CEN/TR 15463:2007

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2008
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Characterization of sludges - Physical consistency - Thixotropic behaviour and piling
behaviour
Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Bestimmung der physikalischen Konsistenz,
thixotropes und Aufschüttverhalten
Caractérisation des boues - Consistance physique - Comportement thixotrope et
comportement au tassement
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TR 15463:2007
ICS:
13.030.20 7HNRþLRGSDGNL%ODWR Liquid wastes. Sludge
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL REPORT
CEN/TR 15463
RAPPORT TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHER BERICHT
April 2007
ICS 13.030.20
English Version
Characterization of sludges - Physical consistency - Thixotropic
behaviour and piling behaviour
Caractérisation des boues - Consistance physique - Charakterisierung von Schlämmen - Physikalische
Comportement thixotrope et comportement au tassement Beschaffenheit - Thixotropes und Schüttverhalten
This Technical Report was approved by CEN on 4 August 2006. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 308.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2007 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TR 15463:2007: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword.4
1 Introduction.6
1.1 The Horizontal project and the Work Package 7 .6
1.2 Desk study subject .7
1.3 Evaluation of needs for control of operations and material characteristics.7
1.3.1 Evaluation of needs for control of operation.7
1.3.2 Material characteristics.8
1.4 Search for existing standards and methods.15
1.5 Basic information.16
1.5.1 Flowability .16
1.5.2 Solidity .18
1.5.3 Thixotropic behaviour of solid materials .19
1.5.4 Piling behaviour.21
2 Existing standards or draft standards.22
2.1 Flowability .22
2.2 Solidity .22
2.3 Thixotropic behaviour .23
2.4 Piling behaviour.23
3 Evaluation of drafting a Horizontal standard.24
3.1 Flowability .24
3.1.1 Capillary viscometers.24
3.1.2 Penetrometer.28
3.1.3 Rotational viscometers .33
3.1.4 “Flow” apparatus.37
3.2 Solidity .43
3.2.1 Shearing apparatus .43
3.2.2 Vane testing apparatus .45
3.2.3 Penetrometer.49
3.3 Thixotropic behaviour of solid materials .57
3.3.1 Laboratory or field test feasibility.57
3.3.2 Apparatus .57
3.3.3 What is measured and how .62
3.3.4 Material to be examined .63
3.3.5 Feasibility of the methods to the materials of investigation.63
3.4 Piling behaviour.63
3.4.1 Laboratory or field test feasibility.63
3.4.2 Apparatus .64
3.4.3 What is measured and how .67
3.4.4 Material to be examined .68
3.4.5 Feasibility of the methods to the materials of investigation.68
4 Critical point and recommendations .69
4.1 Flowability .69
4.1.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra).69
4.1.2 Recommendations.70
4.2 Solidity .71
4.2.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra).71
4.2.2 Recommendations.75
4.3 Thixotropic behaviour of solid materials .75
4.3.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra).75
4.3.2 Recommendations.76
4.4 Piling behaviour.76
4.4.1 Comparison (discussion: pro/contra) .76
4.4.2 Recommendation .77
4.5 Summary of recommended methods .77
4.5.1 Flowability .77
4.5.2 Solidity, thixotropic behaviour and piling behaviour .77
4.6 Research needs .78
4.6.1 Basics of methods.78
4.6.2 Applicability of methods to the materials of investigation .79
4.6.3 Questions to be answered.80
4.6.4 Route, how to answer them.80
4.6.5 Steps to be taken.80
Bibliography.81

Foreword
This document (CEN/TR 15463:2007) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 308
“Characterization of sludges”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This CEN-Report “Physical Consistency” derives from the Desk Studies “Physical Properties – Flowability”
(HORIZONTAL Report No. 21 [60]) and “Physical Properties – Solidity, Thixotropic Behaviour and Piling
Behaviour” (HORIZONTAL Report No. 22 [61]) of the Horizontal Project. The “Horizontal” project has the
objective to develop horizontal and harmonised European Standards in the fields of sludge, bio-waste and soil
to facilitate regulation of these major streams in the multiple decisions related to different uses and disposal
governed by EU Directives. The Horizontal Project includes the Work Package 7 “Mechanical properties”
consisting in the development of Desk Studies on physical consistency, because it is recognized that this
property is very important for the characterization of sludge, since it affects almost all treatment, utilization and
disposal operations, such as storage, pumping, transportation, handling, land-spreading, dewatering, drying,
landfilling. The importance of the physical consistency is also true for the characterization of bio-waste and
soil. Also handling and utilization of many other materials, such as cement and asphalt are strictly depending
on their physical consistency. The needs for control of operations and also material characteristics are
described.
The first action carried out is consisted in searching for existing standards to be possibly used or adapted for
utilisation in the specific field of consistency evaluation. The complete list of standards is reported in Annex 1
of the HORIZONTAL Reports No. 21 [60] and No. 22 [61], from which it can be seen that more than 250
standards and non-standardised methods are potentially applicable to consistency evaluation. On the basis of
the selected list of standards and non-standardised methods for further consideration the methods for the
determination of flowability, solidity, thixotropic behaviour and piling behaviour of sludge, bio-waste and soil
have been divided into several groups, according to the instruments used for measuring:
 Flowability: Capillary viscometers, Penetrometers, Rotational viscometers and Flow apparatus.
 Solidity: Shearing apparatus, Vane testing apparatus and Penetrometers.
 Thixotropic behaviour: It should be investigated a combination of methods for determination of the solidity
like penetration, etc. and an energy-input in terms of "flow" apparatus to simulate the shear stress.
 Piling behaviour: Slump test apparatus, Compacting apparatus, Cubic Piling Box (CPB) and "Turned Box".
For each group was evaluated the laboratory or field test feasibility. Apparatuses of the measuring procedures
and existing applications to different materials were described. On this basis the applicability of the described
methods to the materials of investigation was evaluated and documented in the lists of analysed standards.
The recommended methods are for flowability the
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