EN 16445:2013
(Main)Ventilation for buildings - Air diffusion - Aerodynamic testing and rating for mixed flow application: non-isothermal procedure for cold jet
Ventilation for buildings - Air diffusion - Aerodynamic testing and rating for mixed flow application: non-isothermal procedure for cold jet
This European Standard specifies methods for the laboratory aerodynamic testing and rating of air terminal devices for mixed flow applications, including the specification of suitable test facilities and measurement techniques. This standard applies to laboratory testing of ATD for technical characterisation.
The standard gives only tests for the assessment of characteristics of the air terminal devices for mixed flow applications, under non-isothermal conditions with a cold jet. It does not cover the testing of isothermal or low velocity terminal devices which are covered by other published standards.
This European Standard applies to ventilation or air conditioning systems designed for the maintenance of comfort conditions for buildings. It is not applicable in the case of systems for the control of industrial or other special process environments. In the latter case however, it may be referred to if the system technology is similar to that of the above mentioned ventilation and air conditioning systems.
The principles described in this European Standard can also be used on site or in a lab for full-scale measurements.
Lüftung von Gebäuden - Luftverteilung - Aerodynamische Prüfung und Bewertung von Mischstromanwendungen: Nicht-isothermes Verfahren für einen Kaltluftstrahl
Die vorliegende Europäische Norm legt Verfahren für die aerodynamische Laborprüfung und Bewertung von Luftdurchlässen für die Anwendung bei Mischströmung fest, einschließlich der Spezifikation der geeigneten Prüfeinrichtungen und Messverfahren. Diese Norm gilt für die Laborprüfung von Luftdurchlässen zum Zweck der Bestimmung der technischen Kenngrößen.
Die Norm enthält nur Prüfungen für die Beurteilung von Kenngrößen der Luftdurchlässe, die für Mischströmung unter nicht isothermen Bedingungen mit einem Kaltluftstrahl angewendet werden. Sie behandelt nicht die Prüfung von isothermen oder Niedergeschwindigkeits-Luftdurchlässen, die von anderen veröffentlichten Normen abgedeckt werden.
Die vorliegende Europäische Norm gilt für Lüftungs oder Klimaanlagen, die dafür ausgelegt sind, die Behaglichkeitsbedingungen in Gebäuden aufrechtzuerhalten. Sie ist nicht anwendbar auf Anlagen für die Regelung von industriellen oder anderen speziellen Prozessumgebungen. Für den letzteren Fall kann jedoch auf sie verwiesen werden, wenn die Anlagentechnologie mit der der vorstehend erwähnten Lüftungs und Klimaanlagen vergleichbar ist.
Die in dieser Europäischen Norm beschriebenen Grundsätze können auch im Feld oder im Laboratorium zum Zweck der Messungen im Originalmaßstab angewendet werden.
Ventilation des bâtiments - Bouches d'air - Essais aérodynamiques et étalonnage pour applications de fluides mixtes pour les essais non-isothermes pour jet froid
La présente Norme européenne spécifie des méthodes pour les essais aérodynamiques et la caractérisation en laboratoire des bouches d'air pour applications en diffusion à mélange ainsi que les installations d'essai adaptées et les techniques de mesure. La présente norme s'applique à l'essai en laboratoire des bouches d'air dans le but de définir leurs caractéristiques techniques
La norme ne contient que des essais pour l'évaluation des caractéristiques des bouches d'air pour application en diffusion à mélange, dans des conditions non-isothermes avec un jet froid. Elle ne couvre pas les essais relatif aux bouches d‘air isotherme ou à faible vitesse qui sont couverts par d’autres normes publiées.
La présente Norme européenne s'applique aux systèmes de ventilation ou de conditionnement d’air conçus pour le maintien des conditions de confort des bâtiments. Elle ne s'applique pas aux systèmes de contrôle des environnements industriels ou impliquant des procédés spéciaux. Cependant, dans ce cas, il est possible d'y faire référence si la technologie des systèmes est similaire à celle des systèmes de conditionnement d’air et de ventilation mentionnés ci-avant.
Les principes décrits dans la présente Norme européenne peuvent également être utilisés sur site ou en laboratoire pour procéder à des mesures grandeur nature.
Prezračevanje stavb - Difuzija zraka - Aerodinamično preskušanje in ocenitev aplikacij toka zraka: neizotermni postopek s hladnim curkom
Ta evropski standard določa metode za laboratorijsko aerodinamično preskušanje in ocenitev naprav za razvod zraka za aplikacije toka zraka, vključno s specifikacijo ustreznih laboratorijev in merilnih tehnik. Ta standard se uporablja za laboratorijsko preskušanje naprav za razvod zraka (ATD) za tehnično karakterizacijo. Standard določa le preskuse za ocenitev lastnosti naprav za razvod zraka za aplikacije toka zraka pod neizotermnimi pogoji s hladnim curkom. Ne obravnava preskušanja izotermnih naprav za razvod ali naprav za razvod pri nizki hitrosti, ki so obravnavane v drugih izdanih standardih. Ta evropski standard se uporablja za sisteme za prezračevanje ali klimatizacijo, ki so namenjeni vzdrževanju udobnih pogojev v stavbah. Ne uporablja se za sisteme za nadzor industrijskih ali drugih okolij za posebne postopke. Vendar se lahko za takšen primer uporabi, če je sistemska tehnologija podobna tehnologiji navedenih sistemov za prezračevanje in klimatizacijo. Načela iz tega evropskega standarda se lahko uporabljajo tudi na kraju samem ali za temeljite meritve v laboratoriju.
General Information
Overview
EN 16445:2013 - "Ventilation for buildings - Air diffusion - Aerodynamic testing and rating for mixed flow application: non‑isothermal procedure for cold jet" is a CEN laboratory standard for the aerodynamic testing and rating of air terminal devices (ATDs) in mixed flow applications under non‑isothermal (cold jet) conditions. The standard describes suitable test facilities, measurement techniques and reporting requirements for technical characterisation of ATDs used in comfort ventilation and air‑conditioning systems. It is not intended for isothermal or low‑velocity terminal devices nor for industrial process control systems.
Key topics and technical requirements
- Scope: Laboratory aerodynamic testing and rating of ATDs for mixed flow, cold‑jet, non‑isothermal conditions; principles can also be applied to full‑scale or site measurements.
- ATD classes & installation: Defines device classes (I–IV) and prescribed mounting/positioning to ensure consistent results for nozzles, grilles, diffusers and linear devices.
- Instrumentation & accuracy:
- Airflow measurement uncertainty ≤ ±5%.
- Temperature sensors calibrated to ±0.25 K (global accuracy target ±0.5 K); recommended minimum sampling period 60 s.
- Velocity measurements compliant with EN 13182.
- Measured characteristics: Throw, spread, drop, rise, separation distance (for Coanda effect), effective and free area, effective velocity and temperature quotient.
- Test room & boundary conditions: Room geometry, heat loads and surface temperatures specified to achieve steady‑state non‑isothermal conditions; cooling capacity must match heat loads to maintain target temperature differences.
- Test conditions: Typical recommended temperature differentials between supply and room air: ∆θ0 = 6 K ±0.5 K (average) and ∆θ0 = 10 K ±0.5 K (high).
- Reporting: Standard specifies required test conditions and result formats to allow reproducible comparison of ATD performance.
Applications and users
EN 16445:2013 is used by:
- HVAC manufacturers for product performance data and ATD certification.
- Independent test laboratories performing aerodynamic and thermal tests.
- Mechanical engineers and HVAC designers selecting diffusers and specifying terminal devices for comfort ventilation.
- Commissioning agents and building services consultants verifying installed performance.
- Researchers modelling non‑isothermal jet behaviour in indoor environments.
Practical uses include diffuser selection, system sizing, CFD validation, commissioning measurements and producing manufacturer performance data for product catalogues.
Related standards
- EN 12238 - Aerodynamic testing and rating for mixed flow (isothermal/other procedures)
- EN 12239 - Testing for displacement flow applications
- EN 13182 - Instrumentation requirements for air velocity measurements
Keywords: EN 16445:2013, air terminal device, mixed flow, non‑isothermal, cold jet, ventilation for buildings, aerodynamic testing, air diffusion, ATD testing, laboratory testing.
Standards Content (Sample)
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.Lüftung von Gebäuden - Luftverteilung - Aerodynamische Prüfung und Bewertung von Mischstromanwendungen: Nicht-isothermes Verfahren für einen KaltluftstrahlVentilation des bâtiments - Bouches d'air - Essais aérodynamiques et étalonnage pour applications de fluides mixtes pour les essais non-isothermes pour jet froidVentilation for buildings - Air diffusion - Aerodynamic testing and rating for mixed flow application: non-isothermal procedure for cold jet91.140.30VLVWHPLVentilation and air-conditioningICS:Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z:EN 16445:2013SIST EN 16445:2013en,fr,de01-junij-2013SIST EN 16445:2013SLOVENSKI
STANDARD
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM
EN 16445
February 2013 ICS 91.140.30 English Version
Ventilation for buildings - Air diffusion - Aerodynamic testing and rating for mixed flow application: non-isothermal procedure for cold jet
Ventilation des bâtiments - Bouches d'air - Essais aérodynamiques et étalonnage pour applications de fluides mixtes pour les essais non-isothermes pour jet froid
Lüftung von Gebäuden - Luftverteilung - Aerodynamische Prüfung und Bewertung von Mischstromanwendungen: Nicht-isothermes Verfahren für einen Kaltluftstrahl This European Standard was approved by CEN on 8 December 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre:
Avenue Marnix 17,
B-1000 Brussels © 2013 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. EN 16445:2013: ESIST EN 16445:2013
2 Normative references The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. EN 12238, Ventilation for buildings — Air terminal devices — Aerodynamic testing and rating for mixed flow application EN 12239, Ventilation for buildings — Air terminal devices — Aerodynamic testing and rating for displacement flow applications EN 13182, Ventilation for buildings — Instrumentation requirements for air velocity measurements in ventilated spaces 3 Terms and definitions For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply: 3.1 supply air air entering a supply air terminal device from an upstream duct 3.2 exhaust air air leaving an exhaust air terminal device into a downstream duct 3.3 local measured mean air velocity
measured value of local airstream velocity as described in EN 12238 3.4 treated space enclosure served by an air distribution system; in this standard this is the test room SIST EN 16445:2013
0,5 m.s-1, etc., and the centre of the ATD 3.8 rise (for a supply air terminal device) vertical distance between the highest horizontal plane tangent to a specified envelope, such as
0,25 m.s-1, 0,5 m.s-1, etc., and the centre of the ATD 3.9 spread (for a supply air terminal device) maximum distance between two vertical planes tangent to a specified envelope, such as 0,25 m.s-1, 0,5 m.s-1, etc., and perpendicular to a plane through the centre of the ATD Note 1 to entry: There may be two different spreads, not always equal: One for the left side, the other for the right side (considered when looking at the treated space from the supply air terminal device). 3.10 distance to maximum spread distance from the centre of the ATD to the maximum spread determined 3.11 separation distance for cold jet with Coanda effect on ceiling, distance between the centre of the ATD and the point where the jet separates from the ceiling to drop 3.12 supply temperature temperature of air in supply ATD 3.13 room air temperature arithmetical average value of room air temperature measured in the occupied zone outside the envelope of the jet 3.14 temperature quotient ratio of the local temperature difference at point x and at the point of discharge θQ= ∆θx / ∆θ0 where
∆θ0
is the temperature difference between supply and room air ∆θx
is the temperature difference between the point of maximum velocity in the distance x from the ATD and room air SIST EN 16445:2013
Af sum of the minimum measured areas at each opening in the ATD through which air can pass 3.16 effective area
Ak effective area in the ATD measured as described in EN 12238 3.17 effective velocity
vk effective velocity in the ATD measured as described in EN 12238 4 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) Symbol
h h1 h2… Quantity Distances from ceiling at which measurements are made on vertical sections SI unit m ∆p Pressure difference (for a pressure difference device) Pa qv Volume rate of flow m3.s-1 v Velocity m.s-1 vx Maximum mean velocity at distance x from centre of supply air terminal device m.s-1 x Distance from supply ATD along the centreline of the jet
m xs Separation distance m X Throw m Y Spread
m Z Drop m ===θQ=Temperature quotient
∆θ0=Temperature difference between supply and room air K ∆θx=Temperature difference between the point of maximum velocity in the distance x from the ATD and room air K ρ=Density of air kg.m-3 Af Free area of the ATD m2 Ak Effective area of the ATD (k factor area) m2 Ad bR hR lR Area corresponding to the cross section of the nominal size of the duct to which the device is fitted (neck area)
Test room width (Figure 1) Test room height (Figure 1) Test room length (Figure 1) m2
m m m R Area parameter that relates to the effective size of the ATD (see EN 12238) m2 S Linear parameter that relates to the effective size of the ATD (see EN 12238) m vk Effective velocity in the ATD vkqA m.s-1 SIST EN 16445:2013
If heating elements are necessary, they shall be distributed uniformly over the floor area and covered by the floor. The surface temperature of the floor should not exceed the room air temperature by more than 4 K. The temperature of all other walls shall not differ from the air temperature of the test room by more than 1 K unless there are special requirements associated with full scale/mock up testing (e.g. solar gain through a window).
In any case, the sum of all room heat loads shall be equal to the cooling capacity of supply air to match the steady state conditions described in 6.2.2. Where high cooling performance is required (high ∆θ0), it might not be possible to achieve this with heat loads only on the floor. If this is the case, point heat sources may be used and shall be equally distributed over the test room floor. The details and locations of such heat loads shall be reported
When used for mock-up testing, representation of actual specified heat loads shall be used. 5.3 ATD isothermal characteristics Determination of the ATD isothermal characteristics shall be made according to EN 12238 including pressure drop, rise, drop, throw and spread. SIST EN 16445:2013
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Frequently Asked Questions
EN 16445:2013 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Ventilation for buildings - Air diffusion - Aerodynamic testing and rating for mixed flow application: non-isothermal procedure for cold jet". This standard covers: This European Standard specifies methods for the laboratory aerodynamic testing and rating of air terminal devices for mixed flow applications, including the specification of suitable test facilities and measurement techniques. This standard applies to laboratory testing of ATD for technical characterisation. The standard gives only tests for the assessment of characteristics of the air terminal devices for mixed flow applications, under non-isothermal conditions with a cold jet. It does not cover the testing of isothermal or low velocity terminal devices which are covered by other published standards. This European Standard applies to ventilation or air conditioning systems designed for the maintenance of comfort conditions for buildings. It is not applicable in the case of systems for the control of industrial or other special process environments. In the latter case however, it may be referred to if the system technology is similar to that of the above mentioned ventilation and air conditioning systems. The principles described in this European Standard can also be used on site or in a lab for full-scale measurements.
This European Standard specifies methods for the laboratory aerodynamic testing and rating of air terminal devices for mixed flow applications, including the specification of suitable test facilities and measurement techniques. This standard applies to laboratory testing of ATD for technical characterisation. The standard gives only tests for the assessment of characteristics of the air terminal devices for mixed flow applications, under non-isothermal conditions with a cold jet. It does not cover the testing of isothermal or low velocity terminal devices which are covered by other published standards. This European Standard applies to ventilation or air conditioning systems designed for the maintenance of comfort conditions for buildings. It is not applicable in the case of systems for the control of industrial or other special process environments. In the latter case however, it may be referred to if the system technology is similar to that of the above mentioned ventilation and air conditioning systems. The principles described in this European Standard can also be used on site or in a lab for full-scale measurements.
EN 16445:2013 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.140.30 - Ventilation and air-conditioning systems. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
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