EN ISO 9886:2001

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
01-september-2002
9UHGQRWHQMHWRSORWQLKREUHPHQLWHYVSRPRþMRIL]LRORãNLKPHULWHY,62
Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements (ISO 9886:1992)
Ermittlung der thermischen Beanspruchung durch physiologische Messungen (ISO
9886:1992)
Evaluation de l'astreinte thermique par mesures physiologiques (ISO 9886:1992)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 9886:2001
ICS:
13.100 Varnost pri delu. Industrijska Occupational safety.
higiena Industrial hygiene
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
SIST EN ISO 9886:2002 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 9886
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
April 2001
ICS 01.018.00
English version
Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements
(ISO 9886:1992)
Evaluation de l'astreinte thermique par mesures Ermittlung der thermischen Beanspruchung durch
physiologiques (ISO 9886:1992) physiologische Messungen (ISO 9886:1992)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 19 January 2001.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official
versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 9886:2001 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
EN ISO 9886:2001 (E)
CORRECTED 2001-11-07
Foreword
The text of the International Standard from Technical Committee ISO/TC 159 "Ergonomics" of the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has been taken over as an European Standard by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 "Ergonomics", the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2001, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by October 2001.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of the International Standard ISO 9886:1992 has been approved by CEN as a European
Standard without any modification.
2

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
IS0
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD 9886
First edition
1992-l l-01
Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological
measurements
ivaluation de l’asfreinte thermique par mesures physiologiques
Reference number
IS0 9886: 1992(E)

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
IS0 9886:1992(E)
Foreword
IS0 (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (IS0 member bodies). The work
of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through IS0
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for
which a technical committee has been established has the right to be
represented on that committee.
International organizations, govern-
mental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the
work. IS0 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an lnter-
national Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member
bodies casting a vote.
International Standard IS0 9886 was prepared by Technical Committee
ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Sub-Committee SC 5, Ergonomics of the
physical environments.
Annexes A, B, C and D of this International Standard are for information
only.
0 is0 1992
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without
permission in writing from the publisher.
International Organization for Standardization
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d d i

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
IS0 9886:1992(E)
Introduction
This International Standard is part of a se ries of standards concerned
with the assessment of thermal stress and stra in.
This series of International Standards aims in particular at:
stablishing cifications for the methods of measuring physical
a) e spe
char ,acterizing thermal environm
arameters ents;
P
hing methods for assessing thermal stress in cold, moderate
b) estabiis
and hot envi ronments
The analysis methods described by these latter standards allow the
prediction of the average physiological response of subjects exposed to
a thermal environment. Some of these methods are not applicable under
exceptional climatic circumstances, when the characteristics of the ex-
posed subjects differ greatly from the average or when special means
of protection are used.
In these cases, or for the sake of research, it may be useful or even
necessary to measure directly the physiological strain experienced by
the subject.
This International Standard gives a series of specifications concerning
the methods of measurement and interpretation of the physiological
parameters considered as reflecting the response of the human
organism placed in a hot or cold environment.
. . .
III

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD IS0 9886:1992(E)
Evaluation of thermal strain by physiological measurements
develop alternative methods intended to improve
1 Scope
knowledge in this area. It is recommended, how-
ever, when conducting such studies in the labora-
This International Standard describes methods for
tory, to use the methods described below as
measuring and interpreting the following physio-
references, so that results can be compared.
logical parameters:
a) body core temperature;
2 Measurement of body core temperature,
b) skin temperatures;
t
‘cr
c) heart rate;
2.1 General
d) body mass loss.
The term “core” refers to all the tissues located at
The choice of variables to be measured and tech-
a sufficient depth not to be affected by a temperature
niques to be used is at the discretion of those re-
gradient through surface tissue. Temperature differ-
sponsible for the health of the employees. These
ences are however possible within the core de-
persons will have to take into account not only the
pending on local metabolisms, on the concentration
nature of the thermal conditions, but also the degree
of vascular networks and on local variations in blood
of acceptance of these techniques by the employees
flow. The core temperature is thus not a unique
concerned.
concept and measurable as such. This temperature
may be approximated by the measurement of tem-
It should be emphasized that direct measurements
perature at different points of the body:
on the individual may only be carried out o’n two
conditions:
a) oesophagus: oesophageal temperature, &;
if the person has been fully informed about the
b) rectum: rectal temperature, t,,;
discomfort and the potential risks associated
with the measurement technique and gives free
c) gastro-intestinal tract: intra-abdominal tempera-
consent to such measurements;
ture, &,;
if the measurements present no risk for the per-
d) mouth: oral temperature, to,;
son which is unacceptable in view of general or
specific codes of ethics.
e) tympanum: tympanic temperature, ttY;
In order to simplify this choice, annex A presents a
f) auditory canal: auditory canal temperature, t,,;
comparison of the different methods concerning
their field of application, their technical complexity,
g) urine temperature, t,,.
the discomfort and the risks that they might involve.
The order of presentation of these different tech-
This International Standard defines the conditions
niques has been adopted only for the clarity of the
which are to be met in order to ensure the accuracy
presentation.
of the data gathered from the different methods. The
measurement methods are described in annex B.
Depending on the technique used, the temperature
Limit values are proposed in annex C.
measured can reflect
not concerned with
This lnternat ion al Standard is
ch in vestigators - the mean temperature of the body mass; or
expe rimental cond itions for whi
may
1

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
IS0 9886:1992(E)
- the temperature of the blood irrigating the brain t,, essentially gives an indication of the mean tem-
and therefore influencing the thermoregulation perature of body core mass. It may only be con-
sidered as an indicator of blood temperature and
centres in the hypothalamus. This temperature
therefore of the temperature of the thermoregulation
is usually considered for assessing the thermal
strain sustained by a subject. centres when heat storage is slow and when work
is performed using the whole body.
22 Measurement techn iques for indicators of
When heat storage is low and work is essentially
b=ody core temperature
performed with the legs, the measurement of t,,
leads to a slight overestimation of the temperature
2.2.1 Oesophageal temperature, t,,
of the thermoregulation centres. On the contrary, in
case of rapid storage, during intense thermal stress
2.2.1.1 Principle of the method
of short duration, ire rises at a slower rate than the
temperature of the thermoregulation centres, con-
The temperature transducer is introduced in the
tinues to rise after the exposure has stopped and
lower part of the oesophagus, which is in contact
finaHy decreases progressively. Rising speed and
over a length of 50 mm to 70 mm with the front of the
lag time are depending on the exposure and recov-
left auricle and with the rear surface of the de-
ery conditions. in theses cases t,, is an inappropri-
scending aorta. In this position, the temperature
ate way in which to estimate the strain sustained by
transducer registers variations in arterial blood
a subject.
temperature with a very short reaction time.
2.2.3 Intra-abdominal temperature, t,,
The upper part of the oesophagus presses against
the trachea and the measurement of temperature
at that level is affected by breathing. On the con-
2.2.3.1 Principle of the method
trary, if the transducer is placed too low, it records
gastric temperature.
A temperature transducer is swallowed by the sub-
ject. During its transit through the intestinal tract, the
The transducer is also influenced by the tempera-
temperature recorded will vary according to whether
ture of the saliva swallowed by the subject. The
it is located in an area close to large arterial vessels
oesophageal temperature is therefore not given by
or to organs with high local metabolism or, on the
the mean value of the recorded temperatures but by
contrary, near the abdominal walls.
the peak values. This is particularly true in cold en-
vironments, where the saliva can be chilled.
2.2.3.2 Interpretation
2.2.1.2 Interpretation
When the transducer is located in the stomach or
the duodenum, temperature variations are similar to
Of all the indirect measurements of t,, mentioned
those of teS and the difference between the two tem-
above, leS is the one which most accurately reflects
peratures is very small. As the transducer pro-
temperature variations in the blood leaving the
gresses inside the intestine, the characteristics of
heart, and in all probability, the temperature of the
the temperature come closer to those of t,,. There-
blood irrigating the thermoregulation centres in the
fore, the interpretation will depend on the time
hypothalamus.
elapsed since the swallowing of the transducer and
on the speed of the gastro-intestinal transit for the
2.2.2 Rectal temperature, l,,
given subject.
Principle of the method
2.2.2.1
In the present state of knowledge, lab seems to be
independent of ambient climatic conditions, except
A temperature transducer is inserted in the rectum;
for strong radiant heat impinging on the abdomen.
this being surrounded by a Iarge mass of abdominal
tissues with low thermal conductivity, the rectal
2.2.4 Oral temperature, tar
temperature is independent of ambient conditions.
2.2.2.2 Interpretation
2.2.4.1 Principle of the method
When the subject is resting, the rectal temperature
The transducer is placed underneath the tongue and
is the highest of the body temperatures. When the
is therefore in close contact with the deep arterial
subject is working, on the contrary, t,, is directly af-
branches of the lingual artery. It will then provide a
fected by the production of heat from the local mus-
satisfactory measurement of the temperature of the
cles: with an equal expenditure of energy per unit
blood influencing the thermoregulation centres.
of time, ire is higher when work is performed with the
The te mperature measured neverth depends
legs than when it is carried out exclusively with the eless,
on the external conditions. When the mouth is open,
arms.
2

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
IS0 98863 992(E)
gradient is thus observed between the tympanum
thermal exchanges by convection and evaporation
and the external orifice of the auditory meatus. This
on the surface of the buccal mucus membrane con-
tributes to a reduction in the temperature of the gradient can be reduced by insulating the ear ad-
buccal cavity. Even when the mouth is closed, the equately from the external climate.
temperature can be significantly lowered as a func-
tion of a reduction in the cutaneous temperature of
2.2.6.2 Interpretation
the face, or raised if the face is exposed to strong
radiant heat. The interpretation principles are very similar to
those presented for the tympanic temperature. The
auditory canal temperature therefore undergoes
2.2.4.2 Interpretation
variations parallel to those of tes, in the same way
as ftY.
When the measurement conditions are met, & is
very similar to f,,. With the subject resting and in
However, the positive deviations in hot environ-
environments in which air temperature is greater
ments or the negative ones in cold climates from fes
than 40 ‘C, t,, can overestimate tes by 0,25 “C to
are systematically greater than for ttY. Therefore, t,,
0,4 ‘C. With the subject working, the concordance
may rather be considered as an indicator of the
between t,,. and fes is only established for muscular
combined temperatures of the core and of the skin,
effort levels not exceeding 35 % of the maximal
than of an indicator of the core temperature only.
aerobic power of the subject.
This temperature measuring site is accepted by
2.2.5 Tympanic temperature, ztY
some as a necessary compromise between the pre-
cision of the estimation and the practicability for the
2.251 Principle of the method subject and the observer.
The thermal transducer is placed as close as poss-
2.2.7 Urine temperature, t,,
ible to the tympanic membrane whose
vascularisation is provided in part by the internal
2.2.7.1 Principle of the method
carotid artery which also irrigates the
hypothalamus. As the thermal inertia ofthe eardrum
The bladder and its content may be considered as
is very low, due to its low tnass and high vascularity,
being part of the core of the body. Therefore, the
its temperature reflects the variations in arterial
measurement of the urine tempera’ture during its
blood temperature which influence the centres of
discharge can provide information concerning the
thermoregulation.
body core temperature t,,. The measurement is
made by means of a temperature transducer in-
However, as the tympanic membrane is also
serted in a collecting device. By definition, the
vascularised by the external carotid aretery, its
measurement possibilities are dependent on the
temperature is influenced by the local thermal ex-
quantity of urine available in the bladder.
changes existing in the area vascularised by this
artery.
2.2.7.2 Interpretation
2.252 Interpretation
Urine temperature varies approximately as ire, ex-
cept the time constant is somewhat greater and its
$, varies in a similar fashion to les during rapid
actual value is systematically lower than &e by
variations in the thermal content of the core,
0 2 “C to 0 5 OC.
1 3
whether these are of metabolic origin or caused by
the environment. The observed difference between
these two temperatures or between ltY and l,., is
3 Skin temperature, t,,
however influenced by local heat exchanges around
the ear and the cutaneous surface of the head.
3.1 General
2,2.6 Auditory canal temperature, I,,
Skin temperature varies widely over the surface of
the body and especially when the ambient con-
2.2.6.1 Principle of the method ditions are cold. For this reason, a distinction should
be made between
The transducer is, in this case, located against the
- the local skin temperatu measured at a
walls of the auditory meatus immediately adjacent re, t,,,
specific point of the body surface
to the tympanum. These are vascularised by the
external carotid artery and their temperature is af-
- the mean skin temperature, G, on the entire
fected both by the arterial blood temperature at the
surface of the body, which cannot be easily
heart and by the cutaneous blood flow around the
measured directly but can be estimated by
ear and adjacent parts of the head. A temperature
3

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
IS0 9886:1992(E)
e nsemb
weighting an le of loca I skin tempera-
4 Assessment of thermal strain on the
tures accordin to the area
they chara cterize.
g
basis of heart rate, HR
By itself, fsk does not make it possible to evaluate
the thermal physiological strain. It constitutes how-
ever an important criterion for the appraisal of ther- 4.1 General
mal comfort.
Heart rate, HR, over a time interval At (in minutes)
is defined as follows:
HR = n/At
where II is the number of heart beats observed dur-
3.2 Principle of the method
ing this time interval. It is expressed in beats per
minute (bpm). This value is usually counted for a
For a nude subject, the temperature at a given point
time interval of 1 min.
of the body surface may be measured from a dis-
tance by means of an infrared radiation transducer.
At any given time, the heart rate HR can be con-
This technique gives the mean temperature of the sidered as the sum of several components which
area, small or large, of the skin which is intercepted are not independent of each other:
by the transducer. Otherwise, the temperature is
HR = HR, + AHR, + AHR, -I- AHR, + AHR, Js
measured by contact with a temperature transducer
fixed on the skin.
+ AHR,
where
is the heart rate of the subject, on aver-
HR,
age, at rest while sitting, under neutral
conditions, that is, when the metabolic
3.3 Interpretation
rate is equal to 58 W/m2;
Skin temperature is influenced by the following fac-
AHR, is the increase in heart rate linked with
tors:
work metabolism;
a) the thermal exchanges by conduction, con-
AHR, is the increase connected with static
vection, radiation and evaporation at the surface
exertion;
of the skin;
AHR, is the component connected with the
b) the variations of skin blood flow and of the tem-
thermal strain experienced by the sub-
perature of the arterial blood reaching the par-
ject;
ticular part of the body.
AHR, is the component due to psychological
factors: this component, often observed
In dry environments, skin temperature responds,
in the subject at rest, tends to disappear
with a time constant of about 3 min, to variations of
on exertion;
ambient air temperature, radiation and air velocity.
AHR, is the residual component connected
J
The number of measuring points should be deter-
with rhythm of breathing, circadian
mined according to the desired degree of precision,
rhythm, etc. The respiratory component
the ambient conditions, the technical requirements
disappears to a large extent when the
and the degree of annoyance tolerated by the sub-
calculation of HR is made over a period
ject.
of 30 s or more, while the circadian
component may be disregarded here.
As temperatures at the surface of the body are very
heterogenous in ambient conditions close to thermal
In the context of this International Standard, only the
cold environments, weighting
neutrality and in
component AHR, will be examined.
schemes with many measuring points should be
used. In very cold conditions, measurement of one
or more finger and toe temperatures on both sides
4.2 Principle of the method
of the body may be required for safety reasons. In
warm and hot ambient conditions, except in the
presence of highly asymmetric radiation, local skin In an actual work situation, the component AHR, can
only be assessed if heart rate at rest HR, has been
temperatures tend to be homoqeneous, so that the
measured and if the other components can be dis-
weighting scheme using few m‘easuring points can
regarded.
be used with accuracy.
4

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
IS0 9886:1992(E)
Am
When muscular work is stopped, heart rate starts
g = Amsw + Anlres + Am, -t Ai12wat + Amso, +
decreasing rapidly. After several minutes, the
AHR, and AHR, components due to work have + Amdo
practically disappeared leaving only the component
AHR, from thermal origin. The trend of HR deceler-
ation thus shows a break after a certain recovery
where
time and the thermal component at the end of the
working period can be estimated by:
is the ma ss 10s s due to sweat loss during
A%w
the given time
interv al;
AHR, = HR, - HR,
Amres is the mass loss due to evaporation in
where
th e res piratory tra ct;
is the rate recorded at the time of the
HRr
is the mass loss due to the mass differ-
A’%
break in recovery deceleration trend;
ence between carbon dioxide and oxy-
gen;
is the heat-t rate at rest in a thermally-
t-5
neutral environment.
is the mas s vari ation of the body
due to
intake and excre tion ( urine) of wa ter;
The recovery time up to the break is on average
4 min. It can be longer if the metabolic rate during
is the mass variation of the body due to
Amsol
the previous working period was very high. There-
intake (food) and excretions (stools) of
fore, it is necessary to measure HR either every
solids;
30 s or continuously during the first minutes of re-
covery and to observe directly the breaking point in
Am cl0 is the mass variation of the clothing due
the deceleration trend of HR.
to variation of clothing or to sweat ac-
cumulation in the clothing.
4.3 Interpretation
In the context of this International Standard, the
sweat loss, AFPZ,,, and the net water balance of the
The increase in heart rate of thermal origin AHR, is
body are considered.
very strongly related to the increase in t,,. The in-
crease in HR for an increase of 1 “C in t,,. is called
thermal cardiac reactivity and is expressed in heart 5.2 Interpretation
beats per minute per degree Celsius (bpm/OC).
Interindividual variations of thermal reactivity are In a warm environment, the sweat loss can be con-
very important. Even for the same subject, it varies sidered as an index of the physiological strain from
according to the type of exertion made (and thus the thermal origin, including not only the sweat that
muscular group involved) and according to whether evaporates at the surface of the skin but also the
the thermal stress is exogenic (due to the climate) fraction dripping from the body surface or accumu-
or endogenic (due essentially to the metabolism).
lating in the clothing. The net water balance
This interpretation must take these factors into ac-
m -t Amres + An-+& is to be considered in re-
(A
count. latio’n” to the risk of dehydration of the body. A reg-
ular intake of small volumes of water, over the entire
exposure period, will be able to balance about
5 Assessment of physiological strain on
75 % of the water loss: this can be assumed to be
the basis of body mass variation, Ar17, due
the case for acclimatized workers. In case of non-
to sweating acclimatized workers, on the contrary, the
periodicity, the volume and the quality of water in-
take can be inadequate and it is advisable to con-
5.1 Principle of the method
sider that the water loss is not compensated at all.
The gross body mass loss of a person during a given
In comfortable or cooler conditions, the sweat loss
time interval is the difference between the body
and the body water balance are reduced and are of
masses measured at the beginning and at the end
little use. Am,, can however be compared to the
of this interval. The gross body mass loss, Amg, is
value predicted as a function of the metabolic rate
the sum of several components.
to assess the degree of comfort of the situation.

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
IS0 9886:1992(E)
Annex A
(informative)
Comparison between the physio!ogical methods of evaluation of thermal strain
Table A.4 describes the technical requirements for 2: of a psychological nature without physical
annoyance
the different methods of physiological measurement
of thermal strain. The comparison criteria are the
3: moderate physical annoyance
following:
6) Health hazards for the person
) Complexity of the instrumentation
0: no hazard
0: simple
1: potential hazard if technique not optimal
1: should correspond to some requirements
2: potential hazard if anatomical abnor-
2: complex
mality of the person
2) Technical requirements for the measurement
7) cost
procedure
0: very low
0: simple technique
1: moderate
1: requires a competent person
2: medium to high according to the system
2: requires medical surveillance
used
3) Continuity of the measurement
3: high
C: continuous or discontinuous measure-
ment Table A.2 compares the different methods concern-
ing their relevance and difficulty of interpretation for
D: discontinuous measurement the appraisal of the thermal strain.
Relevance in the fields of cold, moderate and
4) Work interference 1)
hot conditions
0: limited to the time of the measurement
--
. not relevant for the assessment of ther-
1: moderate work interference mal strain
+: relevant
2: strong interference with the normal pro-
cess of work
2) Requirements concerning the interpretation
of the data
5) Physical annoyance for the person
0: direct interpretation
0: very slight and limited to the duration of
the measurement
1: interpretation requiring basic training
1: limited, except if the technique is not op-
2: interpretation requiring specialized com-
timal
petence

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
IS0 9886:1992(E)
Table A.1 - Technical requirements for the different methods of physiological measurement of thermal strain
l
Continuity of
Instrument Technical
Work Physical Health
the
cost
complexity requirement interference
annoyance hazard
measurement
Physiological
parameter
6 7
2
t
1
‘r-e
t
2
ab
t
or 0
2
%
t
1
ac
t
ur 0
HR
pulse’)
0 0 D 0
0 0 0
I
ECGZ,
2 1 C O-l O-l
0 2
t
sk
contact
C 0
no contact D
0
Sweat l&s D
0
1) This refers to the recording of the pulse rate at the wrist.
2) This refers to the continuous recording of the electrocardiographic signal.
Table A.2 - Relevance and difficulty of interpretation of the different physiological parameters
I
Relevance I
Physiological parameter
Interpretation
cold moderate warm
-~. -~~
-
t + 1
es
-
t + 1
re
-
t -t- 1
ab
-
t + 1
or
-
+ 1
%
-
t + 1
ac
-
t + + 1
-
H”;i + 2
t + + 2
-t
*sk
-
Sweat loss + + 1
I

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SIST EN ISO 9886:2002
IS0 9886:1992(E)
Annex B
(informative)
Measuring techniques
subject’s height. The stiffness and shape of the
B.1 Measurement of body core
transducer should be chosen to ensure that it cannot
temperature, tCv
damage the ducts throug
...