EN ISO 16000-26:2012

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2012
1RWUDQML]UDNGHO6WUDWHJLMDY]RUþHQMDRJOMLNRYHJDGLRNVLGD&2,62

Indoor air - Part 26: Sampling strategy for carbon dioxide (CO2) (ISO 16000-26:2012)
Innenraumluftverunreinigungen - Teil 26: Probenahmestrategie für Kohlendioxid (CO2)
(ISO 16000-26:2012)
Air intérieur - Partie 26: Stratégie d'échantillonnage du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) (ISO
16000-26:2012)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16000-26:2012
ICS:
13.040.20 Kakovost okoljskega zraka Ambient atmospheres
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 16000-26
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
August 2012
ICS 13.040.20
English Version
Indoor air - Part 26: Sampling strategy for carbon dioxide (CO )
(ISO 16000-26:2012)
Air intérieur - Partie 26: Stratégie d'échantillonnage du Innenraumluftverunreinigungen - Teil 26:
dioxyde de carbone (CO2) (ISO 16000-26:2012) Probenahmestrategie für Kohlendioxid (CO2) (ISO 16000-
26:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 31 July 2012.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16000-26:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 16000-26:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146 "Air quality"
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2013, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by February 2013.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16000-26:2012 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 16000-26:2012 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16000-26
First edition
2012-08-01
Indoor air —
Part 26:
Sampling strategy for carbon dioxide (CO )
Air intérieur —
Partie 26: Stratégie d’échantillonnage du dioxyde de carbone (CO )
Reference number
ISO 16000-26:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
ISO 16000-26:2012(E)
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

ISO 16000-26:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Properties, origin and occurrence of carbon dioxide . 1
4 Measurement technique . 4
5 Measurement planning . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 Measurement objective and boundary conditions . 4
5.3 When to measure . 5
5.4 Measurement location . 6
5.5 Measurement period . 6
5.6 Measurement uncertainty and presentation of result . 6
5.7 Quality assurance . 7
5.8 Test report . 7
Annex A (informative) Calculation of the ventilation requirement . 8
Annex B (informative) Regulations . 11
Annex C (informative) Examples of screening tests and of continuously registering measuring devices
for CO and CO .12
Bibliography .13
ISO 16000-26:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16000-26 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 146, Air quality, Subcommittee SC 6, Indoor air.
ISO 16000 consists of the following parts, under the general title Indoor air —:
— Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy
— Part 2: Sampling strategy for formaldehyde
— Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor air and test chamber air —
Active sampling method
— Part 4: Determination of formaldehyde — Diffusive sampling method
— Part 5: Sampling strategy for volatile organic compounds (VOCs)
— Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test chamber air by active sampling on
Tenax TA® sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using MS or MS-FID
— Part 7: Sampling strategy for determination of airborne asbestos fibre concentrations
— Part 8: Determination of local mean ages of air in buildings for characterizing ventilation conditions
— Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing —
Emission test chamber method
— Part 10: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and
furnishing — Emission test cell method
— Part 11: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and
furnishing — Sampling, storage of samples and preparation of test specimens
— Part 12: Sampling strategy for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins
(PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
— Part 13: Determination of total (gas and particle-phase) polychlorinated dioxin-like biphenyls (PCBs) and
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) — Collection on sorbent-backed filters
— Part 14: Determination of total (gas and particle-phase) polychlorinated dioxin-like biphenyls (PCBs) and
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDDs/PCDFs) — Extraction, clean-up and analysis
by high-resolution gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
— Part 15: Sampling strategy for nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
— Part 16: Detection and enumeration of moulds — Sampling by filtration
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

ISO 16000-26:2012(E)
— Part 17: Detection and enumeration of moulds — Culture-based method
— Part 18: Detection and enumeration of moulds — Sampling by impaction
— Part 19: Sampling strategy for moulds
— Part 21: Detection and enumeration of moulds — Sampling from materials
— Part 23: Performance test for evaluating the reduction of formaldehyde concentrations by sorptive
building materials
— Part 24: Performance test for evaluating the reduction of volatile organic compound (except formaldehyde)
concentrations by sorptive building materials
— Part 25: Determination of the emission of semi-volatile organic compounds by building products — Micro-
chamber method
— Part 26: Sampling strategy for carbon dioxide (CO )
— Part 28: Determination of odour emissions from building products using test chambers
— Part 29: Test methods for VOC detectors
— Part 30: Sensory testing of indoor air
— Part 31: Measurement of flame retardants and plasticizers based on organophosphorus compounds —
Phosphoric acid ester
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 27: Determination of settled fibrous dust on surfaces by SEM (scanning electron microscopy)
(direct method)
— Part 32: Investigation of buildings for pollutants and other injurious factors — Inspections
ISO 16000-26:2012(E)
Introduction
In ISO 16000-1, general requirements relating to the measurement of indoor air pollutants and the important
conditions to be observed before or during the sampling of individual pollutants or groups of pollutants are described.
This part of ISO 16000 describes basic aspects to be considered when working out a sampling strategy for
the measurements of carbon dioxide in indoor air. It is intended to be a link between ISO 16000-1 and the
analytical procedures.
This part of ISO 16000 presupposes knowledge of ISO 16000-1.
This part of ISO 16000 uses the definition for indoor environment defined in ISO 16000-1 and Reference
[12] as dwellings having living rooms, bedrooms, DIY (do-it-yourself) rooms, recreation rooms and cellars,
kitchens and bathrooms; workrooms or work places in buildings which are not subject to health and safety
inspections with regard to air pollutants (for example, offices, sales premises); public buildings (for example
hospitals, schools, kindergartens, sports halls, libraries, restaurants and bars, theatres, cinemas and other
function rooms), and also cabins of vehicles and public transport.
[11]
The sampling strategy procedure described in this part of ISO 16000 is based on VDI 4300 Part 9.
vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16000-26:2012(E)
Indoor air —
Part 26:
Sampling strategy for carbon dioxide (CO )
1 Scope
This part of ISO 16000 specifies the planning of carbon dioxide indoor pollution measurements. In the case
of indoor air measurements, the careful planning of sampling and the entire measurement strategy are of
particular significance since the result of the measurement can have far-reaching consequences, for example,
with regard to ascertaining the need for remedial action or the success of such an action.
An inappropriate measurement strategy can lead to misrepresentation of the true conditions or, worse, to
erroneous results.
This part of ISO 16000 is not applicable to the measurement strategy for carbon monoxide (CO).
NOTE See 5.1.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 16000-1:2004, Indoor air — Part 1: General aspects of sampling strategy
3 Properties, origin and occurrence of carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (CO , CAS No. 124-38-9) is a natural constituent of atmospheric air, where it is present on
average at a content of a little over 0,03 % (volume fraction; equal to about 600 mg/m ). CO content measured
in air is usually reported in the unit parts per million (1 ppm as a volume fraction is 1 µmol/mol), 0,03 % as
volume fraction being equivalent to 300 ppm. Some CO reacts under indoor conditions with atmospheric
humidity to form carbonic acid. CO is colourless, odourless and without taste, readily water soluble and
chemically stable under standard conditions. The CO molecule can absorb part of the infrared radiation
reflected by the Earth’s surface as heat radiation and thus contributes to a process termed “greenhouse effect”,
which causes global warming.
Carbon dioxide plays a central role in the processes of life on Earth. As a result of plant activity (from carbon
dioxide and water, under the action of sunlight in the presence of chlorophyll as catalyst), organic compounds
(predominantly carbohydrates) are formed, as well as the oxygen which is essential for life on Earth. More
or less in reverse to this process, CO is formed in the air as one of the end-products (in addition to water)
of combustion of hydrocarbons. This process proceeds firstly in every type of combustion apparatus and
fireplace, but secondly also plays an important role in the metabolism of living organisms. The CO formed in
metabolic processes is released to the ambient air.
In the case of humans, the amount released depends on the extent of physical activity. For adult persons, the
orders of magnitude listed in Table A.1 of the volume of CO released can be assumed (see Annex A for more
detailed explanations).
Since the beginning of industrialization, the CO concentration of the ambient air has been continuously rising.
CO measurement sites in the past were usually linked with meteorological stations and were situated in clean
air regions. One of the best-known CO measurement sites is on Mauna Loa in Hawaii. There, uninfluenced by
any local CO source, the CO concentration increased, for example, from 316,0 ppm in 1959 to 369,4 ppm in
2 2
ISO 16000-26:2012(E)
2000 (Reference [13]). This is an increase of 53,4 ppm or 4,1 ‰ per year. Since CO is a climatically relevant
substance (greenhouse effect), the increase is being observed with great concern. In the vicinity of emissions
sources, e.g. metropolitan areas with heavy vehicle traffic and domestic fires or industrial combustion plants,
significantly higher concentrations can also occur. Thus the CO concentration in Cologne with approx.
400 ppm is on average about 10 % higher than in Hawaii (see Figure 1).
Key
CO volume fraction
ϕ
CO
YYYY year
1 Cologne (Germany)
2 Westerland (Germany)
3 Hawaii (USA)
Figure 1 — Annual mean values of the CO concentrations in ambient air at various locations
Such levels of ambient air concentrations do not have any disadvantageous direct effect on human health.
Objectively measurable effects are not observed until about 5 000 ppm to 10 000 ppm. These effects consist
of an increase in respiration frequency, changes in the blood pH and a reduction in physical capability. At
concentrations greater than 15 000 ppm, breathing becomes more difficult, and concentrations above
30 000 ppm can cause headaches and dizziness. Above 60 000 ppm to 80 000 ppm, unconsciousness and
death may be expected (Reference [14]).
In indoor air, owing to exchange of air due to ventilation, the same concentrations as in ambient air are to
be expected. However, this only applies if there are no sinks or sources in the room. A sink is, for example,
alkaline masonry. The most important source in the room is normally humans. The concentrations occurring
depend on the number of people in a room and on the ventilation intensity. For instance, in the case of 10
different measurements in a closed bedroom overnight containing two people, maximum CO concentrations
of between 1 200 ppm and 4 300 ppm have been determined (Reference [15]). With closed windows and a
half-open door, the maximum concentration was only 1 700 ppm. In the air of offices, at 630 measurement
points, 350 ppm to 2 350 ppm (median: 555 ppm) of CO were measured, and significant differences were
found between naturally ventilated buildings (median: 750 ppm CO , n = 300) and air-conditioned buildings
(median: 465 ppm CO , n = 330) (Reference [16]). Concentrations of 400 ppm to 800 ppm have also been
2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

ISO 16000-26:2012(E)
measured in office air (Reference [17]). In a classroom having an interior volume of just 200 m , when occupied
−1
by 45 people, with closed windows and an air change rate of around 1 h , after 1 h a CO concentration of
about 3 000 ppm resulted (Reference [18]). From such findings, there resulted the recommendation to ensure
sufficient ventilation.
In Annex A, the calculation of the ventilation requirements of a room is described. Whereas CO is removed
continuously from indoor air in the case of mechanical ventilation, its removal is best achieved in rooms with
natural ventilation by rapid air change by opening as many windows as possible at regular intervals (see
Figure 2). This applies in particular to most school rooms (Reference [19]).
Key
CO volume fraction
ϕ
CO
θ temperature
HH:MM time
O temperature data (right-hand ordinate)
1,2,3,4 drop in CO volume fraction (left-hand ordinate) due to opening the window
Figure 2 — CO measurement in a school with 5 min rapid air change by opening door and window in
the breaks after a 45 min lesson. The room volume was 155 m and during the lesson there were 28
people in the room (Reference [19])
In certain cases, sources other than humans can also play an important part. Moreover, combustion processes
frequently take place indoors. The carbon dioxide formed in this way passes, together with other combustion
products, into the indoor air. Most sources of combustion gases indoors are visible, e.g. tobacco smoke, open
flames of cooking and heating appliances or burning candles. The emission formation caused by them can
therefore be predicted and the emissions can be removed as a precaution by ventilation measures. An invisible
source is, for example, a leaking chimney, but this situation rarely occurs.
Of subsidiary importance for the CO concentration in indoor air is CO emission by plants. During darkness,
2 2
plants also release small amounts of carbon dioxide. From literature data, it is possible to estimate the carbon
dioxide release per leaf area and hour by plants in the dark at approximately ∼400 ml/m ⋅h (Reference [21]).
ISO 16000-26:2012(E)
For a leaf area of 1 m , this roughly corresponds to 1 % of the amount of carbon dioxide released by an adult
per hour. This small amount, in addition, stands in comparison to the consumption of carbon dioxide by the
photosynthesis processes proceeding in the plant in light.
4 Measurement technique
A number of methods exist for measuring carbon dioxide in indoor air. The most widespread measurement
principle is, as for ambient air studies, non-dispersive infrared spectrometry (NDIR) (References [22][23]). In
addition, photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) is also used. This is a method which converts the excitation energy
absorbed in the infrared region into an acoustic signal (Reference [24]). The CO is measured using a narrow-
−1
band IR filter at 2 270 cm . Both methods require a compensation for cross-effects, in particular water vapour,
during the calibration.
The measuring instruments operating according to NDIR or PAS methods enable reliable and continuous CO
determination in the concentration range from about 1 ppm to 5 000 ppm.
For a first survey of the situation in a room, sampling tubes can also be used. Short-time sampling tubes in
which the air is drawn through the sampling tube using a bellow pump give a measured value within a few
minutes, whereas in the case of direct-indicating diffusion sampling tubes, some hours are required for the
measurement. The sampling tubes used for the concentration of interest indoors are to cover a range of
100 ppm to 3 000 ppm, see Reference [25].
Carbon dioxide sensors are used in indoor air technology to control ventilation and air-conditioning equipment
(VAC equipment). In addition to selective sensors which operate by a two-channel infrared absorption principle,
electrochemical sensors and semiconductor gas sensors are also used for monitoring indoor air quality. These
sensors are not designed for CO measurement according to this part of ISO 16000.
For screening methods, see Annex C.
5 Measurement planning
5.1 General
In Clause 3, it has already been stated that carbon dioxide, in addition to its unavoidable presence as a natural
constituent of atmospheric air, passes into indoor air not only via humans themselves, but also as a product of
combustion processes using open flames. Since this does not concern continuous constant sources, meaning
therefore that constant CO concentrations in indoor air are not to be expected, the correct measurement
strategy is of great importance.
If it is also intended to measure carbon monoxide (CO), this part of ISO 16000 is not suitable for CO measurement
planning. CO is an odourless, colourless and very toxic gas that can cause sudden illness and death. It occurs
in an incomplete combustion process and can pollute indoor air due to a defective chimney or due to a fireplace
that draws air badly. CO can be measured with automated measurement devices or direct-reading detector
tubes w
...