ASTM D2156-09(2013)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2156 − 09 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Smoke Density in Flue Gases from Burning Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2156; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope color (or shade) of the spot thus produced is visually matched
with a standard scale, and the smoke density is expressed as a
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of smoke density
“smoke spot number.”
in the flue gases from burning distillate fuels. It is intended
primarily for use with home heating equipment burning kero-
5. Significance and Use
sine or heating oils. It can be used in the laboratory or in the
5.1 This test method provides a means of controlling smoke
field to compare fuels for clean burning or to compare heating
production in home heating equipment to an acceptable level.
equipment.
Excessive smoke density adversely affects efficiency by heat-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
exchanger fouling.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
5.2 The range of smoke densities covered by this test
standard.
method is that which has been found particularly pertinent to
1.2.1 Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
home-heatingapplication.Itismoresensitivetosmallamounts
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of smoke than several other smoke tests as indicated in the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
following comparison:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Smoke Spot Icham, percent Ringelman
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Number Transmission Smoke Number
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
0 100 0
295 0
2. Referenced Documents
480 0
654 0
2.1 ASTM Standards:
818 0
E97 Test Method for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-deg
90 0
9 0 0to5
0-deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter Re-
flectometry
6. Apparatus
3. Terminology
6.1 Sampling Device—A suitable device providing a total
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
flue gas sample volume of 36.9 6 1.65 L at 16°C, 101 kPa for
3.1.1 smoke spot number, n—the number of the spot on the
each 645 mm effective surface area of filter paper shall be
standardscalemostcloselymatchingthecolor(orshade)ofthe
employed. The sampling device and connections shall be of
test spot.
such construction that the total travel of flue gas sample from
flue to filter paper shall not exceed 410 mm. The device shall
4. Summary of Test Method
provide for cooling the sample below the charring temperature
4.1 Atest smoke spot is obtained by pulling a fixed volume
for the filter paper but not below the dew point of the sample.
of flue gas through a fixed area of standard filter paper. The
Suitable laboratory and portable field service equipment is
illustrated in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
6.2 Smoke Scale—The smoke scale required consists of ten
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuels.
spots numbered consecutively from 0 to 9, ranging in equal
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013. Originally
photometric steps from white through neutral shades of gray to
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2156 – 09. DOI:
black, imprinted or otherwise processed on white paper or
10.1520/D2156-09R13.
plastic stock having a surface reflectance of between 82.5 and
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
87.5 % 45°, 0° daylight luminous directional reflectance in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
accordance with Test Method E97. The smoke scale spot
the ASTM website.
number is defined as the reduction (due to smoke) in reflected
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
on www.astm.org incident light divided by 10. Thus, the first spot, which is the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2156 − 09 (2013)
FIG. 1 Laboratory Type Smoke Meter
FIG. 2 Field Service Type Smoke Tester
color of the unimprinted scale, will be No. 0, since in the case surface area of filter paper, the pressure drop across the filter
of this spot there will be no reduction in reflected incident light paper falls between limits of 1.7 and 8.4 kPa.
directedthereon.Thelastspot,however,isverydark,reflecting
only 10% of the incident light directed thereon; thus in this 8. Procedure
case the reduction in reflected incident light is 90 %, which
8.1 The sampling procedure used is critical. Therefore, the
gives to this darkest spot the No. 9. Intermediate spot numbers
procedure recommended by the equipment manufacturer shall
are similarly established. Limits of permissible reflectance
be rigidly followed.
variation of any smoke scale spot shall not exceed 63%
8.2 Use a clean, dry, sampling device. If a hand sampler is
relative reflectance (Note 1 and Note 2).
used, warm it above room temperature to prevent condensation
NOTE 1—Such smoke scales are sufficiently accurate for field use and
on the filter paper. (This can usually be done conveniently by
for many laboratory smoke testing applications. However, specially
placing the sampler on the boiler or furnace to be tested.)
calibrated scales (known as certified smoke scales) will sometimes be
required. A certified smoke scale is obtained by individually calibrating
8.3 Insert filter paper in the sampler and tighten the filter
each smoke spot of a normal smoke scale.
paper holder. Connect the sampling device to the flue gas
NOTE 2—Where the smoke scale is protected with a plastic or
probe. When taking smoke measurements in the flue pipe,
transparent cover the construction employed shall be such that when the
position the end of the sampling probe at the center line of the
smoke spot on the filter paper is viewed for matching with the number
spots on the smoke scale, both shall be visible through the same thickness
flue pipe.
and number of sheets of transparent protective cover.
8.4 Draw the required sample. When a hand sampler is
7. Materials used, permit the pressures in the flue gas stream and the
sampler to equalize after each stroke.
7.1 Test Filter Paper, made from white filter paper stock
having a surface reflectance of 82.5 to 87.5 % 45°, 0° daylight 8.5 Remove the filter paper. Compare the test spot backed
luminous directional reflectance, in accordance with the Test with a piece of white paper or plastic having 45°, 0° daylight
Method E97. When clean air at standard conditions is drawn lumin
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