ASTM D2157-94(1999)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2157 – 94 (Reapproved 1999) An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Effect of Air Supply on Smoke Density in Flue Gases From
Burning Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope conversion of the fuel to the ultimate combustion products,
essentially CO and water, for a normal fuel. This may be
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the perfor-
calculated from the percentage CO in the flue gas and the
mance of distillate fuels from the standpoint of clean, efficient
carbon-hydrogen ratio of the fuel.
burning. It is intended primarily for use with home heating
3.1.5 effıciency—defined as the percentage of gross heat of
equipment burning No. 1 or No. 2 fuel oils. It can be used
combustion of the fuel which is retained by the equipment and
either in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels using a
which does not pass out in the flue gases.
given heating unit or to compare the performance of heating
units using a given fuel.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.2 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the
4.1 The flue-gas smoke density is measured for various
standard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa-
amounts of combustion air while the burner is operating at
tion only. Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
equilibrium conditions. Results are expressed as a plot of
NOTE 1—This test method applies only to pressure atomizing and
smoke density as a function of flue-gas carbon dioxide (CO )
rotary-type burners.
content, or alternatively, as a function of percentage excess
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
combustion air.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Significance and Use
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 5.1 This test method relates efficiency of operation of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
domestic heating equipment to clean burning. Reducing com-
bustion air in a burner gives more efficient operation. The
2. Referenced Documents
extent to which combustion air can be reduced is limited by the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
onset of unacceptable smoke production. By delineating the
D 2156 Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from
relation between smoke density and air supply, this test method
Burning Distillate Fuels
(together with net stack temperature data) defines the maxi-
mum efficiency for a given installation at any acceptable smoke
3. Terminology
level.
3.1 Description of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5.2 For certain types of equipment, such as the rotary
3.1.1 smoke density—the concentration of smoke in the flue
wall-flame burner, too much excess air will cause smoke as
gas, measured as a Smoke Spot Number as described in Test
well as too little. For these cases, the point of minimum excess
Method D 2156.
air at the acceptable smoke level indicates the optimum
3.1.2 flue-gas carbon dioxide (CO )—the percentage con-
efficiency.
centration of carbon dioxide in the flue gas, measured by
5.3 The operating temperatures of the equipment will affect
conventional Orsat analysis, or the equivalent.
these test results. The relation of excess air to smoke density is
3.1.3 net stack temperature—the difference between the
thus susceptible to some change at different points in an
stack temperature and the ambient temperature of the air near
operating cycle. In practice, an adequate compromise is pos-
the inlet to the burner.
sible by operating the burner for 15 min before any readings
3.1.4 excess combustion air—the percentage of air entering
are recorded and then obtaining the test data within a succeed-
the equipment over and above that needed for stoichiometric
ing 25-min period.
5.4 Under laboratory conditions, CO readings are repro-
ducible to 60.3 % and smoke readings are reproducible to 6 ⁄2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee smoke spot number.
D.02.Eon Burner, Diesel and Gas Turbine Fuel Oils.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1994. Published April 1994. Originally
6. Apparatus
e1
published as D 2157 – 63 T. Last previous edition D 2157 – 80 (1988) .
6.1 Sampling Device for determining smoke density, as
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a
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