et de gaz —
Partie 1: Matières thermoplastiques

Reference number
ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
©
ISO 2009
ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
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ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 2
3.1 Terms and definitions. 2
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 4
4 Functional requirements. 5
4.1 General. 5
4.2 Pipelines, piping and liners . 5
4.3 Seals, washers and gaskets . 10
4.4 Encapsulations, electrical insulations, injection lines . 12
5 Requirements for technical information. 12
6 Requirements for manufacturers . 13
6.1 General requirements. 13
6.2 Raw material manufacturer. 14
6.3 Component manufacturer. 14
6.4 Validity of qualification. 14
7 Qualification of thermoplastic materials . 14
7.1 General. 14
7.2 Requirements for chemical resistance tests . 14
Annex A (informative) Typical chemical properties of commonly used thermoplastic materials in
media encountered in oil and gas production. 16
Annex B (normative) Test media, conditions, equipment, procedures and test report
requirements . 20
Bibliography . 25

ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 23936-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures
for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries.
ISO 23936 consists of the following parts, under the general title Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas
industries — Non-metallic materials in contact with media related to oil and gas production:
⎯ Part 1: Thermoplastics
Elastomers, thermosets, fibre-reinforced composites, and other non-metallic materials are to form the subjects
of future parts 2, 3, 4 and 5.

iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
Introduction
Non-metallic materials are used in the petroleum and natural gas industries for pipelines, piping, liners, seals,
gaskets and washers, among others. Specifically, the use of piping and liners will considerably increase in the
future. The purpose of ISO 23936 is to establish requirements and guidelines for systematic and effective
planning, for the reliable use of non-metallic materials to achieve cost effective technical solutions, taking into
account possible constraints due to safety and/or environmental issues.
ISO 23936 will be of benefit to a broad industry group ranging from operators and suppliers to engineers and
authorities. It covers relevant generic types of non-metallic material (thermoplastics, elastomers, thermosetting
plastics) and includes the widest range of existing technical experience. This is particularly important because
the subject has not been summarized before in a technical standard. Coatings are excluded from the scope of
ISO 23936.
ISO 23936 was initiated during work on ISO 15156-1, ISO 15156-2 and ISO 15156-3, which give the
requirements and recommendations for the selection and qualification of low-alloy steels, corrosion-resistant
alloys and other alloys for service in equipment used in environments containing H S in oil and natural gas
production and natural gas treatment plants, where failure of such materials could pose a risk to the health
and safety of the public and personnel or to the environment. A fourth part of ISO 15156 was originally
envisaged to cover, likewise, the selection and qualification of non-metallic materials in the same environment.
However, at a later stage it was decided that due to the differences in the corrosion mechanisms of metallic
and non-metallic materials it would be too limiting to solely consider hydrogen sulfide as the corrosive
component for non-metallic materials, because in oil and gas production services other systems parameters
must also be considered as being corrosive and deteriorating for non-metallic materials.
It was therefore decided to produce a stand-alone International Standard, covering all systems parameters
that are considered relevant in the petroleum and natural gas industries to the avoidance of corrosion
damages to non-metallic equipment. ISO 23936 supplements, but does not replace, the materials
requirements of the appropriate design codes, standards or regulations.
ISO 23936 applies to the qualification and selection of materials for equipment designed and constructed
using conventional design criteria for technical application of non-metallic materials. Designs utilizing other
criteria are excluded from its scope. ISO 23936 is not necessarily suitable for application to equipment used in
refining or downstream processes and equipment.

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23936-1:2009(E)

Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries —
Non-metallic materials in contact with media related to oil and
gas production —
Part 1:
Thermoplastics
CAUTION — Non-metallic materials selected using the parts of ISO 23936 are resistant to the given
environments in the petroleum and natural gas industries, but not necessarily immune under all
service conditions. ISO 23936 allocates responsibility for suitability for the intended service in all
cases to the equipment user.
1 Scope
ISO 23936 as a whole presents general principles and gives requirements and recommendations for the
selection and qualification, and gives guidance for the quality assurance, of non-metallic materials for service
in equipment used in oil and gas production environments, where the failure of such equipment could pose a
risk to the health and safety of the public and personnel or to the environment. It can be applied to help to
avoid costly corrosion failures of the equipment itself. It supplements, but does not replace, the material
requirements given in the appropriate design codes, standards or regulations.
This part of ISO 23936 addresses the resistance of thermoplastics to the deterioration in properties that can
be caused by physical or chemical interaction with produced and injected oil and gas-field media, and with
production and chemical treatment. Interaction with sunlight is included; however, ionizing radiation is
excluded from the scope of this part of ISO 23936.
Furthermore, this part of ISO 23936 is not necessarily suitable for application to equipment used in refining or
downstream processes and equipment.
The equipment considered includes, but is not limited to, non-metallic pipelines, piping, liners, seals, gaskets
and washers.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 178, Plastics — Determination of flexural properties
ISO 179-1, Plastics — Determination of Charpy impact properties — Part 1: Non-instrumented impact test
ISO 306, Plastics — Thermoplastic materials — Determination of Vicat softening temperature (VST)
ISO 527-1, Plastics — Determination of tensile properties — Part 1: General principles
ISO 868, Plastics and ebonite — Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore
hardness)
ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
ISO 1183-2, Plastics — Methods for determining the density of non-cellular plastics — Part 2: Density gradient
column method
ISO 2578, Plastics — Determination of time-temperature limits after prolonged exposure to heat
ISO 11357-6, Plastics — Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) — Part 6: Determination of oxidation
induction time (isothermal OIT) and oxidation induction temperature (dynamic OIT)
ISO 15156–1, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Materials for use in H S-containing environments in oil
and gas production — Part 1: General principles for selection of cracking-resistant materials
ISO 15156–2, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Materials for use in H S-containing environments in oil
and gas production — Part 2: Cracking-resistant carbon and low-alloy steels, and the use of cast irons
ISO 15156–3, Petroleum and natural gas industries — Materials for use in H S-containing environments in oil
and gas production — Part 3: Cracking-resistant CRAs (corrosion-resistant alloys) and other alloys
ASTM D638, Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
ASTM D746, Standard Test Method for Brittleness Temperature of Plastics and Elastomers By Impact
ASTM D792, Standard Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by
Displacement
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions and abbreviated terms apply.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
batch
discontinuously manufactured amount of thermoplastic material
3.1.2
certificate of compliance
〈inspection〉 document to be issued by the manufacturer in accordance with requirements stated in this
standard or in the purchase order
3.1.3
end user
oil and/or gas operating company
3.1.4
fluid
liquid or gas
3.1.5
gasket
sealing component compressed in a joint
3.1.6
liner
thermoplastic material for protection of medium-contacted surfaces of pipes, piping, pipelines or equipment
3.1.7
lot
part of a batch or part of a continuously manufactured thermoplastic material
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
3.1.8
lot certificate
certificate of analysis issued by the manufacturer
3.1.9
manufacturer
producer of the thermoplastic material or semi-finished products made from thermoplastic materials
3.1.10
material specification
description of characteristics and test requirements for thermoplastic materials
3.1.11
operating temperature
temperature to which a component is subjected during normal operation
3.1.12
maximum operating temperature
maximum temperature to which a component is subjected, including deviations from normal operations, such
as start-up/shutdown
3.1.13
minimum operating temperature
minimum temperature to which a component is subjected, including deviations from normal operations, such
as start-up/shutdown
3.1.14
pipeline
those facilities through which fluids or gases are transported, including pipes, pig traps, components and
equipment, including valves
NOTE Adapted from ISO 13623:2000, definition 3.12.
3.1.15
piping
pipe or system of pipes for the transport of fluids and gases
NOTE 1 A piping system can be regarded as one single system provided it conveys substances having the same
properties and as a whole is designed for the same allowable pressure.
NOTE 2 Interruption by different components such as pumps, machines, vessels, etc. does not preclude integration
into one single piping system.
3.1.16
seal
deformable polymeric device designed to separate different environments
3.1.17
swelling
increase in volume due to absorption of fluids
3.1.18
thermoplastics
plastics that are capable of being repeatedly softened by heating and hardened by cooling through a
temperature range characteristic of the plastics and, in the softened state, of being repeatedly shaped by flow
into articles by moulding, extrusion or forming
[ISO 15750-3:2002]
ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
3.1.19
washer
flat plate of a material with a centralized hole used to seat bolt heads and nuts, among others
3.2 Abbreviated terms
COC Certificate of compliance
COA Certificate of analysis
DSC Differential scanning calorimetry
DTMA/TMA Dynamic thermo-mechanical analysis/Thermo-mechanical analysis
ECTFE Polyethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene
ETFE Polyethylene-tetrafluoroethylene
HDPE High density polyethylene
LDPE Low density polyethylene
MDPE Medium density polyethylene
PA Polyamide
PAI Polyamide-imides
PCTFE Polychlorotrifluoro-ethylene
PE Polyethylene
PEI Polyether-imides
PEEK Polyether-etherketones
PEX Cross-linked polyethylene
PFA Perfluoralkoxides
POM Polyoximethylene
PP Polypropylene
PP-B Polypropylene heterophasic copolymers
PP-H Polypropylene homopolymers
PP-R Polypropylene random copolymers
PPS Polyphenylene sulfide
PTFE Polytetrafluoro-ethylene
PVDF Polyvinylidene fluoride
QC Quality control
RGD Rapid gas decompression
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
4 Functional requirements
4.1 General
Materials selection shall be based on evaluation of compatibility with service environment, functionality under
service and the design lifetime. The following shall be considered as appropriate to the requirements and
evaluated when selecting a material for a specific application:
a) adequate physical and mechanical properties at maximum and minimum temperature (hardness, tensile
strength, elongation at break, modulus of elasticity, etc.);
b) resistance to high pressure extrusion or creep at maximum temperature;
c) resistance against rapid gas decompression at maximum temperature;
d) resistance to thermal cycling and dynamic movement;
e) low temperature flexibility, as defined in ASTM D746 and ISO 178;
f) long-term behaviour;
g) gas permeation behaviour;
h) chemical resistance to service environment.
For load-carrying applications, special attention shall be paid on creep and cyclic mechanical loads.
Typical chemical resistances of the most commonly used thermoplastics are listed in Annex A.
4.2 Pipelines, piping and liners
4.2.1 General
The relevant thermoplastic materials in the field of pipelines, piping and liners for use in oil and gas production
include Polyethylene (PE), Polypropylene (PP), Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and Polyamide (PA).
Thermoplastic materials based on other monomers may also be used.
4.2.2 Polyethylene (PE)
Polyethylene (PE) is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer. There are different types of PE used in the field
of oil and gas production:
⎯ LDPE (low density polyethylene);
⎯ MDPE (medium density polyethylene);
⎯ HDPE (high density polyethylene).
PEX is the abbreviation for cross-linked PE. Cross-linking is usually performed by peroxides (PEXa), silanes
(PEXb) or irradiation (PEXc).
Table 1 gives the characteristic properties of the different types of PE and those of PEX, together with the
related standards.
ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
Table 1 — Characteristic properties of PE/PEX
Property
Vicat A Maximum Impact strength
Melting point Brittleness
Density softening operating at −30 °C
(DSC) temperature
d
temperature temperature (Charpy)
Type
g/cm °C °C °C °C MPa
Standard
ISO 11357-1 to
ISO 1183-2 ISO 306 — ASTM D746 ISO 179-1
ISO 11357-6
0,910 to 0,925
LDPE 90 to 120 80 to 105 40 < −50 No break
a
> 0,932
MDPE 0,926 to 0,940 125 to 130 110 to 120 50 < −60 No break

HDPE W 0,941 130 to 135 125 to 130 60 < −60 No break
b b b c
PEX  < −60 No break
NOTE Table A.1 (see Annex A) gives more details on service limitations in media encountered in oil and gas production.
a
Density of LDPE copolymers.
b
Similar to basic material (LDPE, MDPE or HDPE) used, depending on the cross-linking technique.
c
Generally higher than the basic material (LDPE, MDPE or HDPE); however, depending on the cross-linking technique.
d
Related to a long-term service life in benign environments.

Increasing the density of PE will increase the temperature limits and enhance the chemical resistance.
Cross-linking will also improve the overall properties of the PE material.
NOTE Chemicals like methanol and aromatic hydrocarbons can extract additives from PE materials and thus
accelerate the ageing behaviour. Contact the manufacturer in respect to the chemical resistance of the PE material.
The long-term maximum temperature for PE is related to the Vicat A softening temperature (ISO 306).
The low temperature limits of PE are in the order of −40 °C and relate to the brittleness of the material
characterized by impact measurements as described in Table 1.
PE is generally accepted in aqueous environments. In the presence of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
the use of PE can be limited due to permeation (specifically aliphatic hydrocarbons) and swelling (loss of
mechanical properties and dimensional stability). The resistance to hydrocarbons can be improved by cross-
linking (PEXa,b,c materials). The degree of cross-linking may be determined in accordance with EN 579.
UV light will degrade the PE material unless efficient stabilizers are added to the polymer.
PE may be sensitive to environmental cracking if contacted with surface-active compounds, such as
detergents, surfactants, emulsifiers, demulsifiers and corrosion inhibitors. Testing for susceptibility to
environmental stress cracking can be performed in accordance with ISO 16770, ASTM D1693 or ISO 22088.
The choice of the testing method should be agreed between end user and manufacturer.
6 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
4.2.3 Polypropylene
Polypropylene (PP) is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer. There are different types of PP used in the
field of oil and gas production:
⎯ PP-H (PP homopolymers);
⎯ PP-R (PP random-copolymers);
⎯ PP-B (PP heterophasic copolymers);
⎯ PP-Elastomers (PP heterophasic copolymers with very high comonomer content).
Table 2 gives the characteristic properties of the different types of PP, together with the related standards.
Table 2 — Characteristic properties of PP
Property
Vicat A Maximum Impact strength at
Melting point Brittleness
softening operating −30 °C
(DSC) temperature
a
temperature temperature (Charpy)
Type
°C °C °C °C MPa
Standard
ISO 1183-2 ISO 306 — ASTM D746 ISO 179-1
PP-H 162 150 120 0 20 to 30
PP-R 130 to 150 90 to 130 100 −20 30 to 40
PP-B 160 110 to 135 80 −30 60 to 120
PP-Elastomer 130 to 150 50 to 90 60 −50 No break
NOTE Table A.2 (see Annex A) gives more details on service limitations in media encountered in oil and gas production.
a
Related to a long-term service life in benign environments.

The chemical resistance of the different PP types is similar to that of the PE materials.
NOTE Chemicals like methanol and aromatic hydrocarbons can extract additives from PP materials and thus
accelerate the ageing behaviour. Contact the manufacturer in respect to the chemical resistance of the PP material.
The long-term maximum allowable temperature for PP is related to the Vicat A softening temperature
(ISO 306).
The low temperature limits of PP are in the order of −30 °C to 0 °C and relate to the composition of the PP
material as described in Table 2.
PP is generally accepted in aqueous environments. In the presence of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons,
the use of PP may be limited due to permeation (specifically aliphatic hydrocarbons) and swelling (loss of
mechanical properties and dimensional stability).
UV light will degrade the PP material unless efficient stabilizers are added to the polymer.
PP is less sensitive to environmental cracking compared to PE when contacted with surface-active
compounds, such as detergents, surfactants, emulsifiers, demulsifiers and corrosion inhibitors. Testing for
susceptibility to environmental stress cracking can be performed according to ISO 16770, ASTM D1693 or
ISO 22088. The choice of the testing method should be agreed between the end user and manufacturer.
ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
4.2.4 Polyvinylidene fluoride
Table 3 gives the characteristic properties of Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), together with the related
standards.
Table 3 — Characteristic properties of PVDF
Property
Vicat B softening Impact strength at
Melting point Maximum operating Brittleness
Density temperature −30 °C
(DSC) temperature temperature
(50 K/h) (Charpy)
g/cm °C °C °C °C MPa
Standard
ISO 11357-1 to
ISO 1183-2 ISO 306 — ASTM D746 ISO 179-1
ISO 11357-6
1,75 to 1,78 170 to 180 140 to 145 130 −60 No break

Temperature limits are in the order of 130 °C.
PVDF is resistant to water and aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons up to the temperature limits. Basic
environments (high pH, including amines) can cause degradation of PVDF. PVDF is sensitive to surface
cracks which can grow when subjected to a number of thermally induced stresses. Appropriate testing for
susceptibility to functional chemicals (detergents, surfactants, emulsifiers, demulsifiers and corrosion
inhibitors) is necessary. Stress cracking testing should be performed according to ISO 22088.
4.2.5 Polyamides
The most common polyamide (PA) used in oil and gas services (for more than 30 years) is Polyamide 11
(PA 11). There are other types of polyamides available. PA 12 has been approved according to ISO 13628-2
(based on API Spec 17J).
Engineering experiences with ageing of PA 11 in flexible pipes are summarized in API TR 17TR2. PA 12
meets the requirements of API Spec 17J:1999, sections 6.1 and 6.2, and ISO 13628-2.
Table 4 lists the characteristic properties of different types of PA, together with the related standards.
8 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
Table 4 — Characteristic properties of PA
Property
Vicat B Impact
Maximum
Melting point softening Brittleness strength at
Density operating
(DSC) temperature temperature −30 °C
c
temperature
(50 K/h) (Charpy)
Type
g/cm °C °C °C °C MPa
Standard
ISO 11357-1 to
ISO 1183-2 ISO 306 — ASTM D746 ISO 179-1
ISO 11357-6
a
PA 11 1,03 to 1,04 183 160 −40 No break
b
a
PA 12 1,01 to 1,03 171 to 178 129 to 140 −40 No break
b
NOTE 1 The maximum operating temperature is application-related.
NOTE 2 Table A.3 (see Annex A) gives more details on service limitations in media encountered in oil and gas production.
a
In water-containing systems.
b
In non-aqueous hydrocarbon systems.
c
For 20 years of service life at benign environmental conditions.

The high temperature limits are generally in the order of 80 °C in water-containing systems because above
this temperature hydrolysis is starting to become a problem. Therefore, mineral acids and lower molecular
weight organic acids will impair the properties of PA 11 and PA 12 in the case of prolonged contact, even at
low concentrations. Likewise, prolonged contact should be avoided with
⎯ lower molecular weight alcohols, aldehydes and ketones (specifically methanol, formaldehyde, acetone),
⎯ phenols and cresols, anilines and pyridines, halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g. ethylene chloride),
⎯ acetates (butylacetate, amylacetate),
⎯ oxidizing agents (e.g. diluted chromic acid, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide and permanganate solutions),
⎯ nitro compounds, and
⎯ aqueous solutions of some inorganic salts (e.g. potassium or sodium carbonate, sodium nitrite,
ammonium sulphate).
Aliphatic hydrocarbons are generally accepted in contact with PA 11 and PA 12 up to approx. 120 °C.
However, lower molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, xylenes) can impair the
properties of PA 11 and PA 12 at a temperature of 60 °C and above.
Leaching of plasticizer is specifically a problem in liners. Therefore, appropriate testing is necessary. This
applies also for the susceptibility to functional chemicals (detergents, surfactants, emulsifiers, demulsifiers and
corrosion inhibitors).
ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
4.3 Seals, washers and gaskets
4.3.1 General
Thermoplastics are used as seals and also for backup or support for seals. Due to their specific application,
special types of thermoplastics, e.g. polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), polyether-etherketones (PEEK),
polytetrafluoro-ethylene (PTFE), polyamide-imides (PAI), polyether-imides (PEI), polyoximethylene (POM),
polychlorotrifluoro-ethylene (PCTFE), are used. These materials are often reinforced by glass powder, glass
fibres or carbon fibres in order to enhance the mechanical properties.
Table 5 gives the characteristic properties of the unfilled polymers, together with the related standards.
Table 5 — Characteristic properties of selected unfilled polymers
Property
Vicat B softening
Melting point Maximum operating Brittleness Impact strength at
temperature
(DSC) temperature temperature −30 °C (Charpy)
(50 K/h)
Type
°C °C °C °C MPa
Standard
ISO 11357-1 to
ISO 306 — ASTM D746 ISO 179-1
ISO 11357-6
PPS 280 220 200 −50 No break
PEEK 335 259 250 −65 No break
PTFE 325 300 260 −200 No break
PAI 275 260 200 −65 No break
PEI 220 220 170 −60 No break
POM 165 to 175 115 80 −50 No break
PCTFE 210 160 130 −40 No break
The service temperature is strongly dependent on service stresses or pressure and sealing clearance. The ability to
withstand stresses at applicable upper temperature shall be documented.
PAI is susceptible to hydrolysis when exposed to water-containing fluids at 70 °C or 80 °C. The same chemicals that
impair the properties of PA 11 and PA 12 will affect the PAI material.
The maximum operating temperature shall be set at 70 °C when exposed to water containing fluids for long-term service
life.
4.3.2 Polyphenylensulfide (PPS)
PPS has good chemical resistance in aqueous and hydrocarbon media up to a temperature limit of 200 °C.
This includes sour environments and functional chemicals (detergents, surfactants, emulsifiers, demulsifiers
and corrosion inhibitors). Stress corrosion cracking has not been observed with PPS.
4.3.3 Polyether-etherketones (PEEK)
The maximum allowable temperature is 250 °C for unfilled polymer grades.
PEEK is generally resistant to media used in oil and gas service up to the temperature limit. However,
hydrogen sulfide can attack PEEK, specifically in the presence of amines and elemental sulfur and at high
partial pressures and temperatures in the range of 200 °C. Limited chemical resistance exists also against
halogenated hydrocarbons. Stress corrosion cracking has not been observed with PEEK. The mechanical
properties are sensitive to the thermal treatment during the fabrication process, i.e. residual thermal stresses,
especially for larger thicknesses.
10 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
4.3.4 Polytetrafluoro-ethylene (PTFE)
The temperature limit is 260 °C. At this temperature, the mechanical properties are very poor due to creep.
Stress corrosion cracking has not been observed with PTFE.
No media used in oil and gas production, including functional chemicals (detergents, surfactants, emulsifiers,
demulsifiers and corrosion inhibitors), have been reported to attack PTFE up to the temperature limit.
NOTE PTFE exhibits a high permeability for oxygen. Exclusion of oxygen is therefore not possible in the case of
PTFE piping directly exposed to air.
4.3.5 Polyamide-imides (PAI)
The maximum allowable temperature is 200 °C for unfilled polymer grades.
PAI is virtually unaffected by aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated and fluorinated hydrocarbons,
and most acids at moderate temperatures. The polymer, however, can be attacked by saturated steam, strong
bases and amines (e.g. ethylene diamine, pyridine), and some high-temperature acid systems. Moderate
attack must be expected by concentrated formic acid. Poor resistance exists against concentrated hydrofluoric
acid. Proper post-cure of PAI components is necessary to achieve optimal chemical resistance.
4.3.6 Polyether-imides (PEI)
The maximum allowable temperature is 170 °C for unfilled polymer grades.
Polyether-imides (PEI) exhibit high strength and rigidity at elevated temperatures, long-term heat resistance,
dimensional stability and good electrical properties, and they are inherently flame retardant. PEI resist
chemicals such as hydrocarbons, alcohols and halogenated solvents. Creep resistance over the long term
even allows PEI to replace metal and other materials in many structural applications. Electrical properties
show excellent stability under variable temperature, humidity and frequency conditions. Chemical resistance is
given against aliphatic hydrocarbons, hot water, strong organic acids, weak mineral acids and weak bases;
however, aromatic hydrocarbons, fuels, strong bases, strong mineral and oxidizing acids, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones like acetone, as well as lower molecular weight esters (e.g. ethyacetate), can
impair the property profile of PEI.
4.3.7 Polyoximethylene (POM)
The maximum allowable temperature is only 80 °C for the unfilled polymer grades.
While good resistance exists against aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, POM as a polyacetal is susceptible
to hydrolysis by strong and weak acids and bases and only fairly resistant to low molecular weight alcohols.
4.3.8 Polychlorotrifluoro-ethylene (PCTFE)
The maximum allowable operating temperature is 130 °C for unfilled polymer grades. The low temperature
limit of PCTFE is in the order of −240 °C. The shrinkage of PCTFE during cooling from 23 °C to −240 °C is
only 0,01 %.
Polychlorotrifluoro-ethylene offers an excellent combination of physical and mechanical properties, chemical
resistance, near-zero moisture absorption, non-flammability, and excellent electrical properties. It is used in
valves for seats, stems and seals, in bearings, in compressors, in pumps and cryogenic applications, and as
gaskets. The chemical resistance is comparable to that of PTFE, although some chlorinated hydrocarbons
can cause swelling.
ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
4.4 Encapsulations, electrical insulations, injection lines
4.4.1 General
Materials used for encapsulation, and electrical insulation of wires and cables and for injection or control lines
include predominantly PP, PA 11, PA 12, PVDF, PTFE, PCTFE, ECTFE and ETFE. The characteristic
properties of PP, PA 11, PA 12, PVDF, PTFE, and PCTFE are given in Tables 2, 3, 4, and 5. Characteristic
properties of ECTFE and ETFE are collected in Table 6.
Table 6 — Characteristic properties of selected unfilled polymers
Property
Vicat B softening Maximum Impact strength at
Brittleness
Melting point (DSC) temperature operating −30 °C
temperature
(50 K/h) temperature (Charpy)
Type
°C °C °C °C MPa
Standard
ISO 11357-1 to
ISO 306 — ASTM D746 ISO 179-1
ISO 11357-6
ECTFE 240 170 160 −75 No break
ETFE 255 to 280 180 150 −80 No break

4.4.2 ECTFE (Polyethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene)
In aqueous systems ECTFE is acceptable up to 100 °C.
It can be attacked by high alkaline media, e.g. amines, at temperatures above 100 °C. Therefore, fitness-for-
purpose testing according to ISO 175 is recommended.
The maximum operating temperature for non-aqueous media is about 160 °C. Stress corrosion cracking has
not been reported within the application limits outlined above.
4.4.3 ETFE (Polyethylene-tetrafluoroethylene)
The maximum operating temperature is about 150 °C. The minimum operating temperature is about −100 °C.
ETFE is inert to many strong mineral acids, inorganic bases, halogens and metal salt solutions. Carboxylic
acids, anhydrides, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, esters,
chlorohydrocarbons and classic polymer solvents have little effect on ETFE. Under highly stressed conditions,
some very low surface tension solvents tend to reduce the stress-crack resistance of the lower molecular
weight products of ETFE. Very strong oxidizing acids such as nitric acid, organic bases such as amines, and
sulfonic acids at high concentrations and near their boiling points will affect ETFE to varying degrees.
5 Requirements for technical information
All materials used within the scope of this part of ISO 23936 shall be purchased in accordance with either a
written material specification or an industry standard. The specification shall include measurable physical,
mechanical and chemical characteristics.
All suppliers to the manufacturer shall have a documented quality assurance system.
12 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

ISO 23936-1:2009(E)
The minimum requirements are valid for all applications. The following shall be documented for quality control:
a) specific gravity, in accordance with ASTM D792;
b) hardness in a
...