ASTM F412-00

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: F 412 – 00 An American National Standard
Standard Terminology Relating to
Plastic Piping Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F 412; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Gradient Technique
D 2444 Test Method for Impact Resistance of Thermoplas-
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of
tic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight)
technical terms used in the plastic piping industry. Terms that
D 2837 Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design
are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily
Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials
available sources are not included.
2.2 ISO Standards:
1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which
ISO 3 Preferred Numbers
Committee F-17 is responsible it is included only when judged,
ISO 497 Preferred Numbers
after review, by Subcommittee F17.94 to be a generally usable
ISO R 161 Pipes of Plastics Materials for the Transport of
term.
Fluids (Outside Diameters and Nominal Pressures) Part I,
1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by other
Metric Series
ASTM committees or other standards organizations are iden-
ISO TR 9080 Thermolplastics Pipes for the Transport of
tified with the committee number (for example, D-20) or with
Fluids-Methods of Extrapolation of Hydrostatic Stress
the abbreviation of the name of the organization (for example,
Rupture Data to Determine the Long-Term Hydrostatic
IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry).
Strength of Thermoplastic Pipe Materials
1.4 A definition is a single sentence with additional infor-
2.3 ANSI Standard:
mation included in notes.
Z17.1 ANSI Preferred Numbers
2. Referenced Documents 2.4 PPI Standard:
PPI TR-4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic
3. Terminology
Cement
D 256 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Plastics and acceptance testing—testing performed on a product to deter-
Electrical Insulating Materials mine whether or not an individual lot of the product
D 638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics conforms with specified requirements.
D 648 Test Method for Deflection Temperature of Plastics
DISCUSSION—The number of requirements are usually fewer than for
Under Flexural Load
qualification testing (see definition).
D 747 Test Method for Apparent Bending Modulus of
acetal plastics, n—highly crystalline linear thermoplastic ho-
Plastics by Means of a Cantilever Beam
mopolymers or copolymers characterized by repeating
D 790 Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced
oxymethylene units.
and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materi-
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) pipe and fitting
als
plastics—plastics containing polymers or blends of poly-
D 882 Test Methods for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
mers, or both, in which the minimum butadiene content is
Sheeting
6%, the minimum acrylonitrile content is 15 %, the mini-
D 1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
mum styrene or substituted styrene content, or both, is 15 %,
of Transparent Plastics
and the maximum content of all other monomers is not more
D 1238 Test Method for Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by
than 5 %; plus lubricants, stabilizers, and colorants.
Extrusion Plastometer
adhesive—a substance capable of holding materials together
D 1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
by surface attachment.
adhesive bonded joint—see joint, adhesive bonded.
This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F-17 on Plastic
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.94 on
Terminology. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.04.
Current edition approved . Published . Originally published as F 412 – 75b. Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd St., 13th
Last previous edition F 412 – 94b. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
2 6
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01. Available from the Plastic Pipe Institute, 1825 Connecticut Ave., NW Suite 680
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01. Washington, DC 20009
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F 412
adhesive, solvent—see solvent cement. blinding—placing selected material to completely cover the
adiabatic extrusion—a method of extrusion in which the sole pipe or tubing.
source of heat is the conversion of the drive energy, through
blister, n—rounded elevation of the surface of a plastic, with
viscous resistance of the plastic mass in the extruder. (D-20) boundaries that may be more or less sharply defined,
aging, n—(1) the effect on materials of exposure to an somewhat resembling in shape a blister on the human skin.
environment for an interval of time. (D-20)
bloom, n—a visible exudation or efflorescence on the surface
(2) the process of exposing materials to an environment
of a material. (D-20)
for an interval of time. (D-20)
blow molding—a method of fabrication in which a parison
alloy, n—in plastics, two or more immiscible polymers united,
(hollow tube) is forced into the shape of the mold cavity by
usually by another component, to form a plastic vein having
internal gas pressure. (D-20)
enhanced properties. (D-20)
blowing agent—a compounding ingredient used to produce
antioxidant—compounding ingredient used to retard deterio-
gas by chemical or thermal action, or both, in manufacture of
ration caused by oxidation. (D-11)
hollow or cellular articles. (D-20).
apparent density—the weight per unit volume of a material
brittle failure—a pipe failure mode which exhibits no visible
including voids inherent in the material as tested.
(to the naked eye) material deformation (stretching, elonga-
DISCUSSION—The term bulk density is commonly used for material
tion, or necking down) in the area of the break.
such as molding powder. (D-20)
building drain—that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a
approving authority—the individual official, board, depart- drainage system that receives the discharge from soil, waste,
ment, or agency established and authorized by a state, and other drainage pipes inside the walls of the building and
county, city, or other political subdivision, created by law to conveys it to the building sewer beyond the foundation walls
administer and enforce specified requirements. of the building or structure.
artificial weathering—exposure to laboratory conditions,
DISCUSSION—The building sewer generally begins 2 to 5 ft beyond
which may be cyclic, involving temperature, relative humid-
the foundation walls.
ity, radiant energy, or any other conditions or pollutants
building drain (sanitary)—a building drain that conveys gray
found in the atmosphere in various geographical areas; or
water or sewage, or both.
both.
building drain (storm)—a building drain that conveys storm
DISCUSSION—The interlaboratory exposure conditions are usually
water only.
intensified beyond those encountered in actual outdoor exposure in an
building sanitary sewer—that part of the horizontal piping of
attempt to achieve an accelerated effect.
a sanitary drainage system which extends from the building
backfill—all material used to fill the trench from bedding to
sanitary drain, receives the discharge of the building sanitary
finished surface.
drain, and conveys it to a public sewer, private sewer,
backfill, final—material used to fill the trench from initial
individual sewage disposal system, or other point of dis-
backfill to finished surface.
posal.
backfill, initial—material used to fill the trench from top of
building storm sewer—that part of the horizontal piping of a
bedding to a designated height over the pipe.
storm drainage system which extends from the building
backfill, unconsolidated—noncompacted material in place in
storm drain, receives the discharge of the building storm
trench.
drain, and conveys it to a public storm sewer, private storm
beam loading—the application of a load to a pipe between two
sewer, or other point of disposal.
points of support, usually expressed in newtons (or pounds-
building supply—See water service.
force) and the distance between the centers of the supports.
bulk factor, n—the ratio of the volume of a given mass of
bedding, n—materials that provide support for buried pipe.
molding material to its volume in the molded form.
bedding, v—placement of support materials for buried pipe.
DISCUSSION—The bulk factor is also equal to the ratio of the density
bell-and-spigot joint—see joint, bell-and-spigot gasket.
of the material to its apparent density in the unmolded form. (D-20,
bell end—the enlarged portion of a pipe that resembles the
ISO)
socket portion of a fitting and that is intended to be used to
make a joint.
burst strength—the internal pressure required to cause a pipe
bend—a fitting either molded separately or formed from pipe
or fitting to fail.
for the purpose of accommodating a directional change.
DISCUSSION—This pressure will vary with the rate of buildup of the
DISCUSSION—Also called ell, elbow,or sweep. Bends generally imply pressure and the time during which the pressure is held.
fittings of relatively shorter radii than sweeps.
butt-fused joint—see joint, butt-fused.
beveled pipe—a pipe with an end chamfered to mate or adjust
butylene plastics—plastics based on resins made by the
to another surface or to assist in assembly.
polymerization of butene or copolymerization of butene with
binder—in a reinforced plastic, the continuous phase that
one or more unsaturated compounds, the butene being in
holds together the reinforcement.
greatest amount by weight. (D-20)
cell, n—a small partially or completely enclosed cavity. (D-20)
DISCUSSION—During fabrication, the binder, which may be either
thermoplastic or thermoset, usually undergoes a change in state. (D-20) cell, closed—a cell totally enclosed by its walls and hence not
F 412
interconnecting with other cells. (ISO, D-20)(See also cell code, manufacturer’s—a code that provides manufacturing
and cell, open.) identity for a piping product.
cell, open—a cell not totally enclosed by its walls and hence
code, thermoplastic pipe materials designation—ciphers
interconnecting with other cells. (D-20) (See also cell and and letters for the designation of stress-rated thermoplastic
cell, closed.) compound, which consists of two or three letters to indicate
cellular plastic—a plastic containing numerous cells, inten- the abbreviation as listed in Terminology D 1600, for the
tionally introduced, interconnecting or not, distributed type of thermoplastic resin—followed by four arabic
throughout the mass. (D-20) numerals—two to describe the short-term properties, in
cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) plastics—plastic made by accordance with the ASTM standard being referenced, and
compounding a cellulose acetate butyrate ester with plasti- two to designate the hydrostatic design stress when tested in
cizers and other ingredients. Cellulose acetate butyrate ester water at 73°F (23°C) in units of 100 psi, with any decimal
is a derivative of cellulose (obtained from cotton or wool figures dropped.
pulp, or both) made by converting some of the hydroxyl
DISCUSSION—In some ASTM standards, the short-term properties
groups in cellulose to acetate and butyrate groups with
with more than two numbers have a table provided to convert to two
chemicals.
numbers to be used in the code.
chalking, n—in plastics, a powdery residue on the surface of
DISCUSSION—When the design stress code is less than two numbers,
a material resulting from degradation or migration of an
a zero is inserted before the number.
ingredient, or both. (D-20)
coextrusion—a process whereby two or more heated or
DISCUSSION—Chalking may be a designed-in characteristic.
unheated plastic material streams forced through one or
chemical cleaner—see cleaner, chemical. more shaping orifice(s) become one continuously formed
chemical resistance—the ability to resist chemical attack. piece.
cold flow—See creep.
DISCUSSION—The attack is dependent on the method of test and its
cold molding—a special process of compression molding in
severity is measured by determining the changes in physical properties.
which the molding is formed at room temperature and
Time, temperature, stress, and reagent may all be factors that affect the
chemical resistance of a material. subsequently baked at elevated temperatures. (D-20)
collapse, n—(1) inadvertent densification of cellular material
chemically formed polymeric material—a cellular material
during manufacture resulting from breakdown of cell struc-
in which the cells are formed by gases generated from
ture; (2) the buckling of the inner liner of composite piping;
thermal decomposition or other chemical reaction. (D-20)
(3) the buckling or flattening of a plastic rehabilitation liner;
chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) plastics—plastics based on
(4) the buckling or crushing of a plastic pipe from external
chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) in which the chlorinated
forces, such as earth loads or external hydrostatic load.
poly(vinyl chloride) is in the greatest amount by weight.
compaction, soil—act of packing soil with mechanical force to
(D-20)
increase its density.
chlorofluorocarbon plastics—plastics based on polymers
compatible—(1) a condition wherein components of a plastic
made with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine, and
piping system or different specific plastic materials, or both,
carbon only. (ISO, D-20)
can be joined together for satisfactory joints. (2) in relation
chlorofluorohydrocarbon plastics, n—plastics based on poly-
to elastomeric seal joints, a condition wherein the elastomer
mers made with monomers composed of chlorine, fluorine,
does not adversely affect the pertinent properties of the
hydrogen, and carbon only. (ISO, D-20)
plastic pipe or fittings, or both, when the sealing gasket is in
cleaner, chemical—an organic solvent used to remove foreign
intimate contact with the plastic for a prolonged period.
matter from the surface of plastic pipe and fittings.
composite pipe—pipe consisting of two or more different
DISCUSSION—Cleaners have essentially no effect on the plastic
materials arranged with specific functional purpose to serve
surface being cleaned and may be used prior to joining with a solvent
as pipe.
cement or adhesive.
compound, n—a mixture of a polymer with other ingredients
cleaner, mechanical—an abrasive material or device used to
such as fillers, stabilizers, catalysts, processing aids, lubri
...