EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023
(Main)Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication
This document specifies requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts, made of steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, requirements for permanent joints other than welding, production tests, forming requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations.
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 4: Herstellung
Dieses Dokument enthält Anforderungen an die Herstellung von unbefeuerten Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Stählen, einschließlich deren Verbindungen zu nicht drucktragenden Teilen. Es enthält Anforderungen an die Rückverfolgbarkeit von Werkstoffen, Fertigungstoleranzen, Schweißanforderungen, Anforderungen an nicht geschweißte dauerhafte Verbindungen, Arbeitsproben, Umformanforderungen, Wärmebehandlung, Reparaturen und Fertigbearbeitung.
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 4 : Fabrication
Le présent document spécifie les exigences relatives à la fabrication des récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme et de leurs parties sous pression, réalisés en acier, y compris leur raccordement avec des parties non soumises à la pression. Il spécifie des exigences concernant la traçabilité des matériaux, les tolérances de fabrication, les exigences de soudage, les exigences concernant les assemblages permanents autres que le soudage, les coupons-témoins, les exigences de formage, les traitements thermiques, les réparations, et la finition.
Nekurjene tlačne posode - 4. del: Proizvodnja (vključuje dopolnilo A1)
Ta dokument določa zahteve za proizvodnjo nekurjenih tlačnih posod in njihovih delov, izdelanih iz jekel, vključno z njihovimi priključki na netlačne dele. Določa zahteve za sledljivost materiala, proizvodna odstopanja, zahteve za varjenje, zahteve za trajne spoje, ki niso varjeni, proizvodne preskuse, zahteve za oblikovanje, toplotno obdelavo, popravila in zaključne operacije.
General Information
Relations
Overview
EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 is the CEN European standard that specifies fabrication requirements for unfired pressure vessels and their parts made of steels, including connections to non‑pressure parts. Adopted as a European standard (with Amendment A1 in 2023), this document defines manufacturing controls such as material traceability, welding and permanent joint requirements, manufacturing tolerances, production testing, forming, heat treatment (including PWHT), repairs and finishing operations.
Key Topics and Requirements
The standard addresses practical, production‑level requirements for safe and compliant fabrication:
- Material traceability and identification - systems, visibility, transfer of markings and review of material certificates.
- Manufacturing tolerances - surface geometry, alignment, out‑of‑roundness, deviation from axis, local thinning and dished end tolerances.
- Welding requirements - welding procedure specification (WPS), welding procedure qualification (WPQR), welder/operator qualification and filler materials.
- Production testing of welds - tensile, impact, bend, macro/micro examination, hardness tests, retests and test reporting.
- Permanent joints other than welding - mechanical roller expansion, brazing and other acceptable joining methods.
- Forming and cold/hot forming procedures - ratios of deformation, forming of dished ends, cylinders, cones and tube bends, with sampling and testing of formed coupons.
- Heat treatment and PWHT - conditions, methods, procedures and post‑treatment mechanical property requirements.
- Repairs and finishing operations - acceptable repair methods for parent metal and weld defects plus final finishing and documentation.
- Quality and subcontracting controls - requirements for manufacturing responsibility and subcontracted work.
Practical Applications
This standard is used to ensure safe, repeatable fabrication processes and to demonstrate compliance for:
- Manufacturing of pressure vessels for chemical, petrochemical, power generation and industrial process plants
- Fabrication shops producing shells, heads, nozzles, flanges and assemblies of steel unfired vessels
- Inspection and QA/QC programs verifying welding, forming and heat treatment operations
- Procurement specifications and acceptance criteria for suppliers and subcontractors
Who Should Use This Standard
- Pressure vessel fabricators and welding shops
- Quality managers, welding coordinators and inspectors (NDT/inspection)
- Design engineers and project managers specifying manufacturing requirements
- Regulators and certification bodies assessing compliance with European fabrication practices
Related Standards
EN 13445‑4:2021+A1:2023 is Part 4 of the EN 13445 series (unfired pressure vessels) and is intended to be used alongside other parts of the EN 13445 suite and applicable national regulations when specifying design, materials and testing requirements.
Keywords: EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023, unfired pressure vessels, fabrication standard, welding requirements, material traceability, PWHT, manufacturing tolerances, production tests, CEN.
Frequently Asked Questions
EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication". This standard covers: This document specifies requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts, made of steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, requirements for permanent joints other than welding, production tests, forming requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations.
This document specifies requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts, made of steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, requirements for permanent joints other than welding, production tests, forming requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations.
EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 23.020.30 - Pressure vessels, gas cylinders. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to EN 13445-4:2021/A1:2023, EN 13445-4:2021. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 is associated with the following European legislation: EU Directives/Regulations: 2014/68/EU; Standardization Mandates: M/071, M/601. When a standard is cited in the Official Journal of the European Union, products manufactured in conformity with it benefit from a presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the corresponding EU directive or regulation.
You can purchase EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 13445-4:2021
SIST EN 13445-4:2021/A1:2023
Nekurjene tlačne posode - 4. del: Proizvodnja (vključuje dopolnilo A1)
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 4: Herstellung
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 4 : Fabrication
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023
ICS:
23.020.32 Tlačne posode Pressure vessels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 13445-4:2021+A1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
August 2023
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 23.020.30
English Version
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 4: Fabrication
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 4: Herstellung
Partie 4 : Fabrication
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 February 2021 and includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 3 March
2023 and Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 13 June 2023.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2023 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Contents
Page
European foreword . 5
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Requirements for manufacturing and subcontracting . 8
4.1 Manufacturing . 8
4.2 Subcontracting . 9
5 Materials . 9
5.1 General . 9
5.2 Material traceability . 9
5.2.1 General . 9
5.2.2 Identification system . 9
5.2.3 Visibility. 10
5.2.4 Review of material certification and material identification . 10
5.2.5 Transfer of markings . 10
6 Manufacturing tolerances . 11
6.1 Surface geometry of welds . 11
6.2 Middle line alignment . 11
6.3 Surface alignment . 13
6.3.1 Surface misalignment between parts . 13
6.3.2 Joining of parts of different thickness . 13
6.4 Tolerances for vessels subjected to internal pressure . 13
6.4.1 External diameter . 13
6.4.2 Out of roundness . 13
6.4.3 Deviation from the longitudinal axis . 14
6.4.4 Irregularities in profile . 14
6.4.5 Local thinning . 16
6.4.6 Dished ends . 17
6.5 Tolerances for vessels subjected to external pressure . 20
6.6 Structural tolerances . 20
7 Weld details . 20
7.1 General . 20
7.2 Vessels or parts made of more than one course . 20
7.3 Lapped joints, joggle joints, permanent backing strips . 20
8 Welding . 20
8.1 General . 20
8.2 Welding procedure specification (WPS) . 21
8.3 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) . 21
8.4 Qualification of welders and welding operators . 22
8.5 Filler metals and auxiliary materials . 23
8.6 Joint preparation . 23
8.7 Execution of welded joints . 24
8.8 Attachments, supports and stiffeners . 24
8.9 Preheat . 24
8.10 Permanent joints other than welding . 24
8.10.1 General . 24
8.10.2 Mechanical roller expansion . 25
8.10.3 Brazing . 25
9 Manufacture and testing of welds — Production test . 25
9.1 General . 25
9.2 Reference criteria . 26
9.3 Extent of testing . 30
9.4 Performance of tests and acceptance criteria . 32
9.4.1 General . 32
9.4.2 Transverse tensile test . 32
9.4.3 Longitudinal weld tensile test . 32
9.4.4 Impact test . 32
9.4.5 Bend test . 32
9.4.6 Macro examination . 33
9.4.7 Micro examination . 33
9.4.8 Hardness test . 33
9.4.9 Retests . 33
9.4.10 Test report . 34
10 Forming of pressure parts . 34
10.1 General . 34
10.2 Ratio of deformation . 34
10.2.1 Dished circular products . 34
10.2.2 Cylinders and cones made by rolling . 35
10.2.3 Other product types . 36
10.2.4 Tube bends . 37
10.2.5 Forming of Segments . 37
10.3 Forming procedures . 38
10.3.1 Cold forming . 38
10.3.2 Hot forming . 39
10.4 Heat treatment after forming . 41
10.4.1 General . 41
10.4.2 Heat treatment of flat products after cold forming . 41
10.4.3 Heat treatment of tubular products after cold forming. 42
10.4.4 Heat treatment of clad steels after cold forming . 43
10.4.5 Heat treatment after hot forming . 43
10.4.6 Heat treatment of clad steels after hot forming . 44
10.5 Sampling of formed test coupons . 44
10.5.1 Cold formed products without heat treatment . 44
10.5.2 Hot formed or cold formed products with heat treatment . 44
10.6 Tests . 45
10.6.1 Base material . 45
10.6.2 Butt welds . 45
10.6.3 Acceptance criteria for formed test coupons . 46
10.6.4 Retests of formed coupons . 46
10.7 Visual inspection and control of dimension . 47
10.8 Marking . 47
10.9 Documentation . 47
11 Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) . 47
11.1 General . 47
11.2 Heat treatment conditions . 48
11.3 Method of PWHT . 51
11.4 PWHT procedure . 52
11.5 Mechanical properties after heat treatment . 53
11.6 Dissimilar ferritic joints . 55
11.7 Special materials . 56
11.8 Heat Treatment for reasons other than welding . 56
12 Repairs . 56
12.1 Repairs of surface defects in the parent metal . 56
12.2 Repair of weld defects . 57
13 Finishing operations . 57
Annex A (informative) Structural tolerances . 59
Annex B (informative) Example of a sub-contractors form . 63
Annex C (normative) Specification and approval of expansion procedures and operators . 64
C.1 General . 64
C.1.1 Introduction . 64
C.1.2 Responsibility . 64
C.1.3 Specification of expansion procedures . 64
C.1.4 Technical content of expansion procedure specification (EPS) . 65
C.1.5 Expansion procedure qualification test (EPQT) . 66
C.2 Examination and testing . 66
C.2.1 General . 66
C.2.2 Visual examination . 66
C.2.3 Dimensional verification . 66
C.2.4 Testing . 67
C.3 Range of approval . 67
C.3.1 General . 67
C.3.2 Manufacturer . 67
C.3.3 Material . 67
C.3.4 Tube dimensions . 68
C.3.5 Expansion factor . 68
C.3.6 Joint design . 68
C.3.7 Tool. 68
C.3.8 PWHT . 68
C.4 Expansion Procedure Approval Record (EPAR) . 69
C.5 Expansion operator approval . 69
C.5.1 General . 69
C.5.2 Validity range of expansion operator qualification. 69
C.5.3 Qualification tests . 69
C.5.4 Examination and testing . 70
C.5.5 Period of validity . 70
C.5.6 Certification . 70
Annex Y (informative) History of EN 13445-4 . 71
Y.1 Differences between EN 13445-4:2014 and EN 13445-4:2021 . 71
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2014/68/EU aimed to be covered . 72
Bibliography . 73
European foreword
This document (EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54
“Unfired pressure vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2024, and conflicting national standards shall
be withdrawn at the latest by February 2024.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes !EN 13445-4:2021".
This document includes Amendment 1 approved by CEN on 3 March 2023.
The start and finish of text introduced or altered by amendment is indicated in the text by tags !".
This document has been prepared under a standardisation request addressed to [the relevant ESO] by
the European Commission. The Standing Committee of the EFTA States subsequently approves these
requests for its Member States.
For the relationship with EU Legislation, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
The list of all parts in the EN 13445 series can be found on the CEN website.
Although these Parts may be obtained separately, it should be recognised that the Parts are inter-
dependant. As such the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels requires the application of all the
relevant Parts in order for the requirements of the Standard to be satisfactorily fulfilled.
Corrections to the standard interpretations where several options seem possible are conducted through
the Migration Help Desk (MHD). Information related to the Help Desk can be found at http://www.unm.fr
(en13445@unm.fr). A form for submitting questions can be downloaded from the link to the MHD
website. After subject experts have agreed an answer, the answer will be communicated to the
questioner. Corrected pages will be given specific issue number and issued by CEN according to CEN
Rules. Interpretation sheets will be posted on the website of the MHD.
This document supersedes EN 13445-4:2014. This new edition incorporates the Amendments which
have been approved previously by CEN members, and the corrected pages up to Issue 5 without any
further technical change. Annex Y provides details of significant technical changes between this European
Standard and the previous edition.
Amendments to this new edition may be issued from time to time and then used immediately as
alternatives to rules contained herein. It is intended to deliver a new Issue of EN 13445:2021 each year,
starting with the precedent as Issue 1, consolidating these Amendments and including other identified
corrections.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels and their parts,
made of steels, including their connections to non-pressure parts. It specifies requirements for material
traceability, manufacturing tolerances, welding requirements, requirements for permanent joints other
than welding, production tests, forming requirements, heat treatment, repairs and finishing operations.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
!deleted references"
EN 13134:2000, Brazing — Procedure approval
EN 13445-1:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 1: General
EN 13445-2:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 2: Materials
EN 13445-3:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design
EN 13445-5:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing
!EN 14276-1:2020", Pressure equipment for refrigerating systems and heat pumps — Part 1: Vessels
— General requirements
!EN ISO 3834-2:2021, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 2:
Comprehensive quality requirements (ISO 3834-2:2021)"
!EN ISO 3834-3:2021, Quality requirements for fusion welding of metallic materials — Part 3: Standard
quality requirements (ISO 3834-3:2021)"
EN ISO 4136:2012, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Transverse tensile test
(ISO 4136:2012)
EN ISO 5173:2010, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Bend tests (ISO 5173:2009)
!EN ISO 5178:2019, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Longitudinal tensile test on weld
metal in fusion welded joints (ISO 5178:2019)"
EN ISO 9015-1:2011, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Hardness testing — Part 1:
Hardness test on arc welded joints (ISO 9015-1:2001)
!EN ISO 9016:2022, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Impact tests — Test specimen
location, notch orientation and examination (ISO 9016:2022)"
EN ISO 9606-1:2017, Qualification testing of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels (ISO 9606‐
1:2012 including Cor 1:2012 and Cor 2:2013)
EN ISO 13585:2012, Brazing — Qualification test of brazers and brazing operators (ISO 13585:2012)
EN ISO 14732:2013, Welding personnel — Qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters for
mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials (ISO 14732:2013)
!EN ISO 15609-1:2019, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Welding procedure specification — Part 1: Arc welding (ISO 15609-1:2019)"
EN ISO 15611:2003, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Qualification based on previous welding experience (ISO 15611:2003)
EN ISO 15612:2018, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Qualification by adoption of a standard welding procedure (ISO 15612:2018)
EN ISO 15613:2004, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Qualification based on pre-production welding test (ISO 15613:2004)
!EN ISO 15614-1:2017, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials —
Welding procedure test — Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding of nickel and nickel alloys
(ISO 15614-1:2017, Corrected version 2017-10-01)"
!EN ISO 17639:2022, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials — Macroscopic and microscopic
examination of welds (ISO 17639:2022)"
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 Requirements for manufacturing and subcontracting
4.1 Manufacturing
The general responsibilities of the pressure vessel manufacturer are stated in EN 13445-1:2021.
Additionally to those requirements, the manufacturer shall ensure that:
a) the organisation for the control of manufacturing operations which includes special processes such
as welding, forming and heat treatment shall be clearly defined by the manufacturer;
b) the manufacturing procedures such as welding, forming and heat treatment are adequate for the
purpose and the pressure vessel meets the requirements of this standard. Where specific
requirements are associated with materials these shall be taken into account, e.g. EAMs;
c) the manufacturing equipment is adequate for fabrication;
d) the staff is adequate for the assigned tasks;
NOTE As far as welding co-ordination is concerned, the qualifications, tasks and responsibilities can be defined
by the manufacturer in accordance with !EN ISO 14731:2019" [1] in the job assignment.
e) the quality requirements for welding defined in !EN ISO 3834-3:2021" are met as a minimum.
4.2 Subcontracting
The manufacturer may subcontract work, but shall ensure that the subcontractor carries out the work in
accordance with the requirements of this document. The manufacturer is responsible for the adequate
definition of the subcontracted task and the need for any associated records.
On all occasions that the subcontractor work includes
a) welding;
b) forming including associated heat treatment;
c) post weld heat treatment;
d) non-destructive testing of welds (see EN 13445-5:2021),
e) the manufacturer shall obtain a subcontractor form (see Annex B).
Where welding operations are subcontracted, the manufacturer shall also either obtain copies of the
welding procedure and welding operator qualification records or take other action to ensure that they
comply with this standard.
In discharging his responsibility to ensure that the subcontractor carries out the work in accordance with
this standard the manufacturer shall ensure that surveillance of the subcontracted work is performed.
Where a manufacturer is producing equipment that requires the intervention of a responsible authority,
the manufacturer should inform the responsible authority of his intention to subcontract so that the
responsible authority has the opportunity to take part in the subcontractor surveillance.
NOTE 1 See also EN 764-3:2002, 2.11 [2] and CR 13445-7.
NOTE 2 When the manufacturer is producing equipment based on quality assurance, the controls a manufacturer
applies over subcontractors should be described in his approved quality system.
5 Materials
5.1 General
Materials for pressure vessels and the grouping of materials for pressure vessels shall be in accordance
with EN 13445-2:2021.
The grouping applies regardless of product form, i.e. plate, forging, piping.
5.2 Material traceability
5.2.1 General
The vessel manufacturer shall have and maintain an identification system for materials used in
fabrication, so that all material subject to stress due to pressure and those welded thereto in the
completed work can be traced to its origin. This includes the use of welding consumables.
5.2.2 Identification system
5.2.2.1 The vessel manufacturer's identification system shall assure that all materials to be used in the
vessel have been subjected to and satisfactorily passed the following:
a) examination of material before fabrication for the purpose of detecting, as far as possible,
imperfections which would affect the safety of the work;
b) check of material to determine that it has the required thickness;
c) check of the material to assure that the materials are permitted by this document, fully traceable to
the correct material certification and as specified in the design documentation;
d) check of the welding consumables to assure the correct markings and that correct conditions are
maintained to prevent deterioration.
5.2.2.2 Material traceability to the original identification markings shall be by one or more of the
following methods:
a) accurate transfer of the original identification markings to a location where the markings will be
visible on the completed vessel;
b) identification by a coded marking traceable to the original required marking;
c) recording the identification markings using material lists or as built sketches which assure
identification of each piece of material during fabrication and subsequent identification in the
completed vessel;
d) !the EN- or EN-ISO-designation or brand name of the welding consumables shall be recorded."
5.2.3 Visibility
Materials which cannot be stamped or which will not be visible after the vessel is completed or for small
multiple parts or non pressure parts the manufacturer may operate a documented system which ensures
material traceability for all materials in the completed vessel.
5.2.4 Review of material certification and material identification
All material certification shall be reviewed upon receipt. The review shall cover the completeness and
adequacy of the reports against the following:
a) mechanical and chemical properties required to be reported by the material specification;
b) assuring that the reported results meet the requirements of the specification;
c) all markings required by the material specification are satisfied and that there is traceability between
the actual markings and those recorded on the material certification.
All materials certification shall be made readily available throughout manufacture.
5.2.5 Transfer of markings
In case the original identification markings are unavoidably cut out or the material is divided into two or
more pieces the markings shall be accurately transferred by the manufacturer's nominated personnel
prior to cutting.
The actual material marking shall be by methods which are not harmful to the material in subsequent
use/operation.
The transfer of markings shall take place before partitioning of the product and after verification of the
marks present with the corresponding certification.
6 Manufacturing tolerances
6.1 Surface geometry of welds
The surface geometry of welded butt and fillet joints shall meet the requirements of EN 13445-5:2021,
5.3 and 6.6, unless the drawing specifies more stringent requirements.
6.2 Middle line alignment
The misalignment tolerances of middle lines shall be as specified in Tables 6.2-1, 6.2-2, 6.2-3 and
Figure 6.2-1.
a) Middle line alignment d at equal thickness e = b) Middle line alignment d at different thickness e
1 1 1 1
e ≤ e
2 2
Figure 6.2-1 — Middle line alignment d
For longitudinal welds in cylinders, cones and rectangular/prismatic structures the middle lines of
adjacent components (whether of equal or different thickness) shall be aligned within the tolerances
specified in Table 6.2-1.
Table 6.2-1 — Offset of middle lines for longitudinal welds in cylinders, cones
and rectangular/prismatic structures
Dimensions in millimetres
Thinner part thickness e Maximum misalignment d
1 1
e ≤ 2 0,5
2 < e ≤ 4 e1/4
4 < e1 ≤ 10
e1/10
10 < e1 ≤ 30
30 < e ≤ 60 e1/30 + 2
60 < e1 4
For longitudinal welds in dished ends and welds in spherical components the middle lines of adjacent
parts (whether of equal or different thickness) shall be aligned within the tolerances specified in
Table 6.2-2.
Table 6.2-2 — Offset of middle lines for longitudinal welds in dished
ends and in spherical components of adjacent parts
Dimensions in millimetres
Thinner part thickness e1 Maximum misalignment d1
e ≤ 2 0,5
2 < e ≤ 4 e1/4
4 < e1 ≤ 10
e /10
10 < e1 ≤ 30 1
30 < e ≤ 120 e1/30 + 2
120 < e1 6
For circumferential welds the middle lines of adjacent parts (whether of equal or different thickness)
shall be aligned within the tolerances specified in Table 6.2-3.
Table 6.2-3 — Offset of middle lines of circumferential
welds of adjacent parts
Dimensions in millimetres
Thinner part thickness e1 Maximum misalignment d1
e1/10 + 1
e1 ≤ 30
30 < e ≤ 150 e1/30 + 3
150 < e1 8
6.3 Surface alignment
6.3.1 Surface misalignment between parts
Where there is misalignment at the surface between parts of the same nominal thickness the transition
across the weld shall be smooth and gradual with a slope of 1 in 4 over the width of the weld. If this taper
cannot be accommodated within the weld width it is permissible to either:
a) grind the higher plate surface, where this will not reduce the joint thickness at any point below the
nominal specified plate thickness minus the plate thickness tolerance;
b) build up the lower plate surface with added weld metal
6.3.2 Joining of parts of different thickness
Where different thickness are being joined a taper shall be produced in accordance with EN 13445-
3:2021 by either:
a) taper the thicker plate in accordance with the design drawing and then applying the requirements
above for the same nominal thickness parts; or
b) obtain the required slope across the width of the welds, or by a combination of weld build up on the
lower surface with added weld metal and thereafter obtain the required slope across the weld width.
6.4 Tolerances for vessels subjected to internal pressure
6.4.1 External diameter
For cylindrical and spherical pressure vessels the mean external diameter derived from the
circumference shall not deviate by more than 1,5 % from the specified external diameter.
For rectangular vessels and/or prismatic structures each external dimension shall not deviate by more
than 1,5 % from the specified external dimension.
6.4.2 Out of roundness
Out of roundness (O) shall be calculated in accordance with the following Formula (6.4-1):
2 ⋅ (D − D )
max min
O [%] = ⋅100
(6.4-1)
D + D
max min
It shall not exceed the following values:
a) 1,5 % for the ratio of e/D < 0,01;
b) 1,0 % for the ratio of e/D ≥ 0,01.
NOTE The determination of the out of roundness need not consider the elastic deformation due to the
deadweight of the pressure vessel.
Irregularities in vessel profile (e.g. dents, buckling, flats on nozzle positions) shall be also within the
tolerances in a) and b). A greater out of roundness may be acceptable provided they have been proven
admissible by calculation or strain gauge measurements.
6.4.3 Deviation from the longitudinal axis
The deviation from the longitudinal axis over the length of the cylindrical portion of the pressure vessel
shall not exceed 0,5 % of the length of the shell.
6.4.4 Irregularities in profile
a) Local irregularities in vessel profile
Irregularities in profile (e.g. dents, buckling, flats on nozzle positions) shall be smooth and the depth shall
be checked by a 20° gauge and shall not exceed the following values:
1) 2 % of the gauge length; or
2) 2,5 % of the gauge length provided that the length of the irregularities does not exceed one
quarter of the length (with a
...
표준 EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023은 비화염 압력 용기의 제작에 관한 포괄적인 요구사항을 명시하고 있습니다. 이 문서는 강철로 제작된 비화염 압력 용기와 이들 부품의 제조 기준을 정의하며, 비압력 부품과의 연결 방법에 대해서도 규정을 포함하고 있습니다. 주요 강점 중 하나는 소재 추적성에 관한 요구사항을 포함하여 제조공정에서의 투명성을 높이는 것입니다. 이는 품질 관리와 안전성을 강화하는 데 중요한 요소로 작용하며, 제조된 부품의 이력을 명확히 할 수 있습니다. 또한, 제조 공차와 용접 요건을 정하여 일관된 품질을 보장하도록 하여, 다양한 산업 분야에서의 적용 가능성을 확장하고 있습니다. 상시 조인트에 대한 요구사항은 용접 외의 영구 접합 방식에 대한 명확한 지침을 제공하여, 다양한 응용 분야에서의 유연성을 높이는 데 기여합니다. 이러한 점은 특히 비화염 압력 용기의 설계 및 제작에 있어 중요한 요소입니다. 또한, 생산 시험, 성형 요구사항, 열처리, 수리 및 마무리 작업에 대한 세부적인 규정을 통해 제조회사들이 일관된 품질과 성능을 유지할 수 있도록 지원합니다. 이 문서는 비화염 압력 용기를 만드는 과정에서의 모든 단계에 대해 구조적이고 체계적인 접근을 제공합니다. 결과적으로 EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 표준은 비화염 압력 용기의 제조에 있어 필수적인 기준을 제공하며, 제조업체들이 효율적이고 안전한 제품을 생산할 수 있도록 하는 중요한 역할을 합니다. 이 표준의 적용은 관련 산업에서의 품질 향상과 안전성 증대에 기여할 것입니다.
SIST EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023の標準は、無火圧容器の製造に関する重要な要件を包括的に定義しています。この文書は、無火圧容器およびその部品の製造に関する基準を提示し、特に鋼材料で構成される部分の接続についても適用されることが明記されています。標準の範囲は、材料のトレーサビリティ、製造公差、溶接要件、溶接以外の永久接合部の要件、製造試験、成形要件、熱処理、修理および仕上げ作業に関する要件を含んでおり、これにより無火圧容器の製造過程全体が体系的に管理されることが可能です。 この標準の強みは、無火圧容器の製造における高い品質基準を設定している点です。例えば、材料のトレーサビリティを明確にすることで、使用する素材が信頼性のあるものであることを保証し、製品の安全性を高める効果があります。また、熱処理や修理、仕上げ作業に関する詳細な要件が示されているため、製品の耐久性や信頼性を確保する手助けとなります。これらの要件は、製造業者が正確に理解し遵守することを促進し、生産効率を向上させることにも寄与します。 さらに、この標準は無火圧容器の国際的な取り扱いにおいても関連性が高く、製造業者が国際市場での競争力を高める際の重要な基盤となります。従って、SIST EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023は、無火圧容器の製造におけるベストプラクティスを示す重要な指針であり、業界内の共通理解を促進させる役割も果たします。その結果、製造された製品が市場で求められる安全性と品質を備えたものとなることが期待されます。
EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 serves as a foundational document within the field of pressure vessel manufacturing, delineating crucial requirements for the fabrication of unfired pressure vessels. The standard's scope is specifically focused on the production of pressure vessels and various components crafted from steels, which includes their connections to non-pressure parts. This aspect is vital for ensuring the integrity and safety of the vessels during their operational lifecycle. One of the key strengths of this standard is its comprehensive approach to material traceability, which is essential for maintaining high-quality manufacturing practices. By establishing stringent requirements for material traceability, EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 enhances the accountability of materials used in pressure vessel fabrication, thereby minimizing the risk of defects and ensuring compliance with safety protocols. Moreover, the standard addresses manufacturing tolerances, which are crucial for achieving precision in the production process. By specifying precise tolerances, it helps manufacturers meet the rigorous demands of the industry, ensuring that each unfired pressure vessel is manufactured to exacting standards that support both safety and performance. Welding requirements outlined in the document are another noteworthy strength. The inclusion of specific guidelines for welding processes and procedures promotes best practices that are integral to the structural integrity of the vessels. Furthermore, the standard’s focus on permanent joints beyond welding, such as riveting and bolting, ensures that manufacturers have a comprehensive understanding of various joining techniques available for construction. Production tests are also a highlight of EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023, which mandates rigorous testing to assess the quality and reliability of fabricated components. Such tests are instrumental in identifying potential issues early in the manufacturing process, thus safeguarding the end-user from future failures. The standard also emphasizes the importance of forming requirements, heat treatment, repairs, and finishing operations, which are all pivotal in determining the longevity and efficiency of the unfired pressure vessels. By outlining detailed procedures for these processes, EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 equips manufacturers with the necessary guidelines to enhance the durability and functionality of their products. Overall, the relevance of EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 within the industry cannot be overstated. Its holistic approach to unfired pressure vessel fabrication not only aligns with safety and regulatory demands but also promotes best practices among manufacturers, ultimately contributing to improved product standards across the sector.
La norme SIST EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023, intitulée "Vessels sous pression non soumis à la pression - Partie 4 : Fabrication", établit des exigences précises pour la fabrication de récipients sous pression non soumis à la pression et de leurs composants. Son champ d'application englobe les matériaux en acier ainsi que les connexions avec les pièces non sous pression, ce qui en fait une référence essentielle pour les fabricants dans le secteur. L'une des forces majeures de cette norme réside dans la clarté des exigences relatives à la traçabilité des matériaux, garantissant ainsi que chaque partie fabriquée peut être retracée jusqu'à sa source, ce qui est crucial pour la sécurité et la qualité. Les tolérances de fabrication spécifiées dans le document assurent également que les composants sont produits avec précision, ce qui est fondamental pour le bon fonctionnement des systèmes. Les exigences de soudage et les spécifications pour les joints permanents autres que ceux obtenus par soudage sont des éléments clés qui renforcent la robustesse et la fiabilité des récipients. De plus, les tests de production exigés et les procédures de formation soulignent l'importance d'une fabrication rigoureuse et contrôlée, contribuant ainsi à la réduction des risques de défaillances. La norme aborde également des aspects comme le traitement thermique, les réparations et les opérations de finition, fournissant un cadre complet qui couvre l'ensemble du processus de fabrication. Cela assure non seulement la conformité aux réglementations, mais également l'enregistrement des meilleures pratiques dans l'industrie, ce qui est particulièrement pertinent dans un contexte où la sécurité et la durabilité des équipements sous pression sont primordiales. En somme, la norme SIST EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 est d'une grande pertinence pour les professionnels de l'industrie. Ses exigences détaillées pour la fabrication des récipients sous pression non soumis à la pression en font un outil incontournable, garantissant ainsi la qualité, la sécurité et l'efficacité des opérations de fabrication.
Die Norm EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 ist ein umfassendes Dokument, das die Anforderungen an die Herstellung von unbeschickten Druckbehältern und deren Teilen, die aus Stahl gefertigt sind, regelt. Diese Norm hat eine breite Anwendbarkeit und ist besonders relevant für Branchen, die Druckbehälter für verschiedene Anwendungen benötigen. Ein wesentlicher Stärke dieser Norm ist die detaillierte Spezifizierung von Anforderungen an die Materialrückverfolgbarkeit. Dies gewährleistet höchste Qualität und Sicherheit in der Herstellung. Zudem werden Herstellungsabweichungen, Schweißanforderungen und Anforderungen an dauerhafte Verbindungen, die nicht durch Schweißen hergestellt werden, klar definiert. Durch diese umfassenden Vorgaben wird sichergestellt, dass alle Produkte den geforderten Sicherheitsstandards entsprechen. Die Norm enthält auch Anforderungen an Produktionstests sowie an Formungsprozesse, die für die Sicherheit und Funktionalität von Druckbehältern unerlässlich sind. Zusätzlich werden Vorgaben für Wärmebehandlung, Reparaturen und Abschlussarbeiten spezifiziert, was die Flexibilität und Robustheit der Produktion erhöht. Die Berücksichtigung dieser verschiedenen Aspekte in EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 zeigt die Relevanz und die Notwendigkeit einer standardisierten Herangehensweise in der Fertigung von Druckbehältern. Insgesamt bietet die EN 13445-4:2021+A1:2023 eine wertvolle Grundlage für Hersteller, um sicherzustellen, dass ihre Produkte technisch einwandfrei und sicher sind. Die umfassende Abdeckung der verschiedenen Herstellungsprozesse und Qualitätsanforderungen macht diese Norm zu einem unverzichtbaren Referenzdokument in der Branche.
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