EN ISO 17225-1:2014

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2014
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN 14961-1:2010
Trdna biogoriva - Specifikacije goriv in razredi - 1. del: Splošne zahteve (ISO 17225
-1:2014)
Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 1: General requirements (ISO
17225-1:2014)
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Brennstoffspezifikationen und -klassen - Teil 1: Allgemeine
Anforderungen (ISO 17225-1:2014)
Biocombustibles solides - Classes et spécifications des combustibles - Partie 1:
Exigences générales (ISO 17225-1:2014)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 17225-1:2014
ICS:
27.190 Biološki viri in drugi Biological sources and
alternativni viri energije alternative sources of energy
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 17225-1
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2014
ICS 27.190; 75.160.10 Supersedes EN 14961-1:2010
English Version
Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes - Part 1: General
requirements (ISO 17225-1:2014)
Biocombustibles solides - Classes et spécifications des Feste Biobrennstoffe - Brennstoffspezifikationen und -
combustibles - Partie 1: Exigences générales (ISO 17225- klassen - Teil 1: Allgemeine Anforderungen (ISO 17225-
1:2014) 1:2014)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 April 2014.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2014 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 17225-1:2014 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .3
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 17225-1:2014) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 “Solid
biofuels” in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of which is
held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2014, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2014.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 14961-1:2010.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 17225-1:2014 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 17225-1:2014 without any modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 17225-1
First edition
2014-05-01
Solid biofuels — Fuel specifications
and classes —
Part 1:
General requirements
Biocombustibles solides — Classes et spécifications des
combustibles —
Partie 1: Exigences générales
Reference number
ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014
ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 3
5 Principle . 3
6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels . 4
6.1 General . 4
6.2 Woody biomass . 9
6.3 Herbaceous biomass . 9
6.4 Fruit biomass . 9
6.5 Aquatic biomass .10
6.6 Biomass blends and mixtures .10
7 Specification of solid biofuels based on traded forms and properties .10
7.1 Traded forms of solid biofuels .10
7.2 Specification of properties of solid biofuels .11
Annex A (informative) Illustrations of typical forms of wood fuels .37
Annex B (informative) Typical values of solid biomass fuels .39
Annex C (informative) Examples of possible causes for deviant levels for different properties and
of consequences of handling and treatments for the properties of biomass .49
Annex D (informative) Calculation of the net calorific value at different bases and energy density
as received .51
Annex E (informative) Comparison of moisture content as received and dry basis .54
Bibliography .56
ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
ISO 17225 consists of the following parts, under the general title Solid biofuels — Fuel specifications and
classes:
— Part 1: General requirements
— Part 2: Graded wood pellets
— Part 3: Graded wood briquettes
— Part 4: Graded wood chips
— Part 5: Graded firewood
— Part 6: Graded non-woody pellets
— Part 7: Graded non-woody briquettes
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
Introduction
The objective of the ISO 17225 series is to provide unambiguous and clear classification principles for
solid biofuels and to serve as a tool to enable efficient trading of biofuels and to enable good understanding
between seller and buyer as well as a tool for communication with equipment manufacturers. It will also
facilitate authority permission procedures and reporting.
The ISO 17225 series is made for all stakeholders.
Solid biomass covers organic, non-fossil material of biological origin which may be used as fuel for heat
and electrical generation.
Figure 1 describes the bioenergy utilization chain from sources of biomass, to biofuel production to final
use of bioenergy. Although biomass can be used for energy generation it has many other primary uses
(non-fuels) as a raw material for construction, furniture, packaging, paper products, etc.
Figure 1 — ISO TC 238 within the biomass — Biofuel — Bioenergy field
The classifications given in this International Standard are provided with the objective of using biomass
as a solid biofuel and therefore do not deal with all other uses.
Although these product standards may be obtained separately, they require a general understanding of
the standards based on and supporting ISO 17225-1. It is recommended to obtain and use ISO 17225-1
in conjunction with these standards.
In these product standards, graded means that solid biofuel is used either in commercial applications,
such as in households and small commercial and public sector buildings or industrial applications, which
demand the use of fuels with specified quality (properties) expressed by quality classes like A1, A2 or B.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
Solid biofuels — Fuel specifications and classes —
Part 1:
General requirements
1 Scope
This part of ISO 17225 determines the fuel quality classes and specifications for solid biofuels of raw and
processed materials originating from
a) forestry and arboriculture;
b) agriculture and horticulture;
c) aquaculture.
Chemically treated material may not include halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals at levels
higher than those in typical virgin material values (see Annex B) or higher than typical values of the
country of origin.
NOTE Raw and processed material includes woody, herbaceous, fruit, aquatic biomass and biodegradable
waste originating from above sectors.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document
and are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE ISO standards describing methods for analysis of fuel properties listed in the Bibliography, will become
normative references when they are published.
1)
ISO 16559, Solid biofuels — Terminology, definitions and descriptions
2)
ISO 16948, Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen
3)
ISO 16967, Solid biofuels — Determination of major elements
4)
ISO 16968, Solid biofuels — Determination of minor elements
5)
ISO 16993, Solid biofuels — Conversion of analytical results from one basis to another
6)
ISO 16994, Solid biofuels — Determination of total content of sulfur and chlorine
7)
ISO 17828, Solid biofuels — Determination of bulk density
1) To be published.
2) To be published.
3) To be published.
4) To be published.
5) To be published.
6) To be published.
7) To be published.
ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
8)
ISO 17829, Solid biofuels — Determination of length and diameter for pellets
ISO 17831-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes — Part 1:
9)
Pellets
ISO 17831-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of mechanical durability of pellets and briquettes — Part 2:
10)
Briquettes
11)
ISO 18122, Solid biofuels — Determination of ash content
12)
ISO 18123, Solid biofuels — Determination of the content of volatile matter
ISO 18134-1, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 1: Total
13)
moisture — Reference method
ISO 18134-2, Solid biofuels — Determination of moisture content — Oven dry method — Part 2: Total
14)
moisture — Simplified method
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 16559 and the following apply.
3.1
chemical treatment
any treatment with chemicals other than air, water or heat
Note 1 to entry: Examples of chemical treatments are listed in informative Annex C.
3.2
commercial application
facility that utilize solid biofuel burning appliances or equipment that have similar fuel requirements as
residential appliances
Note 1 to entry: Commercial applications should not be confused with industrial applications, which can utilize a
much wider array of materials and have vastly different fuel requirements.
8) To be published.
9) To be published.
10) To be published.
11) To be published.
12) To be published.
13) To be published.
14) To be published.
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
The symbols and abbreviated terms used in this part of ISO 17225 comply with the SI system of units as
far as possible.
d dry (dry basis)
daf dry, ash-free
ar as received
w-% weight-percentage
A Designation for ash content on dry basis A [w-%]
d
BD Designation for bulk density as received [kg/m ]
C Designation for fixed carbon on dry basis C [w-%]
f
D Designation for diameter as received, D [mm]
DE Designation for particle density as received [g/cm ]
DU Designation for mechanical durability as received [w-%]
3 3
E Designation for energy density as received, E [MJ/m or kWh/m loose or stacked volume]
ar
(amount of energy/volume unit)
F Designation for amount of fines as received [w-%]
L Designation for length as received L [mm]
M Designation for moisture content as received on wet basis, M [w-%]
ar
P Designation for particle size distribution on analysis moisture basis
q Gross calorific value at constant volume on dry basis [MJ/kg or kWh/kg]
V,gr, d
q Net calorific value at constant pressure on dry basis [MJ/kg or kWh/kg]
p,net,d
Q Designation for net calorific value as received, q [MJ/kg or kWh/kg or MWh/t] at constant
p,net,ar
pressure
U Designation for moisture content as received on dry basis U [w-%]
ar
VM Designation for volatile matter on dry basis [w-%]
NOTE 1 Fixed carbon (%) is calculated by the following: 100 - [moisture (w-%) + ash (w-%)+volatile matter
(w-%)]. All percentages are on the same moisture base.
NOTE 2 1 MJ/kg equals 0,277 8 kWh/kg (1 kWh/kg equals 1 MWh/t and 1 MWh/t is 3,6 MJ/kg). 1 g/cm equals
1 kg/dm . 1 mg/kg equals 0,000 1 % or 1 ppm.
NOTE 3 Designation symbols are used in combination with a number to specify property levels in Tables 3 to
16. For designation of chemical properties, chemical symbols such as S (sulfur), Cl (chlorine), and N (nitrogen) are
used and the property class is added at the end of the symbol.
5 Principle
Solid biofuels are specified by:
a) origin and source, Clause 6;
ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
b) major traded forms and properties, Clause 7.
For specification of origin and source, see Table 1. For major traded forms, see Table 2.
For specification of properties see Tables 3 to 15. The major traded forms of solid biofuels are covered
by Tables 3 to 15. Table 16 is a general master table to be used for a specification of solid biofuels not
covered by Tables 3 to 15.
Tables 3 to 16 list the normative properties, which shall be specified and informative properties, which
are voluntary. Normative properties vary depending on both origin and traded form.
EXAMPLE OF SPECIFICATION
Origin: Logging residues (1.1.4)
Traded form: Wood chips
Properties: Dimensions P45, Moisture M40, Ash A1.5
In the case of wood chips (Table 5) the properties of dimensions, moisture and ash are normative in the
specification. Other properties are informative.
Product standards for graded solid biofuels are given in other parts of this ISO series.
6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels
6.1 General
The classification is based on the biofuel origin and source. In the hierarchical classification system
(Table 1) the main origin-based solid biofuel groups are:
a) woody biomass;
b) herbaceous biomass;
c) fruit biomass;
d) aquatic biomass;
e) blends and mixtures.
Woody biomass is biomass from trees, bushes and shrubs.
Herbaceous biomass is from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the
growing season. It includes grains and their by-products such as cereals.
Fruit biomass is biomass from those parts of a plant which are from or hold seeds.
Aquatic biomass is from so called hydrophytic plants or hydrophytes, which are plants that have adapted
to living in or on aquatic environments.
If appropriate, also the actual species (e.g. spruce, wheat) of biomass should be stated.
The term “Blends and mixtures” in Table 1 refers to material of various origin within the given box
in the classification table and appears on four levels. Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas
mixtures are unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the blend and mixture shall be described
using Table 1.
If a solid biofuel blend or mixture contains chemically treated material it shall be stated.
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
The second level of classification in Table 1 describes fuels from different sources within the main
groups, primarily stating whether the biomass is a virgin material, a by-product or a residue from the
industry.
Groups in Table 1 are further divided into third and fourth level sub-groups. The purpose of Table 1 is to
allow the possibility to differentiate and specify biofuel material based on origin with as much detail as
needed. With the help of typical values from informative Annex B information on physical and chemical
properties can be deduced.
Examples for classification according to Table 1:
a) Whole trees without roots from birch (1.1.1.1);
b) Blend of broad-leaf and coniferous whole trees without roots (1.1.1.1, 1.1.1.2);
c) Oil palm stem (1.1.3.3);
d) Logging residues (1.1.4);
e) Oil palm branches (1.1.4.1);
f) Logging residues from spruce stands (1.1.4.2);
g) Sawdust from broad-leaf (1.2.1.1);
h) Plywood from coniferous (1.2.1.2);
i) Plywood residues (1.2.2.1);
j) Grinding dust from furniture industry (1.2.2.1);
k) Lignin (1.2.2.4);
l) Construction wood (1.3.1.1);
m) Pallets (1.3.2.1);
n) Straw from wheat, barley, oat, rye (2.1.1.2);
o) Rice husk (2.1.1.4);
p) Reed canary grass (2.1.2.1);
q) Bamboo (2.1.2.5);
r) Grains or seeds crops from food processing industry (2.2.1.1);
s) Palm kernel or palm shell (3.1.2.3);
t) Oil palm fruit bunch (3.2.1.2);
u) Olive residues from olive pressing (3.2.2.4);
v) Kelp (4.3.2.4);
w) Blend; 80w-% sawdust from coniferous (1.2.1.2) and 20w-% reed canary grass (2.1.2.1);
x) Mixture; whole trees without roots from birch (1.1.1.1), whole trees without roots from spruce
(1.1.1.2);
y) Blend; 99w-% sawdust (1.2.1), 1w-% glued wood (glue content of whole mass 0,1w-%) (1.2.2).
ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
Table 1 — Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels
1. Woody 1.1 Forest, plantation and 1.1.1 Whole trees without roots 1.1.1.1 Broad-leaf
biomass other virgin wood 1.1.1.2 Coniferous
1.1.1.3 Short rotation coppice
1.1.1.4 Bushes
1.1.1.5 Blends and mixtures
1.1.2 Whole trees with roots 1.1.2.1 Broad-leaf
1.1.2.2 Coniferous
1.1.2.3 Short rotation coppice
1.1.2.4 Bushes
1.1.2.5 Blends and mixtures
1.1.3 Stemwood 1.1.3.1 Broad-leaf with bark
1.1.3.2 Coniferous with bark
1.1.3.3 Broad-leaf without bark
1.1.3.4 Coniferous without bark
1.1.3.5 Blends and mixtures
1.1.4 Logging residues 1.1.4.1 Fresh/Green, Broad-leaf (including
leaves)
1.1.4.2 Fresh/Green, Coniferous (including
needles)
1.1.4.3 Stored, Broad-leaf
1.1.4.4 Stored, Coniferous
1.1.4.5 Blends and mixtures
1.1.5 Stumps/roots 1.1.5.1 Broad-leaf
1.1.5.2 Coniferous
1.1.5.3 Short rotation coppice
1.1.5.4 Bushes
1.1.5.5 Blends and mixtures
1.1.6 Bark (from forestry operations)
1.1.7 Segregated wood from gardens, parks, roadside maintenance, vineyards,
fruit orchards and driftwood from freshwater
1.1.8 Blends and mixtures
1.2 By-products and resi- 1.2.1 Chemically untreated wood 1.2.1.1 Broad-leaf with bark
dues from wood processing by-products and residues 1.2.1.2 Coniferous with bark
industry 1.2.1.3 Broad-leaf without bark
1.2.1.4 Coniferous without bark
1.2.1.5 Bark (from industry operations)
1.2.2 Chemically treated wood 1.2.2.1 Without bark
by-products, residues, fibres and 1.2.2.2 With bark
wood constituents 1.2.2.3 Bark (from industry operations)
1.2.2.4 Fibres and wood constituents
1.2.3 Blends and mixtures
1.3 Used wood 1.3.1 Chemically untreated used 1.3.1.1 Without bark
wood 1.3.1.2 With bark
1.3.1.3 Bark
1.3.2 Chemically treated used 1.3.2.1 Without bark
wood 1.3.2.2 With bark
1.3.2.3 Bark
1.3.3 Blends and mixtures
1.4 Blends and mixtures
6 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
Table 1 (continued)
2. Her- 2.1 Herbaceous biomass 2.1.1 Cereal crops 2.1.1.1 Whole plant
baceous from agriculture and horti- 2.1.1.2 Straw parts
biomass culture 2.1.1.3 Grains or seeds
2.1.1.4 Husks or shells
2.1.1.5 Blends and mixtures
2.1.2 Grasses 2.1.2.1 Whole plant
2.1.2.2 Straw parts
2.1.2.3 Seeds
2.1.2.4 Shells
2.1.2.5 Bamboo
2.1.2.6 Blends and mixtures
2.1.3 Oil seed crops 2.1.3.1 Whole plant
2.1.3.2 Stalks and leaves
2.1.3.3 Seeds
2.1.3.4 Husks or shells
2.1.3.5 Blends and mixtures
2.1.4 Root crops 2.1.4.1 Whole plant
2.1.4.2 Stalks and leaves
2.1.4.3 Root
2.1.4.4 Blends and mixtures
2.1.5 Legume crops 2.1.5.1 Whole plant
2.1.5.2 Stalks and leaves
2.1.5.3 Fruit
2.1.5.4 Pods
2.1.5.5 Blends and mixtures
2.1.6 Flowers 2.1.6.1 Whole plant
2.1.6.2 Stalks and leaves
2.1.6.3 Seeds
2.1.6.4 Blends and mixtures
2.1.7 Segregated herbaceous biomass from gardens, parks, roadside mainte-
nance, vineyards and fruit orchards
2.1.8 Blends and mixtures
2.2 By-products and resi- 2.2.1 Chemically untreated her- 2.2.1.1 Cereal crops and grasses
dues from food and herba- baceous residues 2.2.1.2 Oil seed crops
ceous processing industry 2.2.1.3 Root crops
2.2.1.4 Legume crops
2.2.1.5 Flowers
2.2.1.6 Blends and mixtures
2.2.2 Chemically treated herba- 2.2.2.1 Cereal crops and grasses
ceous residues 2.2.2.2 Oil seed crops
2.2.2.3 Root crops
2.2.2.4 Legume crops
2.2.2.5 Flowers
2.2.2.6 Blends and mixtures
2.2.3 Blends and mixtures
2.3 Blends and mixtures
ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
Table 1 (continued)
3. Fruit 3.1 Orchard and horticul- 3.1.1 Berries 3.1.1.1 Whole berries
biomass ture fruit 3.1.1.2 Flesh
3.1.1.3 Seeds
3.1.1.4 Blends and mixtures
3.1.2 Stone/kernel fruits 3.1.2.1 Whole fruit
3.1.2.2 Flesh
3.1.2.3 Stone/kernel/fruit fibre
3.1.2.4 Blends and mixtures
3.1.3 Nuts and acorns 3.1.3.1 Whole nuts
3.1.3.2 Shells/husks
3.1.3.3 Kernels
3.1.3.4 Blends and mixtures
3.1.4 Blends and mixtures
3.2 By-products and 3.2.1 Chemically untreated fruit 3.2.1.1 Berries
residues from food and fruit residues 3.2.1.2 Stone/kernel fruits/fruit fibre
processing industry 3.2.1.3 Nuts and acorns
3.2.1.4 Crude olive cake
3.2.1.5 Blends and mixtures
3.2.2 Chemically treated fruit 3.2.2.1 Berries
residues 3.2.2.2 Stone/kernel fruits
3.2.2.3 Nuts and acorns
3.2.2.4 Exhausted olive cake
3.2.2.5 Blends and mixtures
3.2.3 Blends and mixtures
3.3 Blends and mixtures
4. Aquatic 4.1 Algae 4.1.1 Micro algae (latin name to be stated)
biomass
4.1.2 Macro algae (latin name to be stated)
4.1.3 Blends and mixtures
4.2 Water hyacinth
4.3 Lake and sea weed 4.3.1 Lake weed (latin name to be stated)
4.3.2 Sea weed 4.3.2.1 Blue sea weed (latin name to be
stated)
4.3.2.2 Green sea weed (latin name to be
stated)
4.3.2.3 Blue-green sea weed (latin name to
be stated)
4.3.2.4 Brown sea weed (latin name to be
stated)
4.3.2.5 Red sea weed (latin name to be
stated)
4.3.3 Blends and mixtures
4.4 Reeds 4.4.1 Common reed
4.4.2 Other reed
4.4.3 Blends and mixtures
4.5 Blends and mixtures
5 Blends and 5.1 Blends
mixtures
5.2 Mixtures
NOTE 1 If appropriate, also the actual species (e.g. spruce, wheat) of biomass may be stated according to
[1]
EN 13556, Round and sawn timber ― Nomenclature of timbers used in Europe.
NOTE 2 Driftwood from saltwater is not recommended as a fuel.
NOTE 3 Group 5 “Blends and mixtures” include blends and mixtures from the main origin-based solid biofuel
groups 1 to 4.
8 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
6.2 Woody biomass
6.2.1 Forest, plantation and other virgin wood
Forest, plantation and other virgin wood in this group may only have been subjected to size reduction,
debarking, drying or wetting. Forest, plantation and other virgin wood includes wood from forests,
parks, gardens, plantations and from short rotation forests and coppice.
6.2.2 By-products and residues from wood processing industry
Wood by-products and wood residues from industrial production are classified in this group. These
biofuels can be chemically untreated (for example residues from debarking, sawing or size reduction,
shaping, pressing) or chemically treated wood residues from wood processing and the production of
panels and furniture (glued, painted, coated, lacquered or otherwise treated wood), as long as they
do not contain heavy metals or halogenated organic compounds as a result of treatment with wood
preservatives or coating.
6.2.3 Used wood
This group includes post consumer/post society wood waste; natural or merely mechanically processed
wood, contaminated only to an insignificant extent during use by substances that are not normally
found in wood in its natural state (for example pallets, transport cases, boxes, wood packages, cable
reels, construction wood). With respect to treatment the same criteria apply as with respect to “wood
processing industry by-products and residues”, i.e. the used wood shall not contain heavy metals more
than in virgin wood, or halogenated organic compounds as a result of treatment with wood preservatives
or coating.
6.2.4 Blends and mixtures
This refers to blends and mixtures of woody biomass in the groups 1.1 to 1.3 in Table 1. The mixing can
be either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures).
6.3 Herbaceous biomass
6.3.1 Herbaceous biomass from agriculture and horticulture
Material, which comes directly from the field, perhaps after a storage period, and may only have been
subject to size reduction and drying is included here. It covers herbaceous material from agricultural
and horticultural fields and from gardens and parks.
6.3.2 By-products and residues from food and herbaceous processing industry
This refers to any herbaceous biomass material that is left over after industrial handling and treatment.
Examples are residues from the production of sugar from sugar beets, barley malt residues from beer
production and raw vegetable residues from food processing industry.
6.3.3 Blends and mixtures
This refers to blends and mixtures of herbaceous biomass in the groups 2.1 to 2.2 in Table 1. The mixing
can be either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures).
6.4 Fruit biomass
6.4.1 Orchard and horticulture fruit
Fruit from trees, bushes and fruit from herbs (e.g. tomatoes and grapes) are classified in this group.
ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
6.4.2 By-products and residues from food and fruit processing industry
This refers to a fruit biomass material that is left over after industrial handling and treatment.
Examples are pressing residues from olive oil or apple juice production and processed (e.g. heated,
steamed, cooked, etc.) vegetable residues from food processing industry.
6.4.3 Blends and mixtures
This refers to blends and mixtures of fruit biomass in the groups 3.1 to 3.2 in Table 1. The mixing can be
either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures).
6.5 Aquatic biomass
Aquatic biomasses are divided in to the following main species: algae, water hyacinth, lake and sea weed.
6.6 Biomass blends and mixtures
These include blends and mixtures of different biomasses mentioned above under 6.2 to 6.5. The mixing
can be either intentional (blends) or unintentional (mixtures).
7 Specification of solid biofuels based on traded forms and properties
7.1 Traded forms of solid biofuels
Solid biofuels are traded in many different sizes and shapes. The size and shape influence the handling
of the fuel as well as its combustion properties. Biofuels may be delivered e.g. in the forms shown in
Table 2.
Table 2 — Major traded forms and raw materials of solid biofuels
Fuel name Typical particle size Common preparation method
Whole tree (Table 16) > 500 mm No preparation or delimbed
Wood chips (Table 5) 5 mm to 100 mm Cutting with sharp tools
Hog fuel (Table 5) Varying Crushing with blunt tools
Stemwood/roundwood (Table 6) > 100 cm Cutting with sharp tools
Logwood (Table 6) 50 cm to 100 cm Cutting with sharp tools
Firewood (Table 6) 5 cm to 100 cm Cutting with sharp tools
Slabs and offcuts (Table 6 or 16) Varying Cutting with sharp tools
Bark (Table 9) Varying Debarking residue from trees (shredded or unshred-
ded)
Bundle (Table 16) Varying Lengthwise oriented and bound
Fuel powder (Table 16) < 1 mm Milling
Sawdust (Table 7) 1 mm to 5 mm Cutting with sharp tools
Shavings (Table 8) 1 mm to 30mm Planing with sharp tools
Briquettes (Table 3) Ø > 25 mm Mechanical compression
Pellets (Table 4) Ø ≤ 25 mm Mechanical compression
Bales (Table 10)
Small square bales 0,1 m Compressed and bound to squares
Big square bales 3,7 m Compressed and bound to squares
Round bales 2,1 m Compressed and bound to cylinders
Chopped straw or energy grass 10 mm to 200 mm Chopped during harvesting or before combustion
(Table 16)
10 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
Table 2 (continued)
Fuel name Typical particle size Common preparation method
Grain (Table 11, Table 13) or seed Varying No preparation or drying except for process opera-
(Table 12, Table 13) tions necessary for storage for cereal grain
Fruit stones or kernel (Table 12) 5 mm to 15 mm No preparation or pressing and extraction by chemi-
cals.
Fibre cake (Table 16) Varying Prepared from fibrous waste by dewatering
Charcoal (Table 14) Varying Charcoal is prepared by the destructive distillation
and pyrolysis of biomass.
Thermally treated biomass Varying Mild pre-treatment of biomass at a temperature
(Table 15) between 200 and 300 °C for a short time period (e.g.
60 min).
NOTE 1 Also other forms may be used.
NOTE 2 The definitions from different traded forms are in accordance with ISO 16559.
Figures in the informative Annex A describe the particle size differences between different wood fuels
and also the difference between wood chips and hog fuel.
7.2 Specification of properties of solid biofuels
The International Standards listed in Clause 2 shall be used for the sampling and determination of
properties of solid biofuels. The additional parts of ISO 17225 (e.g. ISO 17225-2, ISO 17225-3, etc.) have
been developed to describe graded solid biofuel products. These International product Standards are
recommended for smaller scale appliances, such as used in households and small commercial and public
sector applications. Pellets, briquettes, wood chips and firewood (log wood) are traded forms commonly
used for small-scale applications. ISO 17225-2 also include specifications for graded industrial pellets.
For a specification of a solid biofuel, the denominations given in Tables 3 to 16 are normative and
informative properties. In Tables 3 to 15 solid biofuels are defined by property classes.
When specifying a class within a property, the average numerical value from the whole lot or defined
portion from the lot (e.g. shipload, truckload or bag) shall determine which class shall be used. For an
example in Table 5, the ash class A3.0 (≤3 %) means that the ash content shall not be higher than 3,0 %
to belong to this class. For all properties the lowest possible class shall be stated, except for bulk density,
particle density and mechanical durability where the highest possible class shall be stated. Only one
class shall be specified.
EXAMPLE A fuel with a moisture content of 17 w-% should be categorized as M20 and not M10 or M30.
A general master table (Table 16) shall be used for solid biofuels not covered by Tables 3 to 15.
If data for chemical or physical properties are available, further analysis may not be required.
To ensure resources are used appropriately and the declaration is accurate, use the most appropriate
measure below:
a) using previous measured values or obtained by experience of same raw material (see Annex B);
b) calculation of properties, e.g. by using typical values and considering documented specific values;
c) carrying out of analysis:
1) with simplified methods if available;
2) with reference methods.
ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
The responsibility of the producer or supplier to provide correct and accurate information is exactly
the same whether laboratory analysis is performed or not. Typical values do not negate the producer or
supplier from providing accurate and reliable information.
Conversion of a value on a dry basis (d) to a dry, ash free basis (daf ) or to as received basis (ar) is given
in ISO 16993.
NOTE 1 Typical values for some physical and chemical properties of biofuels are listed in Annex B. These can
be used as an indication of the properties when needed, however, they may not be used for the limitation of the
fuel parameters.
NOTE 2 It is important to carry out laboratory analysis, if raw material basis is changed.
NOTE 3 For Tables 3 to 16: only chemically treated biomass that are included in the scope, should be considered,
i.e. wood waste which can contain halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals more than virgin wood as
a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, are not included. Examples of chemical treatment are
mentioned in Annex C.
NOTE 4 For Tables 3 to 16 is stated that the net calorific value should be specified on as received basis. The net
calorific value will vary depending on the actual moisture content in the fuel. The value given in a specification is
thus valid only for the actual connected moisture content. The net calorific value as received (q , designation
p,net,ar
Q) can be calculated using both the net calorific value on a dry basis (q ) and the moisture content (see
p,net,d
Annex D).
12 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
Table 3 — Specification of properties for briquettes
Master table
Normative Origin: According to 6.1 and Table 1 Woody biomass (1);
Herbaceous biomass (2);
Fruit biomass (3);
Aquatic biomass (4);
Blends and mixtures (5).
Traded Form (see Table 2) Briquette
Dimensions (mm)
Diameter (D) and Length (L)
Diameter, height, width and length to be stated
L length, L width, L height
1 2 3
Specify shape according to Figure 2 e.g. 1 or 2, etc.
L Length    D Diameter
Figure 2 — Examples of briquettes
Moisture, M (w-% as received) ISO 18134-1, ISO 18134-2
M10 ≤ 10 %
M12 ≤ 12 %
M15 ≤ 15 %
Ash, A (w-% of dry basis) ISO 18122
A0.5 ≤ 0,5 %
A0.7 ≤ 0,7 %
A1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
A1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
A2.0 ≤ 2,0 %
A3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
A5.0 ≤ 5,0 %
A7.0 ≤ 7,0 %
A10.0 ≤ 10,0 %
A10.0+ > 10,0 % (maximum value to be stated)
Particle density, DE (g/cm as received) ISO 18847
DE0.8 ≥ 0,8 g/cm
DE0.9 ≥ 0,9 g/cm
DE1.0 ≥ 1,0 g/cm
DE1.1 ≥ 1,1 g/cm
DE1.2+ > 1,2 g/cm (maximum value to be stated)
a
Additives (w-% of pressing mass) Type and content of pressing aids, slagging inhibitors or any
other additives have to be stated
b
Net calorific value, Q (MJ/kg or kWh/kg as received) Minimum value to be stated
ISO 18125
ISO 17225-1:2014(E)
Table 3 (continued)
Master table
Normative/ Mechanical durability, DU (w-% of briquettes after testing) ISO 17831-2
Informative
DU95.0 ≥ 95,0 % Informative:
DU90.0 ≥ 90,0 % only if traded in bulk
DU90.0- < 90,0 % (minimum value to be stated)
Nitrogen, N (w-% of dry basis) ISO 16948
N0.2 ≤ 0,2 % Normative:
N0.3 ≤ 0,3 % Chemically treated biomass (1.2.2; 1.3.2; 2.2.2; 3.2.2)
N0.5 ≤ 0,5 % Informative:
N0.7 ≤ 0,7 % All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions
above)
N1.0 ≤ 1,0 %
N1.5 ≤ 1,5 %
N2.0 ≤ 2,0 %
N3.0 ≤ 3,0 %
N3.0+ > 3,0 % (maximum value to be stated)
Sulfur, S (w-% of dry basis) ISO 16994
S0.02 ≤ 0,02 % Normative:
S0.03 ≤ 0,03 % Chemically treated biomass (1.2.2; 1.3.2; 2.2.2; 3.2.2) or if sulfur
containing additives have been used.
S0.04 ≤ 0,04 %
Informative:
S0.05 ≤ 0,05 %
All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions
S0.08 ≤ 0,08 %
above)
S0.10 ≤ 0,10 %
S0.20 ≤ 0,20 %
S0.20+ > 0,20 % (maximum value to be stated)
Chlorine, Cl (w-% of dry basis) ISO 16994
Cl0.01 ≤ 0,01 % Normative:
Cl0.02 ≤ 0,02 % Chemically treated biomass (1.2.2; 1.3.2; 2.2.2; 3.2.2)
Cl0.03 ≤ 0,03 % Informative:
Cl0.07 ≤ 0,07 % All fuels that are not chemically treated (see the exceptions
above)
Cl0.10 ≤ 0,10 %
Cl0.20 ≤ 0,20 %
Cl0.30 ≤ 0,30 %
Cl0.30+ > 0,30 % (maximum value to be stated)
c
Fixed carbon, C (w-% of dry basis)
Minimum value to be stated Normative only for thermally treated biomass briquettes
Volatile matter, VM (w-% of dry basis) ISO 18123
Maximum value to be stated Normative only for thermally treated biomass briquettes
d [4]
Informative Ash melting behaviour (°C) CEN/TS 15370–1 Should be stated
a
The maximum amount of additive is 20 w-% of pressing mass. Type stated as chemical substance (e.g. starch, corn flour, potato flour,
vegetable oil, lignin). If amount is greater, then raw material for briquette is blend.
b
Minimum value for torrefied or other thermally treated biomass briquettes are usually ≥ 18 MJ/kg.
c
Fixed carbon (%) is calculated by
...