ASTM D2157-94(2003)

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An American National Standard
Designation:D2157–94 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Effect of Air Supply on Smoke Density in Flue Gases from
Burning Distillate Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2157; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope conversion of the fuel to the ultimate combustion products,
essentially CO and water, for a normal fuel. This may be
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the perfor- 2
calculated from the percentage CO in the flue gas and the
mance of distillate fuels from the standpoint of clean, efficient
carbon-hydrogen ratio of the fuel.
burning. It is intended primarily for use with home heating
3.1.3 flue-gas carbon dioxide (CO )—the percentage con-
equipment burning No. 1 or No. 2 fuel oils. It can be used
centration of carbon dioxide in the flue gas, measured by
either in the laboratory or in the field to compare fuels using a
conventional Orsat analysis, or the equivalent.
given heating unit or to compare the performance of heating
3.1.4 net stack temperature—the difference between the
units using a given fuel.
stack temperature and the ambient temperature of the air near
1.2 The values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the
the inlet to the burner.
standard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa-
3.1.5 smoke density—the concentration of smoke in the flue
tion only. Arbitrary and relative units are also used.
gas, measured as a Smoke Spot Number as described in Test
NOTE 1—This test method applies only to pressure atomizing and
Method D 2156.
rotary-type burners.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 The flue-gas smoke density is measured for various
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
amounts of combustion air while the burner is operating at
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
equilibrium conditions. Results are expressed as a plot of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
smoke density as a function of flue-gas carbon dioxide (CO )
content, or alternatively, as a function of percentage excess
2. Referenced Documents
combustion air.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
D 2156 Test Method for Smoke Density in Flue Gases from
Burning Distillate Fuels
5.1 This test method relates efficiency of operation of
domestic heating equipment to clean burning. Reducing com-
3. Terminology
bustion air in a burner gives more efficient operation. The
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
extent to which combustion air can be reduced is limited by the
3.1.1 effıciency—defined as the percentage of gross heat of
onset of unacceptable smoke production. By delineating the
combustion of the fuel which is retained by the equipment and
relation between smoke density and air supply, this test method
which does not pass out in the flue gases.
(together with net stack temperature data) defines the maxi-
3.1.2 excess combustion air—the percentage of air entering
mumefficiencyforagiveninstallationatanyacceptablesmoke
the equipment over and above that needed for stoichiometric
level.
5.2 For certain types of equipment, such as the rotary
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on wall-flame burner, too much excess air will cause smoke as
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
well as too little. For these cases, the point of minimum excess
D02.E0 on Burner, Diesel, Non-Aviation Gas Turbine, and Marine Fuel Oils.
air at the acceptable smoke level indicates the optimum
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2003. Published November 2003. Originally
efficiency.
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D 2157–94 (1999).
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
5.3 The operating temperatures of the equipment will affect
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
these test results. The relation of excess air to smoke density is
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
thus susceptible to some change at different points in an
the ASTM website.
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D2157–94 (2003)
operating cycle. In practice, an adequate compromise is pos-
sible by operating the burner for 15 min before any readings
are recorded and then obtaining the test data within a succeed-
ing 25-min period.
5.4 Under laboratory conditions, CO readings are repro-
ducible to 60.3 % and smoke readings are reproducible to 6 ⁄2
smoke spot number.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Sampling Device for determining smoke density, as
described in the Apparatus section of Test Method D 2156.
...