EN 828:2013
(Main)Adhesives - Wettability - Determination by measurement of contact angle and surface free energy of solid surface
Adhesives - Wettability - Determination by measurement of contact angle and surface free energy of solid surface
This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the surface free energy of a solid surface
by measuring the contact angle of a liquid wetting the solid surface. It allows the prediction of the ability of a
particular adhesive to wet a particular adherend. It can be used to characterize surfaces intended for
pre-treatment, coating or bonding.
NOTE 1 In order to determine the surface free energy, the method of measuring the static contact angle is used in
combination with a statistical interpretation.
NOTE 2 The measurement results are influenced by mechanical surface roughness and chemical homogeneity.
Klebstoffe - Benetzbarkeit - Bestimmung durch Messung des Kontaktwinkels und der freien Oberflächenenergie fester Oberflächen
Diese Europäische Norm legt ein Verfahren zur Bestimmung der freien Oberflächenenergie einer festen Ober-fläche durch Messung des Kontaktwinkels einer Flüssigkeit fest, die die feste Oberfläche benetzt. Es gestattet die Voraussage über die Fähigkeit eines bestimmten Klebstoffs ein bestimmtes Fügeteil zu benetzen. Es kann zur Charakterisierung von Oberflächen eingesetzt werden, die zur Vorbehandlung, Beschichtung oder zum Kleben vorgesehen sind.
ANMERKUNG 1 Um die freie Oberflächenenergie zu bestimmen, wird das Verfahren zur Messung des statischen Kontaktwinkels in Kombination mit einer statistischen Auswertung angewendet.
ANMERKUNG 2 Die Messergebnisse werden durch die mechanische Oberflächenrauheit und die chemische Homogenität beeinflusst.
Adhésifs - Mouillabilité - Détermination par mesurage de l'angle de contact et de l'énergie superficielle libre de la surface solide
La présente Norme européenne spécifie une méthode de détermination de l'énergie superficielle libre d’une surface solide par mesurage de l’angle de contact d’un liquide mouillant ladite surface. Elle permet de prévoir l’aptitude d’un adhésif particulier à mouiller un substrat donné. Elle peut être utilisée pour caractériser les surfaces destinées à recevoir un prétraitement, à être revêtues ou collées.
NOTE 1 Pour déterminer l’énergie superficielle libre, la méthode de mesurage de l’angle de contact statique est appliquée en association avec une méthode d’interprétation statistique.
NOTE 2 Les résultats de mesure sont influencés par la rugosité superficielle et l’homogénéité chimique.
Lepila - Omočljivost - Ugotavljanje z merjenjem omočilnega kota in proste površinske energije trdne površine
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 15-Jan-2013
- Withdrawal Date
- 30-Jul-2013
- Technical Committee
- CEN/TC 193 - Adhesives
- Drafting Committee
- CEN/TC 193/WG 2 - Structural adhesives
- Current Stage
- 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
- Start Date
- 12-Mar-2025
- Completion Date
- 14-Apr-2025
Relations
- Effective Date
- 06-Mar-2010
Overview
EN 828:2013 is a European Standard developed by CEN that specifies a precise method for determining the surface free energy of solid surfaces by measuring the contact angle formed by a liquid droplet wetting the surface. This standard plays a crucial role in predicting the adhesive performance of materials by assessing their wettability, enabling effective surface characterization for applications such as pre-treatment, coating, and bonding processes.
By utilizing static contact angle measurements coupled with statistical analysis, EN 828:2013 provides a reliable way to quantify surface free energy, which is fundamental in understanding the adhesion properties and interactions between adhesives and adherends. The standard also acknowledges the influence of factors like surface roughness and chemical homogeneity on measurement accuracy.
Key Topics
Surface Free Energy Measurement: Defines the method of calculating the surface free energy of a solid through the contact angle of various known liquids with differing polar and disperse properties.
Contact Angle Determination: Describes how to measure the static contact angle formed at the triple point where solid, liquid, and gas phases meet, using optical imaging and contour analysis.
Polar and Disperse Proportions: Breaks down surface free energy into polar (dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, acid-base interactions) and disperse (London dispersion forces) components, essential for a detailed adhesion assessment.
Test Liquids: Specifies the use of multiple test liquids such as water, diiodomethane, ethylene glycol, and glycerol to cover a broad range of surface tensions and polarity for accurate surface evaluation.
Measurement Procedure: Covers sample preparation, liquid dosing, image acquisition, contact angle calculation using different mathematical algorithms depending on angle size, and repeated measurements to ensure statistical relevance.
Test Equipment: Recommends enhanced digital contact angle measuring systems with image analysis and appropriate dosing instruments like micropipettes for precise liquid droplet application.
Result Expression: Describes linear regression methods to calculate the final surface free energy values and their polar and disperse components based on measured contact angles and liquid surface tension parameters.
Applications
Adhesive Selection and Optimization: Enables manufacturers and researchers to predict and optimize adhesion quality by matching adhesives with substrates based on measured wettability and surface energy.
Surface Treatment Validation: Supports quality control for pre-treated surfaces by confirming modifications improve adhesive bonding capability.
Coating and Paint Industry: Assists in assessing surface readiness for uniform coating application through wettability characterization.
Material Development: Facilitates the design of new adhesive substrates and formulations by providing clear insights into surface interactions.
Research and Development: Used extensively in laboratories and industrial settings to evaluate and improve bonding processes, ensuring durability and performance.
Related Standards
EN 923:2005+A1:2008 – Adhesives - Terms and definitions: Provides essential terminology used in the EN 828:2013 for clarity and consistency.
ISO Standards on Surface Analysis and Wettability: These may complement EN 828 by offering additional test methods and terminology for contact angle measurements.
Other CEN Adhesive Standards: Related standards under CEN/TC 193 for comprehensive coverage of adhesive testing procedures, performance, and classification.
Practical Value
Implementing EN 828:2013 ensures reliable, reproducible measurements of wettability and surface free energy, empowering industries to make informed decisions on adhesive compatibility and surface preparation. By adopting this standardized method, organizations achieve enhanced product performance, reduced failure rates, and streamlined quality assurance processes in manufacturing, research, and material testing environments.
The standard’s detailed guidance on equipment, procedures, and data interpretation helps laboratories maintain accuracy even when surface roughness and chemical heterogeneity add complexity to wettability measurements. This contributes significantly to advancing adhesive science and practical bonding technologies.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 828:2013 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Adhesives - Wettability - Determination by measurement of contact angle and surface free energy of solid surface". This standard covers: This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the surface free energy of a solid surface by measuring the contact angle of a liquid wetting the solid surface. It allows the prediction of the ability of a particular adhesive to wet a particular adherend. It can be used to characterize surfaces intended for pre-treatment, coating or bonding. NOTE 1 In order to determine the surface free energy, the method of measuring the static contact angle is used in combination with a statistical interpretation. NOTE 2 The measurement results are influenced by mechanical surface roughness and chemical homogeneity.
This European Standard specifies a method for the determination of the surface free energy of a solid surface by measuring the contact angle of a liquid wetting the solid surface. It allows the prediction of the ability of a particular adhesive to wet a particular adherend. It can be used to characterize surfaces intended for pre-treatment, coating or bonding. NOTE 1 In order to determine the surface free energy, the method of measuring the static contact angle is used in combination with a statistical interpretation. NOTE 2 The measurement results are influenced by mechanical surface roughness and chemical homogeneity.
EN 828:2013 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 83.180 - Adhesives. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 828:2013 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 828:1997. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 828:2013 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Klebstoffe - Benetzbarkeit - Bestimmung durch Messung des Kontaktwinkels und der freien Oberflächenenergie fester OberflächenAdhésifs - Mouillabilité - Détermination par mesurage de l'angle de contact et de l'énergie superficielle libre de la surface solideAdhesives - Wettability - Determination by measurement of contact angle and surface free energy of solid surface83.180LepilaAdhesivesICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 828:2013SIST EN 828:2014en,fr,de01-april-2014SIST EN 828:2014SLOVENSKI
STANDARDSIST EN 828:19981DGRPHãþD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 828
January 2013 ICS 83.180 Supersedes EN 828:1997English Version
Adhesives - Wettability - Determination by measurement of contact angle and surface free energy of solid surface
Adhésifs - Mouillabilité - Détermination par mesurage de l'angle de contact et de l'énergie superficielle libre de la surface solide
Klebstoffe - Benetzbarkeit - Bestimmung durch Messung des Kontaktwinkels und der freien Oberflächenenergie fester Oberflächen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 November 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 828:2013: ESIST EN 828:2014
angle to the baseline, formed by a tangent to the drop contour going through one of the triple points (see Figure 1) SIST EN 828:2014
Key 1 solid body surface 2 liquid drop σL surface tension (= surface energy) of the liquid in equilibrium with the gas phase σS surface free energy of the solid body surface γSL interfacial energy of the solid body surface in contact with the liquid
contact angle Figure 1 — Wettability 3.4 wettability a liquid coming into contact with a solid surface exhibits a typical drop shape. The characteristic of the drop is the angle formed by the tangent to the contour at the triple point (wetting point) (Figure 1). A contact angle = 0º indicates a surface that is completely wetted 3.5 contour analysis image analysis procedure consisting in capturing the silhouette of a liquid drop on a surface by optical methods and calculating the contour profile of that silhouette 3.6 surface free energy of a solid σS energy measure (expressed in mN/m) which characterises the wettability of a solid material by a liquid that is based on the adsorption theory. The forces present in the state of equilibrium are described by Young's formula: σS = γSL + σL ⋅ cos θ (1) The Young-Dupré formula defines the work of adhesion obtained during wetting: Wad = σL + σL ⋅ cos θ = σL ⋅ (1 + cos θ) (2) The position of the thermodynamic equilibrium resulting in the formation of the static contact angle depends on both the pressure and the temperature conditions. When carrying out the measurement, standard conditions should be maintained. Since the interfacial energy and the surface energy are based on interactive forces between atoms or molecules, it is necessary to take polar
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