CEN/TS 15440:2006

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2007
7UGQRDOWHUQDWLYQRJRULYR0HWRGD]DGRORþHYDQMHELRPDVH
Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of biomass content
Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung des Gehaltes an Biomasse
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthode de détermination de la teneur en
biomasse
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 15440:2006
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 15440
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
November 2006
ICS 75.160.10
English Version
Solid recovered fuels - Method for the determination of biomass
content
Combustibles solides de récupération - Méthode de Feste Sekundärbrennstoffe - Verfahren zur Bestimmung
détermination de la teneur en biomasse des Gehaltes an Biomasse
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 13 May 2006 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania,
Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2006 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 15440:2006: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .6
4 Symbols and abbreviations .8
5 Principle.8
6 Selection of method for determination of biomass content .8
Annex A (normative) Materials considered as CO -neutral .11
Annex B (normative) Determination of biomass content using the selective dissolution method.12
Annex C (normative) Determination of biomass content using the manual sorting method .17
Annex D (normative) Determination of the biomass content in percent by calorific value .25
Annex E (normative) Determination of the total carbon content of the biomass and non-biomass
fraction by selective dissolution.29
Annex F (informative) Determination of biomass content using reductionistic method.34
Annex G (informative) Limitations on the determination methods.39
Bibliography .42

Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 15440:2006) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 343 “Solid
recovered fuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SFS.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This Technical Specification is one of a series of technical specifications dealing with solid recovered fuels.
Solid recovered fuels are defined in the EU Commission Mandate M/325 to CEN. The mandate makes
reference to Directive 2001/77/EC, 2000/76/EC and Commission Decision 2000/532/EC. In the Mandate
M/325 solid recovered fuels are defined as fuels prepared from non hazardous waste to be utilised for energy
recovery in waste incineration or co-incineration plants regulated under Community environmental legislation.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
This Technical Specification specifies the methods used for the determination of biomass (as defined in 3.3)
content in solid recovered fuels. The RES-E directive [1] aims to promote electricity produced from renewable
resources, including e.g. the biomass fraction present in solid waste. This Technical Specification specifies
two normative methods and one informative method for the determination of biomass content in solid
recovered fuels, including the method of selective dissolution in sulphuric acid, the manual sorting method and
the informative reductionistic method. The reductionistic method is for internal control and specific agreements
only, see Annex F. The two latter methods are both based on the first one, the selective dissolution method.
As the selective dissolution method is not applicable to some materials usually or possibly present in SRF, the
limitations of this method have to be considered (see Annex G), and attention needs to be paid to possible
misuse in SRF mixtures of unknown origin.
NOTE An alternative method could be the C-14 method to determine the biomass content expressed in percentage
by carbon content. The method is currently in its early stages of development, but in the future it may be used as an
alternative method to determine the biomass content expressed in percentage by carbon content.
This Technical Specification is primarily geared toward laboratories, producers, suppliers and purchasers of
solid recovered fuels, but is also useful for the authorities and inspection organizations.
CEN/TR 14980 shows that biogenic/biodegradable fractions can be estimated using the methods described in
this Technical Specification. The fraction of biomass (biodegradable/biogenic fractions) can be expressed:
 by weight;
 by energy content (net or gross calorific value);
 by carbon content.
1 Scope
This Technical Specification specifies two normative methods and one informative method for the
determination of the biodegradable/biogenic fraction in solid recovered fuel. The methods are the selective
dissolution in sulphuric acid, the manual sorting method and the informative reductionistic method. The
methods estimate the biodegradable/biogenic content of solid recovered fuels by determination of the biomass
content.
This Technical Specification is not applicable to:
 pure fractions of waste, products and by-products classified as CO -neutral biomass according to
Annex G;
 charcoal, peat and solid fossil fuels like hard coal, coke, brown coal and lignite and to mixtures of these
and solid recovered fuels;
 solid recovered fuels that contain more than 10 % of natural and/or synthetic rubber residues;
 solid recovered fuels that contain a combination of more than 5 % by weight of:
• nylon, polyurethane or other polymers containing molecular amino groups;
• biodegradable plastics of fossil origin;
 solid recovered fuels that contain a combination of more than 5 % by weight of:
• wool or viscose;
• non-biodegradable plastics of biogenic origin;
• oil or fat present as a constituent of biomass.
NOTE In typical municipal and assimilated waste the content of nylon, polyurethane, biodegradable plastics of fossil
origin, wool, viscose, non-biodegradable plastics of biogenic origin and oil/fat present is rather small and the error is
negligible.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 13965-1:2004, Characterization of waste — Terminology — Part 1: Material related terms and definitions
EN 13965-2:2004, Characterisation of waste — Terminology — Part 2: Management related terms and
definitions
CEN/TS 15400, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the determination of calorific value
CEN/TS 15403, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the determination of ash content
CEN/TS 15407, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for the determination of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and
nitrogen (N) content
CEN/TS 15414-1, Solid recovered fuels — Determination of moisture content using the oven dry method —
Part 1: Determination of total moisture by a reference method
CEN/TS 15442, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for sampling
CEN/TS 15443, Solid recovered fuels — Methods for laboratory sample preparation

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 13965-1:2004, EN 13965-2:2004
and the following apply.
NOTE Definitions for the terms in bold are given in EN 13965.
3.1
ash content
inorganic mass remaining after complete combustion of a solid recovered fuel under specified conditions
expressed as a percentage of the mass of the dry matter in the solid recovered fuel
[CEN/TS 15357:2006]
3.2
biodegradable
material capable of undergoing biological anaerobic or aerobic decomposition under conditions naturally
occurring in the biosphere
3.3
biomass
material of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formation or transformed to fossil
NOTE This definition is very close to the definition in CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” with the only difference that coal
found on the surface of the earth is clearly excluded. For further clarification, definitions on fossil and geological formation:

fossil
remains or traces of a plant or animal life embedded in geological formation from a previous geological period
and transformed to a stable material for the conditions of its present location

geological formation
material formed by consecutive natural depositions of different materials in a certain geological period

3.4
biogenic
produced in natural processes by living organisms but not fossilised or derived from fossil resources
3.5
calorific value
calculated value of the specific energy of combustion for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen
in calorimetric bomb under such conditions that it can be either expressed as gross calorific value or net
calorific value
3.6
gross calorific value
absolute value of the specific energy of combustion for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen
in calorimetric bomb under the conditions specified
NOTE 1 The result of combustion are assumed to consist of gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and sulphur
dioxide, of liquid water [in equilibrium with its vapour] saturated with carbon dioxide under conditions of the bomb reaction,
and of solid ash, all at the reference temperature and at constant volume.
NOTE 2 The old term for gross calorific value is higher heating value.
3.7
increment
portion of solid recovered fuel extracted in a single operation of the sampling device
[CEN/TS 15357:2006]
3.8
laboratory sample
combined sample or a sub-sample of a combined sample or an increment or a sub-sample of an
increment sent to a laboratory
[CEN/TS 14588:2003]
3.9
total moisture
moisture in a solid recovered fuel removable under specific conditions
NOTE the old term for total moisture is moisture content.
3.10
net calorific value
calculated value of the specific energy of combustion for unit mass of a solid recovered fuel burned in oxygen
in calorimetric bomb under such conditions that all the water remains as water vapour at 0,1 MPa
[CEN/TS 15357:2006]
NOTE The old term for net calorific value is lower heating value.
3.11
nominal top size
aperture size of the sieve used for determining the particle size distribution of solid recovered fuels
through which at least 95 % by mass of the material passes
[CEN/TS 15357:2006]
3.12
sample
quantity of material, representative of a larger quantity for which the property is to be determined
3.13
sample preparation
all the actions taken to obtain representative analyses samples or test portions from the original sample
3.14
sub-sample
sample obtained by procedures in which the items of interest are randomly distributed in parts of equal or
unequal size
NOTE 1 A sub-sample may be:
a) a portion of the sample obtained by selection or division;
b) the final sample of multistage sample-preparation.
NOTE 2 The definition for sub-sample is adopted fr
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