Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General - General rules and rules for buildings

Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): All dates refer to ENV. No enquiry nor standstill

Eurocode 3: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbauten - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln - Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln, Bemessungsregeln für den Hochbau

Eurocode 3: Calcul des structures en acier - Partie 1-1: Règles générales - Règles générales et règles pour les bâtiments

Eurocode 3: Projektiranje jeklenih konstrukcij - Del 1-1: Splošna pravila in pravila za stavbe

General Information

Status: Withdrawn
Publication Date: 18-Dec-1994
Withdrawal Date: 10-May-2005

ICS: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects
: 91.080.13 - Steel structures

Technical Committee: CEN/TC 250 - Structural Eurocodes
Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 250/SC 3 - Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures

Current Stage: 9960 - Withdrawal effective - Withdrawal
Start Date: 11-May-2005
Completion Date: 11-May-2005

Directive: 305/2011 - Regulation (eu) No 305/2011 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 march 2011 laying down harmonised conditions for the marketing of construction products and repealing council directive 89/106/eec
Directive: 89/106/EEC - Construction products

Mandate: M/BC/CEN/89/11 - Framework mandate to CEN on Eurocode work : execution of a standardization programme on Eurocodes for the structural design of building and civil engineering works

Ref Project: SIST ENV 1993-1-1:1996/A1:1996 - Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General - General rules and rules for buildings

Relations

Replaced By: EN 1993-1-9:2005 - Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-9: Fatigue
Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008

Replaced By: EN 1993-1-1:2005 - Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings
Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008

Replaced By: EN 1993-1-8:2005 - Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-8: Design of joints
Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008

Replaced By: EN 1993-1-10:2005 - Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness properties
Effective Date: 22-Dec-2008

Referred By: EN 61779-1:2000 - Electrical apparatus for the detection and measurement of flammable gases - Part 1: General requirements and test methods
Effective Date: 09-Feb-2026

Referred By: EN ISO 6975:2005 - Natural gas - Extended analysis - Gas-chromatographic method (ISO 6975:1997)
Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026

Referred By: EN ISO 14111:1999 - Natural gas - Guidelines to traceability in analysis (ISO 14111:1997)
Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026

Referred By: EN 1776:1998 - Gas supply systems - Natural gas measuring stations - Functional requirements
Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026

Referred By: EN 45544-1:1999 - Workplace atmospheres - Electrical apparatus used for the direct detection and direct concentration measurement of toxic gases and vapours - Part 1: General requirements and test methods
Effective Date: 28-Jan-2026

ENV 1993-1-1:1996/A1:1996 - Page 3 preview

ENV 1993-1-1:1996/A1:1996 - Page 1 preview

ENV 1993-1-1:1996/A1:1996 - Page 2 preview

Standard + National Annex and/or Foreword

ENV 1993-1-1:1996/A1:1996

Foreword and/or annex in Slovenian language, body of the standard in English language

66 pages

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994?

ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994 is a standard + national annex and/or foreword published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General - General rules and rules for buildings". This standard covers: Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): All dates refer to ENV. No enquiry nor standstill

What is the scope of ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994?

Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): All dates refer to ENV. No enquiry nor standstill

What ICS categories does ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994 belong to?

ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.010.30 - Technical aspects; 91.080.13 - Steel structures. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

What standards are related to ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994?

ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 1993-1-9:2005, EN 1993-1-1:2005, EN 1993-1-8:2005, EN 1993-1-10:2005, EN 61779-1:2000, EN ISO 6975:2005, EN ISO 14111:1999, EN 1776:1998, EN 45544-1:1999. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

Is ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994 a harmonized European standard?

ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 305/2011, 89/106/EEC; Standardization Mandates: M/BC/CEN/89/11. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.

How can I access ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994?

ENV 1993-1-1:1992/A1:1994 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.

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CEN

EN 1993-5:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 5: Piling

kSIST FprEN 1993-5:2025

1.1   Scope of EN 1993 5
(1) This document provides rules for the structural design of bearing piles and sheet piles made of steel.
(2) This document provides rules for the structural design of steel elements for foundations and retaining structures constructed using steel piles.
(3) This document is applicable to:
—   steel piled foundations for civil engineering works on land and over water;
—   temporary or permanent structures needed to carry out steel piling work;
—   temporary and permanent retaining structures made of continuous steel piling.
(4) This document does not apply to:
—   offshore platforms;
—   dolphins;
—   ground reinforcing elements.
NOTE   Ground reinforcing elements include rock bolts, soil nails, sprayed concrete, wire mesh and facing elements.
(5) This document does not cover the following aspects:
—   geotechnical design;
—    seismic design.
NOTE 1   For geotechnical design, see EN 1997 (all parts).
NOTE 2   For the effects of ground movement caused by earthquakes, see EN 1998 (all parts).
(6) This document provides methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1993 1 (all parts) and EN 1997 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993 5 are applicable if
—   the execution quality for steel piles is as specified in EN 12063, EN 12699, EN 14199; and
—   the execution quality for associated steel elements (such as bracing, anchors, waling, etc.) is as specified in EN 1090 2, EN 1537; and
—   the execution quality for concreting of bearing piles is as specified in EN 1536; and
—   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(3) The methods for design by calculation apply only within the stated ranges of material properties and geometric proportions, for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design assisted by testing.

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CEN

EN 1993-1-14:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-14: Design assisted by finite element analysis

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-14:2025

1.1   Scope of prEN 1993-1-14
(1) This document gives principles and requirements for the use of numerical methods in the design of steel structures, more specifically for the ultimate limit state (including fatigue) and serviceability limit state verifications. It also gives principles and requirements for the application of advanced finite element (FE) and similar modelling techniques for numerical simulation which also covers safety assessment.
(2) This document covers general methodologies such as the finite element method (FEM), finite strip method (FSM) or generalized beam theory (GBT) for modelling, analysis and design of steel structures made of the following members and joint configurations:
a)   hot-rolled profiles,
b)   cold-formed members and sheeting,
c)   welded plated profiles,
d)   stainless steel profiles,
e)   plate assemblies,
f)   shell structures,
g)   welded and bolted joints.
In addition to the general design rules, specific additional rules can also be found in the relevant standard parts in EN 1993.
(3) This document contains harmonized design rules in terms of the application of the numerical modelling methods, development of the numerical models, application of analysis types, result evaluation methods, and determination of the resistance of steel structures for different limit states.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) This document gives rules intended for engineers who are experienced in the use of FE.
(2) It is recognized that structural analysis, based upon the laws of physics, has been successfully researched, developed, historically or currently used for the design and verification of elements or whole structural frames. This remains appropriate for many structural solutions. However, when a more detailed understanding of structural behaviour is required, the methods described in this document can be useful for the professional design.
(3) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other relevant parts of EN 1993-1 (all subparts) apply.
(4) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-14 are applicable if
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and/or EN 1090-4, and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.

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CEN

EN 1993-1-6:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-6: Strength and stability of shell structures

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-6:2024

1.1   Scope of EN 1993-1-6
(1) EN 1993-1-6 provides rules for the structural design of plated steel structures that have the form of a shell of revolution (axisymmetric shell).
(2) This document is applicable to unstiffened fabricated axisymmetric shells formed from isotropic rolled plates using both algebraic and computational procedures, and to stiffened axisymmetric shells with different wall constructions using computational procedures. It also applies to associated circular or annular plates and to beam section rings and stringer stiffeners where they form part of the complete shell structure. The general computational procedures are applicable to all shell forms.
(3) This document does not apply to manufactured shells or to shell panels or to elliptical shell forms, except that its computational procedures are applicable to all shell structures. This document does not apply to structures under seismic or other dynamic loading. It does not cover the aspects of leakage of stored liquids or solids.
(4) Cylindrical and conical panels are not explicitly covered by this document. However, the provisions of 9.8 can be used provided that appropriate boundary conditions are taken into account.
(5) This document defines the characteristic and design values of the resistance of the structure.
(6) This document is concerned with the requirements for design against the ultimate limit states of:
—   plastic failure;
—   cyclic plasticity;
—   buckling;
—   fatigue.
(7) Overall equilibrium of the structure (sliding, uplifting, overturning) is not included in this document. Special considerations for specific applications are included in the relevant application parts of EN 1993.
(8) Detailed formulae for the simple calculation of unstiffened cylinders, cones and spherical domes are given in the Annexes.
(9) Provisions for simple calculations on specific stiffened shell types are given in EN 1993-4-1.
(10) This document is intended for application to steel shell structures. Where no standard exists for shell structures made of other metals, including high strength steels, the provisions of this document are applicable provided the appropriate material properties of the metal are taken into account.
(11) The provisions of this document are intended to be applied within the temperature ranges defined in the relevant EN 1993 application parts.
(12) Where no application part defines a different range, this document applies to structures within the following limits:
—   design metal temperatures lie within the range −50 °C to +100 °C, except when using the special provisions given in 5.1;
—   radius to thickness ratios (r/t) within the range 50 to 2 000;
—   manufactured circular hollow sections according to EN 10210 and EN 10219 are outside the scope of this document and are covered by EN 1993-1-1. However, if no other provisions are available, the rules of this document are useful for manufactured circular hollow sections. In particular, this document is applicable to the design of manufactured piles (see EN 1993-5) provided the imperfections and tolerance requirements of EN 1993-5 are adopted in place of those specified in this document, and where no other standard covers the specific pile geometry.
NOTE 1   Experimental and theoretical data relating to manufactured circular hollow sections were not considered when this document was drafted. The application of this document to such structures therefore remains the responsibility of the user.
NOTE 2   The stress design rules of this document can be rather conservative if applied to some geometries and loading conditions for relatively thick-walled shells.
NOTE 3   Thinner shells than r/t = 2 000 can be treated using these provisions but the provisions have not been verified for such thin shells.
NOTE 4   The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be ignored where high temperature creep effects are not covered by the relevant application part.
[...]

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CEN

EN 1993-1-7:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-7: Plate assemblies with elements under transverse loads

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-7:2024

1.1   Scope of prEN 1993-1-7
(1) prEN 1993-1-7 provides rules for the structural design of assemblies of unstiffened and stiffened steel plates whose elements are under predominantly distributed transverse loads.
(2) prEN 1993-1-7 is applicable to containment structures such as silos, tanks, digesters and lock gates, where the external actions chiefly act transversely on their individual plates or panels. Where a plate or panel under bending is additionally subject to membrane forces that have a significant effect on the resistance, this document covers assessment of the resistance through its computational analysis procedures.
(3) prEN 1993-1-7 is applicable to structures with rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular component plate segments, each with one axis of symmetry.
(4) prEN 1993-1-7 does not apply to plates or panels where the dominant structural resistance requirement relates to membrane forces in the plates (for these, see EN 1993-1-5).
(5) prEN 1993-1-7 does not apply to plates or panels whose curvature (out of flatness) exceeds that defined in 1.1 (14). For such curved plates, see EN 1993-1-6.
(6) prEN 1993-1-7 does not apply to circular or annular plates. For such plates, see EN 1993 1-6.
(7)    prEN 1993-1-7 does not apply to cold-formed sheeting. For such plates, see EN 1993-1-3.
(8) This document is only concerned with the requirements for design of plates and plate assemblies against the ultimate limit states of:
-   plastic failure;
-   cyclic plasticity;
-   buckling;
-   fatigue.
(9) Overall equilibrium of the structure (sliding, uplifting, or overturning) is not included in this document. Special considerations for specific applications are available in the relevant applications parts of EN 1993.
(10) The rules in this document refer to plate assemblies that are fabricated using unstiffened or stiffened plates or panels. The document is also applicable to the design of individual plates or panels that are predominantly subject to actions transverse to the plane of each plate. Both frictional actions on the plate surface and forces imposed by adjacent components of the plate assembly also induce in-plane actions in each plate.
(11) This document gives algebraic rules and guidance to account for bending with small membrane forces in the individual plates or panels. Where an unstiffened or stiffened plates or panels is subject to significant magnitudes of both bending and in-plane forces, the computational analysis procedures of this document apply.
(12) Where no application part defines a different range, this document applies to structures within the following limits:
-   design metal temperatures within the range −50 °C to +100 °C;
-   the geometry of individual plate segments is limited to rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal shapes with b/t greater than 20, or b1/t greater than 20, as appropriate (see Figure 3.2);
-   Single plate elements are treated as flat where the deviation from flatness e0 meets the condition   (see Figure 9.1). Where this criterion is not met, it is appropriate to treat the plate as a shell panel (see EN 1993-1-6).
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, the provisions of EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in prEN 1993-1-7 are applicable if:
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090 2, and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(3) The provisions in this document apply to materials that satisfy the brittle fracture provisions given in EN 1993-1-4 and EN 1993-1-10.
(4) In this document, it is assumed that wind loading, seismic actions and bulk solids flow can, in general, be treated as quasi-static actions.
...

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CEN

EN 1993-1-4:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-4: Stainless steel structures

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-4:2024

1.1   Scope of prEN 1993-1-4
This document provides supplementary rules for the structural design of steel structures that extend and modify the application of EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-8 to austenitic, duplex (austenitic-ferritic) and ferritic stainless steels.
NOTE 1   Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels are commonly known as duplex stainless steels. The term duplex stainless steel is used in this document.
NOTE 2   Information on the durability of stainless steels is given in Annex A.
NOTE 3   The execution of stainless steel structures is covered in EN 1090-2 and EN 1090-4.
1.2   Assumptions
Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-8 apply.
The design methods given in prEN 1993-1-4 are applicable if
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and EN 1090-4, and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993 1-5 and EN 1993-1-8, or in the relevant material and product specifications.

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EN 1993-1-9:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-9: Fatigue

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-9:2024

1.1   Scope of EN 1993-1-9
(1) EN 1993-1-9 gives design methods for the verification of the fatigue design situation of steel structures.
NOTE   Steel structures consist of members and their joints. Each member and joint can be represented as a constructional detail or as several of the latter.
(2) Design methods other than the stress-based methods, such as the notch strain method or fracture mechanics methods, are not covered by EN 1993-1-9.
(3) EN 1993-1-9 only applies to structures made of all grades of structural steels and products within the scope of EN 1993-1 (all parts), in accordance with the provisions noted in the detail category tables or annexes.
(4) EN 1993-1-9 only applies to structures where execution conforms to EN 1090-2.
NOTE   Supplementary execution requirements are indicated in the detail category tables.
(5) EN 1993-1-9 applies to structures operating under normal atmospheric conditions and with sufficient corrosion protection and regular maintenance. The effect of seawater corrosion is not covered.
(6) EN 1993-1-9 applies to structures with hot dip galvanizing in accordance with the provisions noted in the detail category tables or annexes.
(7) Microstructural damage from high temperature (> 150°C) that occurs during the design service life is not covered.
(8) EN 1993-1-9 gives guidance of how to consider post-fabrication treatments that are intended to improve the fatigue resistance of constructional details.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-9 are applicable if:
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts on EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(3) The design methods of EN 1993-1-9 are generally derived from fatigue tests on constructional details with large scale specimens that include effects of geometrical and structural imperfections from material production and execution (e.g. the effects of tolerances and residual stresses from welding).

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CEN

EN 1993-1-10:2025(Main)

Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-10: Material toughness and through-thickness properties

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-10:2024

1.1   Scope of EN 1993-1-10
(1) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules for the selection of steel grades and qualities related to fracture toughness to avoid brittle fracture.
NOTE   Steel quality is also known as (Charpy) subgrade.
(2) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules to specify through thickness properties for welded elements to reduce the risk of lamellar tearing.
(3) EN 1993-1-10 specifies additional toughness requirements for specific cases to ensure upper shelf toughness in relation to design ultimate resistance in tension and seismic design.
(4) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules for structural steels as listed in EN 1993-1-1. This document applies to steel grades S235 to S700.
(5) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules that apply to the selection of parent material only.
(6) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules that apply to steel materials covered by EN 1993-1-1:2022, 5.1(3), provided that each individual piece of steel is tested in accordance with the requirements of EN 1993 1 1:2022, 5.2.1 and EN 1090-2:2018+A1:2024, 5.1.
(7) This document does not apply to material salvaged from existing steelwork subjected to fatigue or fire.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other relevant parts of EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-10 are applicable if:
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 or EN 1090-4, and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.

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CEN

EN 1993-1-3:2024(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-3: Cold-formed members and sheeting

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-3:2023

1.1   Scope of prEN 1993-1-3
(1) This document provides rules for structural design of cold-formed steel members and sheeting.
(2) This document applies to cold-formed steel products made from coated or uncoated hot- or cold-rolled sheet or strip, which have been cold-formed by processes such as roll-forming or press braking. It also covers sheeting and members which are curved during fabrication by continuous bending or roll-forming. Sheeting which has the curvature created by crushing the inner flanges is not included. This document is also applicable to the design of profiled steel sheeting for composite steel and concrete slabs at the construction stage, see EN 1994. The execution of steel structures made of cold-formed steel members and sheeting is covered in EN 1090 4. Provisions for bolted connections are provided in EN 1090 2.
NOTE   The rules in prEN 1993 1 3 complement the rules in other parts of EN 1993 1.
(3) Methods are also given for stressed-skin design, using steel sheeting as a structural diaphragm.
(4) This document does not apply to cold-formed circular and rectangular structural hollow sections supplied to EN 10219, for which reference is made to EN 1993 1 1 and EN 1993 1 8.
(5) This document provides methods for design by calculation and for design assisted by testing. The methods for design by calculation apply only within the stated ranges of material properties and geometric proportions, for which sufficient experience and test evidence is available. These limitations do not apply to design assisted by testing.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 1 apply.
(2) The design methods given in prEN 1993 1 3 are applicable if:
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090 4, the execution quality of bolted connections is as specified in EN 1090 2, and
-   the construction materials and products are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(2) EN 1993 is intended to be used in conjunction with:
-   the parts of EN 1992 to EN 1999 where steel structures or steel components are referred to within those documents;
-   EN, EAD and ETA standards for construction products relevant to steel structures.

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CEN

EN 1993-1-8:2024(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-8: Joints

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-8:2023

1.1   Scope of FprEN 1993-1-8
(1) FprEN 1993-1-8 provides rules for structural design of joints subject to predominantly static loading using all steel grades from S235 up to and including S700, unless otherwise stated in individual clauses.
NOTE   As an alternative to the design rules provided in Clause 9, the design rules given in CEN/TR 1993-1-801 "Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1 801: Hollow section joints design according to the component method" can be used.
(2) The provisions in this document apply to steels complying with the requirements given in EN 1993 1 1 and to material thickness greater than or equal to 3 mm, unless otherwise stated in individual clauses.
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other relevant parts of EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in FprEN 1993-1-8 are applicable if:
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2,
and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.

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CEN

EN 1993-1-13:2024(Main)

Eurocode 3 - Design of steel structures - Part 1-13: Beams with large web openings

kSIST FprEN 1993-1-13:2023

1.1   Scope of EN 1993-1-13
1.1.1   General
(1) This document gives supplementary provisions that extend the application of EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-5 to the design of rolled and welded steel sections with various shapes of web openings. The following cases are considered:
-   rolled or welded beams with single or widely spaced web openings;
-   rolled or welded beams with closely spaced web openings;
-   cellular beams with circular openings made by cutting and re-welding two parts of steel sections that may be different in dimensions;
-   beams with hexagonal and sinusoidal openings made by cutting and re-welding two parts of steel sections that may be different in dimensions.
(2) This document applies to uniform members with I or H profiles, which are symmetric about the weak axis. It does not apply to non-prismatic or curved beams although the same principles can apply.
(3) This document applies to steel beams with web openings that are subjected to sagging (positive) or to hogging (negative) bending moments.
(4) This document covers the verification of the resistance at the openings and their effects on the global behaviour of the beam, including lateral torsional buckling.
(5) Alternative methods are presented for beams with circular openings and with sinusoidal openings in which the forces and resistances are calculated by increments around or along the openings and which are suitable for computer methods.
(6) This document applies to web slenderness, hw/tw, not exceeding 121ε. The local checks at and between adjacent openings apply to web slenderness up to this limit. The material parameter ε is defined in EN 1993-1-1:2022, 5.2.5 (2).
NOTE   The limit of 121ε is the limit of a Class 4 web for a steel section with equal flanges. It is used as a convenient limit for the application of this document, including mono-symmetric sections.
(7) This document does not cover fatigue. In case of fatigue, EN 1993-1-9 applies.
(8) This document does not cover fire design. For the design in case of fire, EN 1993-1-2 applies.
(9) This document does not cover the buckling verification of members with web openings under axial force.
1.1.2   Shapes of web openings
(1) The different shapes of web openings that are considered in this document are shown in Figure 1.1.
Figure 1.1 - Different shapes of web openings in steel beams
1.1.3   Stiffened openings
(1) This document also covers openings in the web of beams that are reinforced by longitudinal stiffeners and/or transverse stiffeners on one or both sides of the web, see Figure 1.2.
NOTE   The National Annex can give rules for alternative types of stiffener.
Figure 1.2 - Stiffening of openings in beam webs
1.2   Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, the EN 1991 series and EN 1993-1-1 apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-13 are applicable if:
-   the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and
-   the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications.

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19-Mar-2024
05-May-2019
91.010.30
91.080.13
CEN/TC 250

Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General - General rules and rules for buildings

Eurocode 3: Bemessung und Konstruktion von Stahlbauten - Teil 1-1: Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln - Allgemeine Bemessungsregeln, Bemessungsregeln für den Hochbau

Eurocode 3: Calcul des structures en acier - Partie 1-1: Règles générales - Règles générales et règles pour les bâtiments

Eurocode 3: Projektiranje jeklenih konstrukcij - Del 1-1: Splošna pravila in pravila za stavbe

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ENV 1993-1-1:1996/A1:1996

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