ASTM E488-96(2003)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:E488–96 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Methods for
Strength of Anchors in Concrete and Masonry Elements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E488; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E575 Practice for Reporting Data from Structural Tests of
Building Constructions, Elements, Connections, and As-
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining
semblies
the static, seismic, fatigue and shock, tensile and shear
strengths of post-installed and cast-in-place anchorage systems
3. Terminology
in structural members made of concrete or structural members
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
made of masonry. Only those tests required by the specifying
3.1.1 adhesive anchor—a post-installed anchor that derives
authority need to be performed.
its holding strength from the chemical compound between the
1.2 These test methods are intended for use with such
wall of the hole and the anchor rods. The materials used
anchorage devices designed to be installed perpendicular to a
includeepoxy,cementitiousmaterial,polyesterresin,andother
plane surface of the structural member.
similar types.
1.3 Whereas combined tension and shear as well as torsion
3.1.2 anchor spacing—the distance between anchors mea-
tests are performed under special conditions, such tests are not
sured centerline to centerline, in mm (in.); also, the minimum
covered in the methods described herein.
distance between reaction points of the test frame.
1.4 While individual procedures are given for static, seis-
3.1.3 cast-in-place anchor—ananchorthatisinstalledprior
mic, fatigue and shock testing, nothing herein shall preclude
to the placement of concrete and derives its holding strength
the use of combined testing conditions which incorporate two
from plates, lugs, or other protrusions that are cast into the
or more of these types of tests, (such as seismic, fatigue and
concrete.
shock tests in series), since the same equipment is used for
3.1.4 displacement—movement of an anchor relative to the
each of these tests.
structural member. For tension tests, displacement is measured
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
along the axis of the anchor, and for shear tests, displacement
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
is measured perpendicular to the axis of the anchor, in mm
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
(in.).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.5 edge distance—side cover distance or the distance
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from the centerline of an anchor to the nearest edge of a
2. Referenced Documents structural member, in mm (in.); also, minimum distance from
the centerline to the test frame.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.6 embedment depth—distance from the test member
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
surface to the installed end of the anchor, in mm (in.), prior to
E171 Specification for Atmospheres for Conditioning and
the setting of the anchor.
Testing Flexible Barrier Materials
3.1.7 expansion anchor—a post-installed anchor that de-
E468 Practice for Presentation of Constant Amplitude Fa-
rives its holding strength through a mechanically expanded
tigue Test Results for Metallic Materials
systemwhichexertsforcesagainstthesidesofthedrilledhole.
3.1.8 fatigue test—a laboratory test that applies repeated
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
load cycles to an anchorage system for the purpose of
Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.13
determining the fatigue life or fatigue strength of that system.
on Structural Performance of Connections in Building Construction.
3.1.9 LVDT—a linear variable differential transformer used
Current edition approved May 10, 2003. Published June 2003. Originally
approved in 1976. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as E488–96. DOI:
for measuring the displacement or movement of an anchor or
10.1520/E0488-96R03.
anchor system.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.10 post-installed anchor—an anchor that is installed
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
after the placement and hardening of concrete.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E488–96 (2003)
3.1.11 run-out—a condition where failure did not occur at a ¯
N = average number of load cycles in tension
T
specified number of load cycles in a fatigue test.
fatigue test.
¯
3.1.12 safe working loads—the allowable or design load
N = average number of load cycles in shear
S
obtained by applying factors of safety to the ultimate load of fatigue test.
the anchorage device, kN (lbf). D = displacement of anchor occurring at maxi-
FT
mum load for tension fatigue test mm (in.).
3.1.13 seismic test—a laboratory test that applies load
D = displacement of anchor occurring at maxi-
cycles of varying magnitude and frequency to an anchorage FS
mum load for shear fatigue test mm (in.).
system for the purpose of simulating a seismic event (earth-
A and B = maximum displacement instrument read-
fu fu
quake).
ings for fatigue tests mm (in.).
3.1.14 shear test—a test in which an anchor is loaded
A and B = initialdisplacementinstrumentreadingsfor
fi fi
perpendicular to the axis of the anchor and parallel to the
fatigue tests mm (in.).
surface of the structural member.
D = averagemaximumdisplacementfortension
FT
3.1.15 shock test—a laboratory test that simulates shock
fatigue tests mm (in.).
loads on an anchorage system by the application of a short
D = average maximum displacement for shear
FS
duration external load.
fatigue tests mm (in.).
3.1.16 static test—atestinwhichaloadisslowlyappliedto
an anchor according to a specified rate such that the anchor
4. Significance and Use
receives one loading cycle.
4.1 These test methods are intended to provide data from
3.1.17 structural member—thematerialinwhichtheanchor
which applicable design data and specifications are derivable
is installed and which resists forces from the anchor.
for a given anchorage device used in a structural member of
3.1.18 tensile test—a test in which an anchor is loaded
concrete, masonry and related products and for qualifying
axially in tension.
anchors or anchorage systems.
3.1.19 undercut anchor—a post-installed anchor that de-
4.2 The test methods shall be followed to ensure reproduc-
rives its holding strength from an expansion of an embedded
ibility of the test data.
portion of the anchor into a portion of the hole that is larger in
5. Apparatus
diameter than the portion of the hole between the enlarged
section and the surface of the structural member. The enlarged
5.1 Equipment:
diameter section of the hole is predrilled or enlarged by an
5.1.1 Laboratory—Suitable equipment shall be used to
expansion process during setting of the anchor.
performteststogeneratedatarequiredtopublishloadtablesor
3.2 Symbols:
to obtain listings from approval agencies, building officials,
etc. Calibrated electronic load and displacement measuring
devices which meet the sampling rate of loading specified
h = effective depth of embedment of an anchor
ef
herein shall be used. The equipment shall be capable of
in mm (in.).
measuring the forces to an accuracy within 6 1% of the
F = safe working load in kN (lbf).
s
anticipated ultimate load, when calibrated in accordance with
h = thickness of the structural member in mm
Practices E4. The load and displacement measuring devices
(in.).
shall be capable of providing data points at least once per
h = anchor embedment depth in mm (in.).
v
second in order to produce continuous load versus displace-
s = anchor spacing in mm (in.) measured cen-
ment curves. A minimum of 120 data points per instrument
terline to centerline.
shall be obtained and recorded for each individual test. The
c = edge distance in mm (in.) measured from
readings shall be obtained prior to reaching peak load. The
centerline of anchor to edge.
instruments shall be positioned to measure the vertical move-
d = nominal anchor diameter in mm (in.).
ment of the anchor with respect to points on the structural
D = uncorrected displacement for tension tests
T
member in such a way that the instrument is not influenced
in mm (in.).
D = uncorrected displacement for shear tests in during the test by deflection or failure of the anchor or
S
structural member. The testing device shall be of sufficient
mm (in.).
A and B = instrument readings at a given load in mm
capacity to prevent yielding of its various components and
N N
(in.). shallensurethattheappliedtensionloadsremainparalleltothe
A and B = initial instrument readings in mm (in.).
axes of the anchors and that the applied shear loads remain
I I
D = average displacement at maximum load for
parallel to the surface of the structural member during testing.
T
tension tests in mm (in.).
5.1.2 Field Tests—Suitable equipment shall be used to
D = average displacement at maximum load for
S perform tests required to verify correct installation or provide
shear tests in mm (in.).
proof loads on anchors installed at a specific job site. Cali-
n = number of test samples.
bratedloadcellswhichmeetthespecifiedrateofloadinggiven
N = total number of load cycles in tension
T
herein shall be used. The equipment shall be capable of
fatigue test.
measuring the forces to an accuracy within 6 2% of the
N = total number of load cycles in shear fatigue
S
applied load, when calibrated in accordance with Practices E4.
test.
For field tests which require displacement measurements, use
E488–96 (2003)
eithermanuallyreaddialgagesorelectronicloadanddisplace-
ment measuring devices, provided they are capable of gener-
ating a minimum of 50 data points prior to reaching peak load.
For field tests requiring displacement measurements, the in-
strument(s) shall be positioned to measure the vertical move-
ment of the anchor with respect to points on the structural
member in such a way that the instrument is not influenced
during the test by deflection or failure of the anchor or
structural member. The testing device shall be of sufficient
capacity to prevent yielding of its various components and
shallensurethattheappliedtensionloadsremainparalleltothe
axes of the anchors and that the applied shear loads remain
parallel to the surface of the structural member during testing.
5.2 Tension Test—Examples of suitable systems for apply-
ing tension pull-out forces are shown in Figs. 1 and 2 in which
a single anchor specimen is shown. The test system support
shall be of sufficient size to prevent failure of the surrounding
structural member. The loading rod shall be of such size to
develop the ultimate strength of the anchorage hardware with
minimal elastic elongation and shall be attached to the anchor-
FIG. 2 Typical Seismic Tension Test Arrangement
age system by means of a connector that will minimize the
direct transfer of bending stress through the connection.
5.3 Shear Test—Examples of suitable systems for applying be repaired. Insert sleeves of the required diameter shall be
shear forces are shown in Figs. 3 and 4 in which a single periodically installed in the loading plate to meet these
anchor specimen is shown. The components of the test fixture requirements.
shall be of sufficient size and strength to prevent their yielding 5.4.2 Forsheartesting,thecontactareabetweentheloading
during ultimate capacity tests on the anchorage system. plate through which the anchor is installed and the structural
5.4 Loading Plate—Thethicknessoftheloadingplateinthe member shall be as given in Table 1, unless otherwise
immediate vicinity of the test anchor shall be equal to the specified. The edges of the shear loading fixture shall be
nominal bolt diameter to be tested, 6 1.5 mm (6 ⁄16 in.), chamferedorhavearadiustopreventdigginginoftheloading
representative of a specific application. plate.
5.4.1 Theholeintheloadingplateshallhaveadiameter1.5 5.5 Anchor Displacement Measurement— For anchor tests
mm 6 0.75 mm (0.06 mm 6 0.03 in.) greater than the test that require displacement measurements, the displacement
anchor. The initial shape of the hole in the loading plate shall measurements shall be made using LVDT device(s) or equiva-
correspond to that of the anchor cross section and shall be lent which provide continuous readings with an accuracy of at
maintained throughout all tests. Worn or deformed holes shall least 0.025 mm (0.001 in.). Dial gages having an accuracy of
FIG. 1 Typical Static Tension Test Arrangement
E488–96 (2003)
FIG. 3 Typical Method of Applying Shear Loads to Anchors Attached to Structural Members—Direct Loading Method
FIG. 4 Typical Seismic Shear Test Arrangement—Indirect Loading Method
TABLE 1 Shear Loading Plate Bearing Area as a Function of
be used for a group of anchors tested as a closely spaced
Anchor Diameter
cluster. Displacement measurements as described in 5.5 in-
Anchor Diameter, Shear Loading Plate Contact Area,
clude components of deformation not directly associated with
2 2
mm (in.) cm (in. )
displacement of the anchor relative to the structural member.
<10 (< ⁄8) 50–80 (8.00–12.40)
Include components of deformation such as elastic elongation
3 5
10–<16 ( ⁄8 –< ⁄8) 80.01–120 (12.41–18.60)
5 7
16–<22 ( ⁄8 –< ⁄8) 120.01–160 (18.61–24.80) of the loading rod anchor stem, deformation of the loading
22–<51 ( ⁄8 –<2) 160.01–260 (24.81–40.30)
plate,sleeves,shims,attachmenthardware,andlocalstructural
>51 (>2) 260.1–400 (40.31–62.00)
member material. Deduct all of the elongations from these
sources from the total displacement measurements by using
supplementary measuring devices or calibration test data for
0.025 mm (0.001 in.) are permitted in field testing or for
the installed test set-up with rigid specimen replacing the
generaltestswhereprecisedisplacementmeasurementsarenot
anchor to be tested. The displacement to be used for the
required.
evaluationofthefindingsistheaveragedisplacementindicated
5.5.1 Tension Test:
by both instruments mounted symmetrically equidistant from
5.5.1.1 Single Anchor—The displacement measuring de-
the centroid of the cl
...