CEN ISO/TS 80004-8:2020

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST-TS CEN ISO/TS 80004-8:2015
Nanotehnologije - Slovar - 8. del: Procesi nanoproizvodnje (ISO/TS 80004-8:2020)
Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary - Part 8: Nanomanufacturing processes (ISO/TS 80004-
8:2020)
Nanotechnologien - Fachwörterverzeichnis - Teil 8: Industrieller
Nanoherstellungsprozess (ISO/TS 80004-8:2020)
Nanotechnologies - Vocabulaire - Partie 8: Processus de nanofabrication (ISO/TS 80004
-8:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN ISO/TS 80004-8:2020
ICS:
01.040.07 Naravoslovne in uporabne Natural and applied sciences
vede (Slovarji) (Vocabularies)
07.120 Nanotehnologije Nanotechnologies
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

CEN ISO/TS 80004-8
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
December 2020
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 01.040.07; 07.120 Supersedes CEN ISO/TS 80004-8:2015
English Version
Nanotechnologies - Vocabulary - Part 8:
Nanomanufacturing processes (ISO/TS 80004-8:2020)
Nanotechnologies - Vocabulaire - Partie 8: Processus Nanotechnologien - Fachwörterverzeichnis - Teil 8:
de nanofabrication (ISO/TS 80004-8:2020) Industrieller Nanoherstellungsprozess (ISO/TS 80004-
8:2020)
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 26 October 2020 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN ISO/TS 80004-8:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (CEN ISO/TS 80004-8:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229
"Nanotechnologies" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 352 “Nanotechnologies” the
secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN ISO/TS 80004-8:2015.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO/TS 80004-8:2020 has been approved by CEN as CEN ISO/TS 80004-8:2020 without any
modification.
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 80004-8
Second edition
2020-11
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 8:
Nanomanufacturing processes
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulaire —
Partie 8: Processus de nanofabrication
Reference number
ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020
ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Terms related to general aspects . 3
5 Terms related to directed assembly . 4
6 Terms related to self-assembly processes . 5
7 Terms related to synthesis . 6
7.1 Gas process phase — Physical methods . 6
7.2 Gas process phase — Chemical methods . 7
7.2.1 Flame synthesis processes . 7
7.2.2 Other terms . 8
7.3 Liquid process phase — Physical methods . 8
7.4 Liquid process phase — Chemical methods . 9
7.5 Solid process phase — Physical methods .10
7.6 Solid process phase — Chemical methods .12
8 Terms related to fabrication .12
8.1 Nanopatterning lithography .12
8.2 Deposition processes .16
8.3 Etching processes .18
8.4 Printing and coating .21
Annex A (informative) Identification of output resulting from defined synthesis processes .22
Bibliography .25
Index .26
ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared jointly by Technical Committee ISO/TC 229, Nanotechnologies, and
Technical Committee IEC/TC 113, Nanotechnology for electrotechnical products and systems, in
collaboration with the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee CEN/
TC 352, Nanotechnologies, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and
CEN (Vienna Agreement). The draft was circulated for voting to the national bodies of both ISO and IEC.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/TS 80004-8:2013), which has been
technically revised throughout.
A list of all parts in the ISO/TS 80004 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
Introduction
Nanomanufacturing is the essential bridge between the discoveries of the nanosciences and real-world
nanotechnology products.
Advancing nanotechnology from the laboratory into volume production ultimately requires careful
study of manufacturing process issues including product design, reliability and quality, process design
and control, shop floor operations, supply chain management, workplace safety and health practices
during the production, use and handling of nanomaterials. Nanomanufacturing encompasses directed
self-assembly and assembly techniques, synthetic methodologies, and fabrication processes such as
lithography and biological processes. Nanomanufacturing also includes bottom-up directed assembly,
top-down high-resolution processing, molecular systems engineering and hierarchical integration with
larger scale systems. As dimensional scales of materials and molecular systems approach the nanoscale,
the conventional rules governing their behaviour may change significantly. As such, the behaviour of a
final product is enabled by the collective performance of its nanoscale building blocks.
Biological process terms are not included in this second edition of the nanomanufacturing vocabulary,
but considering the rapid development of the field, it is expected that terms in this important area will
be added in a future update to this document or in companion documents in the ISO/TS 80004 series.
This could include both the processing of biological nanomaterials and the use of biological processes to
manufacture materials at the nanoscale.
Similarly, additional terms from other developing areas of nanomanufacturing, including composite
manufacturing, roll-to-roll manufacturing and others, will be included in future documents.
There is a distinction between the terms “nanomanufacturing” and “nanofabrication”.
Nanomanufacturing encompasses a broader range of processes than does nanofabrication.
Nanomanufacturing encompasses all nanofabrication techniques and also techniques associated with
materials processing and chemical synthesis.
This document provides an introduction to processes used in the early stages of the nanomanufacturing
value chain, namely the intentional synthesis, generation or control of nanomaterials, including
fabrication steps in the nanoscale. The nanomaterials that result from these manufacturing processes
are distributed in commerce where, for example, they may be further purified, be compatabilized to
be dispersed in mixtures or composite matrices, or serve as integrated components of systems and
devices. The nanomanufacturing value chain is, in actuality, a large and diverse group of commercial
value chains that stretch across these sectors:
— the semiconductor industry (where the push to create smaller, faster, and more efficient
microprocessors heralded the creation of circuitry less than 100 nm in size);
— electronics and telecommunications;
— aerospace, defence and national security;
— energy and automotive;
— plastics and ceramics;
— forest and paper products;
— food and food packaging;
— pharmaceuticals, biomedicine and biotechnology;
— environmental remediation;
— clothing and personal care.
There are thousands of tonnes of nanomaterials on the market with end-use applications in several of
these sectors, such as carbon black and fumed silica. Nanomaterials that are rationally designed with
ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
specific purpose are expected to radically change the landscape in areas such as biotechnology, water
purification and energy development.
The majority of clauses in this document are organized by process type. In Clause 6, the logic of
placement is as follows: in the step before the particle is made, the material itself is in a gas/liquid/
solid phase. The phase of the substrate or carrier in the process does not drive the categorization of the
process. As an example, consider iron particles that are catalysts in a process by which you seed oil with
iron particles, the oil vaporizes and condenses forming carbon particles on the iron particles. What
vaporizes is the oil, and therefore it is a gas phase process. Nanotubes grow from the gas phase, starting
with catalyst particles that react with the gas phase to grow the nanotubes, thus this is characterized
as a gas process. Indication of whether synthesis processes are used to manufacture nano-objects,
nanoparticles or both is provided in Annex A.
In addition, Annex A identifies the processes that are also applicable to macroscopic materials and are
therefore not exclusively relevant to nanomanufacturing. A common understanding of the terminology
used in practical applications will enable communities of practice in nanomanufacturing and will
advance nanomanufacturing strength worldwide. Extending the understanding of terms across the
existing manufacturing infrastructure will serve to bridge the transition between the innovations of
the research laboratory and the economic viability of nanotechnologies.
[11]
For informative terms supportive of nanomanufacturing terminology, see BSI PAS 135 .
This document belongs to a multi-part vocabulary covering the different aspects of nanotechnologies.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary —
Part 8:
Nanomanufacturing processes
1 Scope
This document defines terms related to nanomanufacturing processes in the field of nanotechnologies.
All the process terms in this document are relevant to nanomanufacturing, however, many of the listed
processes are not exclusively relevant to the nanoscale. Terms that are not exclusive are noted within
the definitions. Depending on controllable conditions, such processes can result in material features at
the nanoscale or, alternatively, at larger scales.
There are many other terms that name tools, components, materials, systems control methods or
metrology methods associated with nanomanufacturing that are beyond the scope of this document.
Terms and definitions from other parts of the ISO/TS 80004 series are reproduced in Clause 3 for
context and better understanding.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
carbon nanotube
CNT
nanotube (3.9) composed of carbon
Note 1 to entry: Carbon nanotubes usually consist of curved graphene layers, including single-walled carbon
nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-3:2010, 4.3]
3.2
nanocomposite
solid comprising a mixture of two or more phase-separated materials, one or more being nanophase
Note 1 to entry: Gaseous nanophases are excluded (they are covered by nanoporous material).
Note 2 to entry: Materials with nanoscale (3.7) phases formed by precipitation alone are not considered to be
nanocomposite materials.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-4:2011, 3.2]
ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
3.3
nanofibre
nano-object (3.5) with two external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.7) and the third dimension
significantly larger
Note 1 to entry: The largest external dimension is not necessarily in the nanoscale.
Note 2 to entry: The terms “nanofibril” and “nanofilament” can also be used.
Note 3 to entry: The largest external dimension is not necessarily in the nanoscale.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.5, modified — Note 3 to entry has been replaced.]
3.4
nanomaterial
material with any external dimension in the nanoscale (3.7) or having internal structure or surface
structure in the nanoscale
Note 1 to entry: This generic term is inclusive of nano-object (3.5) and nanostructured material (3.8).
Note 2 to entry: See also engineered nanomaterial, manufactured nanomaterial and incidental nanomaterial.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.4]
3.5
nano-object
discrete piece of material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: Generic term for all discrete nano-objects.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.5, modified — Note 1 to entry has been replaced.]
3.6
nanoparticle
nano-object (3.5) with all external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.7) where the lengths of the longest
and the shortest axes of the nano-object do not differ significantly
Note 1 to entry: If the dimensions differ significantly (typically by more than three times), terms such as
“nanofibre” or “nanoplate” may be preferred to the term “nanoparticle”.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.4]
3.7
nanoscale
length range from approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm
Note 1 to entry: Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size are predominately exhibited in this
length range.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.1]
3.8
nanostructured material
material having internal or surface structure in the nanoscale (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: If external dimensions are in the nanoscale, the term nano-object (3.5) is recommended.
Note 2 to entry: Adapted from ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.7.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-4:2011, 2.11]
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
3.9
nanotube
hollow nanofibre (3.3)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.8]
4 Terms related to general aspects
4.1
bottom-up nanomanufacturing
processes that use small fundamental units in the nanoscale (3.7) to create larger, functionally rich
structures or assemblies
4.2
co-deposition
simultaneous deposition of two or more source materials
Note 1 to entry: Common methods include vacuum, thermal spray (8.2.16), electrodeposition (8.2.7) and liquid
suspension deposition techniques.
4.3
comminution
crushing or grinding (7.5.6) for particle size reduction
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
4.4
directed assembly
guided formation of a structure guided by external intervention using components at the nanoscale
(3.7) that can, in principle, have any defined pattern
4.5
directed self-assembly
self-assembly (4.11) influenced by external intervention to produce a preferred structure, orientation
or pattern
Note 1 to entry: Examples of external intervention include an applied field, a chemical or structural template,
chemical gradient and fluidic flow.
4.6
lithography
reproducible creation of a pattern
Note 1 to entry: The pattern can be formed in a radiation sensitive material or by transfer of material onto a
substrate by one of the following: transfer, printing or direct writing.
4.7
multilayer deposition
alternating deposition of two or more source materials to produce a composite layer structure
4.8
nanofabrication
ensemble of activities to intentionally create nano-objects (3.5) or nanostructured materials (3.8)
4.9
nanomanufacturing
intentional synthesis, generation or control of nanomaterials (3.4), or fabrication steps in the nanoscale
(3.7), for commercial purposes
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.11]
ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
4.10
nanomanufacturing process
ensemble of activities to intentionally synthesize, generate or control nanomaterials (3.4), or fabrication
steps in the nanoscale (3.7), for commercial purposes
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.12]
4.11
self-assembly
autonomous action by which components organize themselves into patterns or structures
4.12
surface functionalization
chemical process that acts upon a surface to impart a selected chemical or physical functionality
4.13
top-down nanomanufacturing
processes that create structures at the nanoscale (3.7) from macroscopic objects
5 Terms related to directed assembly
5.1
electrostatic driven assembly
use of electrostatic force to orient or place nanoscale (3.7) elements in a device or material
5.2
fluidic alignment
use of fluid flow to orient nanoscale (3.7) elements in a device or material
5.3
hierarchical assembly
use of more than one type of nanomanufacturing (4.9) process to control a structure at multiple
length scales
5.4
magnetic driven assembly
use of magnetic force to assemble elements/particles at the nanoscale (3.7) in a desired pattern or
configuration
5.5
shape-based assembly
use of geometric shapes of nanoparticles (3.6) to achieve a desired pattern or configuration
5.6
supramolecular assembly
use of non-covalent chemical bonding to assemble molecules or nanoparticles (3.6) with surface ligands
5.7
surface-to-surface transfer
transfer of nanoparticles (3.6) or structures from the surface of one substrate, on which they have been
deposited, grown or assembled, onto another substrate
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
6 Terms related to self-assembly processes
6.1
colloidal crystallization
sedimentation of nanoparticles (3.6) from a solution containing nano-objects (3.5) and their aggregates
and agglomerates (NOAAs) to form a solid, which consists of an organization of particles to form an
array of repeating units
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
6.2
graphioepitaxy
directed self-assembly (4.5) using nanoscale (3.7) topographical features
Note 1 to entry: Includes the growth of a thin layer on the surface and growth of an additional layer on top of a
substrate, which has the same or different structure as the underlying crystal.
Note 2 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
6.3
ion beam surface reconstruction
use of an accelerated ion beam to cause surface modification, which can be at the nanoscale (3.7)
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
6.4
Langmuir-Blodgett film formation
creation of a film at an air-liquid interface
6.5
Langmuir-Blodgett film transfer
transfer of a Langmuir-Blodgett film formed at an air-liquid interface onto a solid surface by dipping a
solid substrate into the supporting liquid
6.6
layer-by-layer deposition
LbL deposition
electrostatic process of depositing polyelectrolytes with opposite charges laid over or under another
6.7
modulated elemental reactant method
use of vapour deposited precursors with regions of controlled composition as a template for the
formation of interleaved layers of two or more structures
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
6.8
self-assembled monolayer formation
SAM formation
spontaneous formation of an organized molecular layer on a solid surface from solution or the vapour
phase, driven by molecule-to-surface bonding and weak intermolecular interaction
6.9
Stranski-Krastanow growth
mode of thin film growth which starts as a two-dimensional Frank-van der Merve growth (6.10), and
then continues as a three-dimensional Volmer-Weber growth (6.11)
ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
6.10
Frank-van der Merve growth
layer-by-layer film growth
Note 1 to entry: Frank-van der Merve growth corresponds to the situation when atoms of a film have a stronger
connection with a substrate than with each other. As a result, the next layer growth could not begin until the
previous is completed.
Note 2 to entry: Frank-van der Merve growth is strictly a two-dimensional growth mode.
6.11
Volmer-Weber growth
island film growth
Note 1 to entry: Volmer-Weber growth mode corresponds to the situation when atoms of a film have a stronger
connection with each other than with a substrate.
Note 2 to entry: Frank-van der Merve growth (6.10) is a three-dimensional growth mode.
7 Terms related to synthesis
7.1 Gas process phase — Physical methods
7.1.1
cold gas dynamic spraying
process in which either nanoscale (3.7) crystalline powders or conventional powders are fluidized and
then consolidated onto a surface coating in a high velocity inert gas
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.1.2
electro-spark deposition
pulsed-arc micro-welding process using short-duration, high-current electrical pulses to deposit an
electrode material onto a substrate
7.1.3
electron-beam evaporation
process in which a material is vaporized by incidence of high energy electrons in high or ultra-high
vacuum conditions for subsequent deposition onto a substrate
7.1.4
wire electric explosion
formation of nanoparticles (3.6) by applying an electrical pulse of high current density through a wire
causing it to volatilize with subsequent recondensation
7.1.5
freeze drying
dehydration or solvent removal by rapid cooling immediately followed by vacuum sublimation
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.1.6
spray drying
method in which a dry powder is produced from a liquid or slurry by rapid evaporation (8.2.10) of the
liquid from droplets formed by nebulization, via contact with a hot gas or equivalent
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
7.1.7
supercritical expansion
precipitation of nano-objects (3.5) resulting from an expansion of a solution above its critical
temperature and critical pressure through a spray device
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.1.8
suspension combustion thermal spray
thermal spray (8.2.16) in which the precursor is introduced to a plasma jet in the form of a liquid
suspension
7.1.9
vaporization
process of assisted change of phase from solid or liquid to gas or plasma phases
Note 1 to entry: The vaporization process is often used to consequently deposit the vaporized material on a
target substrate. The whole process is known as physical vapour deposition (PVD) (8.2.14).
−6 −9
Note 2 to entry: High vacuum PVD is usually performed at pressures in the range of 10 to 10 Torr. Ultra-high
−9
vacuum (UHV) PVD is the deposition performed at pressures below 10 Torr.
Note 3 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.2 Gas process phase — Chemical methods
7.2.1 Flame synthesis processes
7.2.1.1
liquid precursor combustion
creation of solid product, typically a nanomaterial (3.4) in aggregate form, via exothermic reaction of a
feedstock solution with an oxidizer
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.2.1.2
plasma spray
creation of a jet of solid product, typically a nanomaterial (3.4) in aggregate form, from an ionized
gaseous source
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.2.1.3
pyrogenesis
process using combustion or another heat source to produce solid product, typically a nanomaterial
(3.4) in aggregate form, facilitated by an aerosolized spray
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.2.1.4
solution precursor plasma spray
gas phase process in which a thermal (equilibrium) plasma is formed into which a solution containing
precursors is introduced resulting in gaseous species that during cooling form a solid product, typically
a nanomaterial (3.4) in aggregate form
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
7.2.1.5
thermal spray pyrolysis
creation of solid product, typically a nanomaterial (3.4) in aggregate form, from liquid precursors
through liquid atomization and reaction using a thermal source
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.2.2 Other terms
7.2.2.1
hot wall tubular reaction
chemical vapour deposition (8.2.4) performed in a tubular furnace in which the reaction surface is
maintained at a controlled elevated temperature
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.2.2.2
photothermal synthesis
gas phase process where a precursor or other gaseous species is heated by absorption of infrared
radiation resulting in heating of the gas and thermal decomposition of the precursor producing a solid
product, typically a nanoparticle (3.6)
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.2.2.3
vapour-liquid-solid nanofibre synthesis
VLS
growth of nanofibres (3.3) onto a substrate with feed material in gaseous form in the presence of a
liquid catalyst
Note 1 to entry: The VLS method for fibres exploits a liquid phase on the end of a fibre, which can rapidly adsorb
a vapour to supersaturation levels, and from which crystal growth subsequently occurs.
7.3 Liquid process phase — Physical methods
7.3.1
electrospinning
use of electrical potential to induce drawing of fine fibres from a liquid phase
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.3.2
in situ intercalative polymerization
insertion of monomers into layered inorganic materials followed by polymerization, which results in
nanocomposites (3.2)
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.3.3
nanoparticle dispersion
creation of a suspension of nanoparticles (3.6) in a liquid through the use of added molecular ligands,
surface charges or other interactions to prevent or slow sedimentation
7.3.4
tape casting
deposition of a macroscopic layer by spreading a slurry of ceramic paste onto a flat surface
Note 1 to entry: Nanoparticles (3.6) may be part of the composition of the layer.
8 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
Note 2 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.3.5
wet ball milling
grinding (7.5.6) process in liquid via rolling feedstock material with crushing balls of greater hardness
to create a force of impact in order to reduce the size of target components
Note 1 to entry: The product of the process is known as “slurry”.
Note 2 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.4 Liquid process phase — Chemical methods
7.4.1
acid hydrolysis of cellulose biomass
process in which strong mineral acids are used under controlled reaction conditions to digest amorphous
cellulosic regions and release cellulose nanocrystals from appropriately pretreated cellulosic biomass
(e.g. lignin or protein removal)
Note 1 to entry: As described in ISO/TR 19716:2016, cellulose nanocrystals can be released from a variety of
naturally occurring (or “native”) cellulose sources such as wood, annual plants, algae, bacteria and tunicates.
These sources are collectively termed “cellulosic biomass”.
Note 2 to entry: It should be noted that microcrystalline cellulose (also called “cellulose microcrystals”, see
ISO/TS 20477:2017, Annex A can also be released from cellulosic biomass by using mineral acids. The acids and
reaction conditions generally used to produce cellulose microcrystals differ from those used to produce cellulose
nanocrystals.
7.4.2
nanoparticle precipitation
formation of nanoparticles (3.6) from solution reactions where particle size may be controlled by
kinetic factors
7.4.3
prompt inorganic condensation
formation of atomically smooth and dense films by spin coating (8.2.17) and low-temperature curing of
organic free aqueous solutions based on organometallic molecular precursors
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.4.4
sol-gel processing
conversion of a chemical solution or colloidal suspension (sol) to an integrated network (gel), which can
then be further densified
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.4.5
Stober process
generation of particles of silica by using a tetra-alkyl orthosilicate and a combination of low molecular
weight alcohol and ammonia, used with or without water
Note 1 to entry: This is a sol-gel processing (7.4.4) method for synthesizing silica.
Note 2 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
7.4.6
surfactant templating
use of surfactants to self-assemble molecular species such that they can be subsequently solidified in a
structured configuration at the nanoscale (3.7)
EXAMPLE Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41.
7.5 Solid process phase — Physical methods
7.5.1
block copolymer phase segregation
formation of repeatable 2D and 3D structures from the segregation of immiscible polymer chain
segments
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.5.2
block copolymer templating
incorporation of a material into the phase of a block copolymer to achieve a nanoscale (3.7) structure
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
Note 2 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.5.3
cold pressing
compaction of nanoscale (3.7) particles, typically at room temperatures, to fuse them together and to
increase the density
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.5.4
conshearing continuous confined strip shearing
C2S2
use of very large plastic strain to produce grains in a bulk metal without any significant change in the
overall dimensions
Note 1 to entry: The main objective is to produce lightweight parts with greatly improved mechanical properties.
Note 2 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.5.5
devitrification
structural transformation from a glassy state to a crystalline state that introduces nanoscale (3.7) voids
or structure
7.5.6
grinding
creation of nanoparticles (3.6) via mechanical shearing in contact with a material of greater hardness
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.5.7
high-speed micromachining
creating precise two- and three-dimensional workpieces from the bulk or on the surface of an object or
material by cutting using defined geometry cutting tools
Note 1 to entry: Precision is achieved through high cutting spindle speeds usually between 30 000 r/min and
100 000 r/min.
10 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
Note 2 to entry: Laser, e-beam, ion beam, ultrasound, milling and computer numerical controlled machining can
be used.
Note 3 to entry: The definition of high speed varies with each specific technology.
Note 4 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.5.8
ion implantation
use of incident flux high energy ions to modify the surface material by damage and recrystallization
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.5.9
cryogenic milling
grinding (7.5.6) at or below cryogenic temperatures (below −150 °C, −238 °F or 123 K)
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.5.10
dry ball milling
creation of nanoparticles (3.6) via rolling feedstock material with crushing balls of greater hardness to
mix two or more immiscible nanoparticles, which are then heated to sinter them
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.5.11
multi-pass coin forging
production of nanoscale (3.7) grain structures using severe plastic deformation by mechanical pressing
of a sheet of material between two sine-shaped dies with successive rotation of the workpiece followed
by flat forging or rolling
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing but has been adapted to apply to
nanomanufacturing processes.
7.5.12
nanotemplated growth
deposition from the solution or vapour phase of material into nanoscale (3.7) confined spaces to form
nanoparticles (3.6) or nanostructured materials (3.8)
7.5.13
polymer nanoparticle dispersion
mixing of nanoparticles (3.6) into a liquid polymer matrix, which is solidified to produce a polymer
matrix nanoparticle composite
7.5.14
hot pressing
high-pressure powder metallurgy process for forming hard and brittle materials at high temperatures
Note 1 to entry: Pressures of up to 50 MPa (7 300 psi) and temperatures of typically 2 400 °C (4 350 °F) may be used.
Note 2 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.5.15
nanoparticle sintering
joining of nanoparticles (3.6) and increasing their contact interfaces by atom movement within and
between the particles due to the application of heat
[SOURCE: ISO 836:2001, 120, modified — “nanoparticle” has been added to the term and “nanoparticles”
has replaced “particles” in the definition.]
ISO/TS 80004-8:2020(E)
7.5.16
spark plasma sintering
densifying powders under mechanical pressure by applying DC pulsed currents to conducting powders
at a very high heating or cooling rate (up to 1 000 K/min), avoiding coarsening the internal structure
7.6 Solid process phase — Chemical methods
7.6.1
block copolymer chemical derivatization
modification of block copolymer solid through the addition of atoms or molecules that selectively bind
or segregate to only one phase
Note 1 to entry: The term is not exclusive to nanomanufacturing.
7.6.2
electrochemical anodization
process in which the anode is simultaneously oxidized and etched, resulting in nanoscale (3.7) pores
usually with a high degree of regularity and controllability
Note 1 to entry: This process may also be referred to as “anodic etching”.
7.6.3
intercalation
process by which a heterogeneous material (atoms, small molecules) is inserted into a host structure
(crystal lattice or ot
...