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ASTM D6460-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Erosion Control Blanket (ECB) Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion

Standard Test Method for Determination of Erosion Control Blanket (ECB) Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the guidelines, requirements and procedures for evaluating the ability of Erosion Control Blankets (ECBs) to protect earthen channels from stormwater-induced erosion. Critical elements of this protection are the ability of the ECB to:
1.1.1 Neutralize and absorb the hydraulic force of stormwater, thereby reducing soil particle loosening through "scour" mechanisms, and;
1.1.2 Slow runoff and encourage sedimentation, thereby reducing soil particle transport downstream;
1.1.3 Absorb shear forces of overland flow; and,
1.1.4 Trap soil particles beneath.
1.2 This test method utilizes full-scale testing procedures, rather than reduced-scale (bench-scale) simulation, and is patterned after conditions typically found on construction sites at the conclusion of earthwork operations, but prior to the start of revegetation work. Therefore this considers only unvegetated conditions.
Note 1--Future revisions may consider partial or fully vegetated conditions.
1.3 This test method provides a comparative evaluation of an ECB to base line bare soil conditions under controlled and documented conditions.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Also, the user must comply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Occupational Health and Safety Administration) guidelines, while using the test method.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Feb-2000
ICS
13.080.01 - Soil quality and pedology in general
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.25 - Erosion and Sediment Control Technology
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6460-99 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Erosion Control Blanket (ECB) Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion
Effective Date
10-Feb-2000
Replaced By
ASTM D6460-07 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Rolled Erosion Control Product (RECP) Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion
Effective Date
15-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D7208-23 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Temporary Ditch Check Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion
Effective Date
10-Feb-2000

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ASTM D6460-00 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Erosion Control Blanket (ECB) Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced ErosionASTM D6460-00 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Erosion Control Blanket (ECB) Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion
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ASTM D6460-00 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Erosion Control Blanket (ECB) Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from Stormwater-Induced Erosion
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 6460 – 00
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Erosion Control Blanket (ECB)
Performance in Protecting Earthen Channels from
1
Stormwater-Induced Erosion
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6460; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope comply with prevalent regulatory codes, such as OSHA (Oc-
cupational Health and SafetyAdministration) guidelines, while
1.1 This test method covers the guidelines, requirements
using the test method.
and procedures for evaluating the ability of Erosion Control
Blankets (ECBs) to protect earthen channels from stormwater-
2. Referenced Documents
induced erosion. Critical elements of this protection are the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ability of the ECB to:
C 136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Course
1.1.1 Neutralize and absorb the hydraulic force of stormwa-
2
Aggregates
ter, thereby reducing soil particle loosening through “scour”
3
D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
mechanisms, and;
D 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-
1.1.2 Slow runoff and encourage sedimentation, thereby
3
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft·lbf/ft (600
reducing soil particle transport downstream;
3
3
kN·m/m ))
1.1.3 Absorb shear forces of overland flow; and,
D 2974 Test Methods for Moisture, Ash, and Organic Mat-
1.1.4 Trap soil particles beneath.
3
ter of Peat and Other Organic Soils
1.2 This test method utilizes full-scale testing procedures,
D 4318 Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
rather than reduced-scale (bench-scale) simulation, and is
3
Plasticity Index of Soils
patterned after conditions typically found on construction sites
at the conclusion of earthwork operations, but prior to the start
3. Terminology
of revegetation work. Therefore this considers only unveg-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
etated conditions.
3.1.1 erosion control blanket (ECB), n—a degradable ma-
NOTE 1—Future revisions may consider partial or fully vegetated
terial, composed primarily of processed natural organic mate-
conditions.
rials, manufactured or fabricated into rolls designed to reduce
1.3 This test method provides a comparative evaluation of soil erosion and assist in the growth, establishment and
an ECB to base line bare soil conditions under controlled and
protection of vegetation.
documented conditions. 3.1.2 erosion control net (ECN), n—a planar woven natural
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
fiber or extruded synthetic mesh used as a component in the
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are manufacture of ECBs.
provided for information purposes only.
3.1.3 index test, n—a test procedure which may contain a
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the known bias, but which may be used to establish an order for a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
set of specimens with respect to the property of interest.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.4 lot, n—a unit of production, or a group of other units
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
or packages, taken for sampling or statistical examination,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Also, the user must having one or more common properties and being readily
separable from other similar units.
3.1.5 natural, n—a class name of various fibers of animal,
1
This Test Method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-18 on Soil mineral or vegetable origin.
and Rock; Subcommittee D 18.25 on Erosion and Sediment Control Technology;
and is the direct responsibility of Section .02 on Erosion Control Blankets (ECBs).
2
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2000. Published May 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
3
published as D 6460 – 99. Last previous edition D 6460 – 99. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 6460
3.1.6 open weave textile (OWT), n—atemporarydegradable 5.2 This test method models and examines conditions typi-
ECB composed of natural or polymer yarns woven into a cally found on construction sites involving earthwork activi-
matrix used to provide erosion control and facilitate vegetation ties, including: highways and roads; airports; residential, com-
establishment. mercial and industrial developments; pipelines, mines, and
3.1.7 polymer, n—a chemical compound or mixture of landfill
...

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5.1 This test method utilizes large-scale testing equipment and procedures established at a variety of testing laboratories over the last 30 years.  
5.2 This method is useful in evaluating ECPs and their installation to reduce soil loss and sediment concentrations when exposed to defined rainfall conditions and improving water quality exiting the area disturbed by earthwork activity by reducing suspended solids and turbidity.  
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1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the ability of erosion control products (ECP) to protect slopes from rainfall-induced erosion using an adjustable tilting bed slope. The standard slopes range from 2:1 to 4:1 (H:V) having a target rainfall intensity of 3.5 in./h [90 mm/h].  
1.2 There are three main elements the ECPs must have the ability to perform: 1. Absorb the impact force of raindrops, thereby reducing soil particle loosening and detachment through “splash” mechanisms; 2. Slow runoff and encourage infiltration, thereby reducing soil particle displacement and transport through “overland flow” mechanisms; and 3. Trap soil particles beneath the ECP. When comparing data from different ECPs under consideration, it is important to keep the test conditions the same for the ECPs being evaluated, for example, the rainfall intensity rate and the slope.  
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1.4 This test method covers the use of three different soil types, ECP installation: sprayed, rolled, or dry applied, and a runoff collection procedure. This test is typically performed indoors, but may be performed outside as long as certain requirements are met. Partially enclosed facilities are acceptable providing the environmental conditions are met.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
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4.1 This practice provides basic criteria for the development and operation of a certification organization, selection of examination material for a written examination, and the scope and details of a performance test. The qualifications of the examiner and limitations on the relationship between the examiner and the examinee are given in this practice.  
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4.3 It is unrealistic and unintended that each individual be certified for every test the employing agency performs. Rather, it should be a goal of an agency that a majority of personnel normally performing a given test are certified. Depending on the purpose of the testing, it may be appropriate for the client to specify whether or not a certified technician should perform a given test.  
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1.1 This practice provides a guide for evaluation and certification procedures for personnel engaged in testing soil and rock in accordance with ASTM test methods and is intended for use by independent organizations providing certification services.  
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Note 1: Personnel certification may be an important aspect of a quality system as described in Practice D3740. Certification of personnel is one means of meeting personnel qualifications given in Practice D3740.  
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1.4.1 For purposes of comparing, a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method utilizes large-scale testing equipment and procedures established at a variety of testing laboratories over the last 30 years.  
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1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the ability of erosion control products (ECP) to protect slopes from rainfall-induced erosion using an adjustable tilting bed slope. The standard slopes range from 2.5:1 to 4:1 (H:V) having target rainfall intensities between 4.0 and 5.0 in./h [100 and 125 mm/h].  
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Standard Test Method for Determining the Change in Mass of Rolled Erosion Control Products When Submerged in Water

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5.1 Rolled erosion control products are intended to protect seed beds from erosion and provide an environment that encourages seed germination. Maintaining a moist environment by gradually releasing absorbed moisture helps provide a beneficial growth environment. The ability of a product to absorb moisture is commonly specified. This test method can be used for quality control and to determine product conformance to a specification.  
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5.3 The change in mass of RECPs submerged in water may vary considerably depending on the composition of the materials used in the product or due to inconsistency within the product. This test method enables the characterization and control of product consistency.  
5.4 This test method may be used to determine the effect of different component materials and makeup of RECPs on the change in mass when submerged in water.  
5.5 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of RECPs. Comparative tests as directed in 5.6 may be advisable.  
5.6 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier shall conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the evaluation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties shall take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens shall be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories shall be compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired date and an acceptable probability level ch...
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1.1 This test method measures the change in mass of a rolled erosion control product when specimens are submerged in water for a prescribed period of time. The change in mass is reported as a percentage of the original dry mass of the specimen.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbf) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test methods A and B are used to estimate the permanganate natural oxidant demand exerted by the soil or aquifer solids by determining the quantity of potassium permanganate that is consumed by naturally occurring species as a function of time. Test Method C is used to estimate the permanganate total oxidant demand exerted by soil, aquifer solids, chemical contaminants or any other reduced species by determining the quantity of potassium permanganate that is consumed by all components of the bulk aquifer as a function of time. Typically, the measurement of oxidant demand is used to screen potential sites for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with permanganate (Test Methods A and C) and provide information to aid in the design of remediation systems (Test Methods B and C).  
5.2 While some oxidizable species react relatively quickly (that is, days to weeks), others react more slower (weeks to months). Consequently, the PNODt is expected to be some fraction of the PNODmax.  
5.3 For ISCO injection applications, the PNOD may overestimate the demand exerted due to mass transport related issues. For soil blending applications, the PNOD is a more accurate measure of the demand exerted due to better mass to oxidant contact.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/and so forth.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the estimation of the permanganate natural oxidant demand (PNOD) through the determination of the quantity of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) that organic matter and other naturally occurring oxidizable species present in soil or aquifer solids will consume under specified conditions as a function of time. Oxidizable species may include organic constituents and oxidizable inorganic ions, such as ferrous iron and sulfides. The following test methods are included:
Test Method A—48-hour Permanganate Natural Oxidant Demand
Test Method B—Permanganate Natural Oxidant Demand Kinetics  
Test Method C—Permanganate Total Oxidant Demand  
1.2 These test methods are limited by the reagents employed to a permanganate natural oxidant demand (PNOD) of 40 g KMnO4 per kg soil or aquifer solids after a period of 48 hours (Methods A and C) or two weeks (Method B).  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to interpret the results of the data. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to interpret the results obtained and to determine the applicability of these results prior to use.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8167/D8167M-23e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for In-Place Bulk Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by a Low-Activity Nuclear Method (Shallow Depth)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for in-place measurements of bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate. Test results may be used for the determination of dry density if the water content of the soil or soil-aggregate is determined by separate means, such as those methods described in Test Methods D2216, D4643, D4944, and D4959.  
4.2 The test method is used for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted soil and soil-aggregate mixtures as used in construction and also for research and development. The nondestructive nature allows repetitive measurements at a single test location and statistical analysis of the results.  
4.3 Density—The fundamental assumptions inherent in the method is that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the material is homogeneous.
Note 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring in-place bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate using nuclear equipment with radioactive sources (hereafter referred to simply as “gauges”). These gauges are distinct from those described in Test Method D6938 insofar as:  
1.1.1 These gauges do not contain a system (nuclear or otherwise) for the determination of the water content of the material under measurement.  
1.1.2 These gauges have photon yields sufficiently low as to require the inclusion of background radiation effects on the response during normal operation.
1.1.2.1 For the devices described in Test Method D6938, the contribution of gamma rays detected from the naturally-occurring radioisotopes in most soils (hereafter referred to as “background”) compared to the contribution of gamma rays used by the device to measure in-place bulk density is typically small enough to be negligible in terms of their effect on measurement accuracy. However, for these low-activity gauges, the gamma ray yield from the gauge is low enough that the background contribution from most soils compared to the contribution of gamma rays from the gauge is no longer negligible, and changes in this background can adversely affect the accuracy of the bulk density reading.
1.1.2.2 In order to compensate for potentially differing background contribution to low-activity gauge measurements at different test sites, a background reading must be taken in conjunction with gauge measurements obtained at a given test site. This background reading is utilized in the bulk density calculation performed by the gauge with the goal of minimizing these background effects on the density measurement accuracy.  
1.2 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences.  
1.3 The bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate is measured by the attenuation of gamma radiation where the source is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm [12 in.] and the detector(s) remains on the surface (some gauges may reverse this orientation).  
1.3.1 The bulk density of the test sample in mass per unit volume is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data.  
1.3.2 Neither the dry density nor the water content of the test sample is measured by this device. However, the results of this test can be used with the water content or water mass per unit volume value determined by alternative methods to determine the dry density of the test sample.  
1.4 The gauge is calibrated to read the bulk den...

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ASTM D7560-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Fiber Length Percentages in Hydraulic Erosion Control Products (HECPs)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fiber length of an HECP plays a role in the ability of the HECP to effectively be mixed and applied. This standard can be used by manufacturers to evaluate their manufacturing process (quality assurance/quality control). Laboratories can also use this method for quality assurance/quality control and also conformance to criteria testing.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Hydraulic erosion control product (HECP) fibers are manufactured and processed to specific length and width dimensions to facilitate the hydraulic application and to prevent clogging of the pump, recirculation pipes, nozzles, and tips. This test method is used to determine the length of the fibers on a percentage basis in an HECP.  
1.2 This test method can be used to evaluate an HECP during and after manufacturing. The results can be used for comparative evaluations of the manufacturing process.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Sieve designations are shown in both the standard and alternative designations.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D653-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Definitions in this standard are to be regarded as the correct ones for terms found in other ASTM standards of Committee D18. Certain terms may be found in more than one standard issued under the jurisdiction of this committee and many of these terms have been placed in this standard.  
3.2 Terms that are defined in some textbooks may differ slightly from those in this terminology standard. Definitions in this terminology standard are to be regarded as correct for ASTM usage.  
3.3 See Appendix X1 for References.  
3.4 Definitions marked with (ISRM) are included for the convenience of the user and were taken directly from the International Society for Rock Mechanics (see X1.3).  
3.5 A number of the definitions include symbols. The symbols appear in italics immediately after the name of the term.  
3.5.1 No significance should be placed on the order in which the symbols are presented where two or more are given for an individual term.  
3.5.2 The symbols presented are examples; therefore, other symbols are acceptable.  
3.5.3 See Appendix X2 for ISRM Symbols.  
3.6 A number of definitions indicate the units of measurements in brackets and which follow the symbol(s) if given. The applicable units are indicated by italic capital letters, as follows:
D—Dimensionless
F—Force, such as pound-force, ton-force, newton
L—Length, such as inch, foot, millimeter, and meter4
M—Mass, such as kilogram, gram
T—Time, such as second, minute  
3.6.1 Positive exponents designate multiples in the numerator. Negative exponents designate multiples in the denominator. Degrees of angle are indicated as “degrees.”  
3.6.2 Expressing the units either in SI or the inch-pound system has been purposely omitted in order to leave the choice of the system and specific unit to the engineer and the particular application, for example:
FL−2—may be expressed in pounds-force per square inch, kilopascals, tons per square foot, etc.
LT−1—may be expressed in feet per minu...
SCOPE
1.1 These definitions apply to many terms found in the Terminology section of standards of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.2 This terminology standard defines terms related to soil, rock, and contained fluids found in the various sections of standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18.  
1.3 Definitions of terms relating to frozen soils are contained in Terminology D7099.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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