ASTM D2782-02(2014)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D2782 − 02(Reapproved 2014)
240/84
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Extreme-Pressure Properties of Lubricating
Fluids (Timken Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2782; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
Photograph of Test Blocks Showing Scars
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-
carrying capacity of lubricating fluids by means of theTimken
3. Terminology
Extreme Pressure Tester.
3.1 Definitions:
NOTE 1—This test method is suitable for testing fluids having a
3.1.1 extreme pressure (EP) additive, n, in a lubricant—a
viscosity of less than about 5000 cSt (5000 mm /s) at 40°C. For testing
substance that minimizes damage to metal surfaces in contact
fluids having a higher viscosity, refer to Note 5 in 9.1.
under high-stress rubbing conditions. D4175
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.2 lubricant, n—any substance interposed between two
standard. Because the equipment used in this test method is
surfaces for the purpose of reducing friction or wear between
available only in inch-pound units, SI units are omitted when
them. G40
referring to the equipment and the test specimens.
3.1.3 scoring, n, in tribology—a severe form of wear char-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
acterized by the formation of extensive grooves and scratches
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in the direction of sliding. G40
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.4 wear, n—damage to a solid surface generally involv-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning ingprogressivelossofmaterial,duetorelativemotionbetween
that surface and a contacting substance or substances. G40
statements are given in 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.4, and 9.9.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.1 load-carrying capacity of a lubricant— as determined
2.1 ASTM Standards:
by this test method, the maximum load or pressure that can be
D2509Test Method for Measurement of Load-Carrying
sustained by the lubricant (when used in the given system
Capacity of Lubricating Grease (Timken Method)
underspecificconditions)withoutfailureoftheslidingcontact
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
surfaces as evidenced by scoring or seizure or asperity weld-
Products, and Lubricants
ing.
G40Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion
3.2.2 OK value, n—as determined by this test method, the
maximummass(weight)addedtotheloadleverweightpan,at
which no scoring or seizure occurs.
3.2.3 score value, n—as determined by this test method, the
1 minimum mass (weight) added to the load lever weight pan, at
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of which scoring or seizure occurs.
Subcommittee D02.L0.11 on Tribiological Properties of Industrial Fluids and
3.2.3.1 Discussion—Whenthelubricantfilmissubstantially
Lubricates.
maintained, a smooth scar is obtained on the test block, but
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2014.PublishedJuly2014.Originallyapproved
when there is a breakdown of the lubricant film, scoring or
in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D2782–02(2008).
This test method was adopted as a joint ASTM-IP Standard.
surface failure of the test block takes place, as shown in Figs.
This test method was prepared under the joint sponsorship of the American
1 and 2. In its simplest and most recognized form, scoring is
Society of Lubrication Engineers.Accepted by STLE January 1969. DOI: 10.1520/
characterizedbythefurrowedappearanceofawidescaronthe
D2782-02R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD2509. Original adjunct produced in 1972.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2782 − 02 (2014)
FIG. 1 Test Blocks Showing Various Types of Scar
are cautioned to carefully consider the precision and bias
statements herein when establishing specification limits.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Timken Extreme Pressure Tester, described in detail in
Annex A1 and illustrated in Fig. 3.
6.2 Sample Feed Device, for supplying the test specimens
with fluid is described in Annex A1.
6.3 Loading Mechanism, for applying and removing the
load weights without shock at the uniform rate of
FIG. 2 Scoring
0.91to1.36kg⁄s(2to3lb/s).Adetaileddescriptionisgivenin
Annex A1.
6.4 Microscope, low-power (50× to 60×) having sufficient
test block and by excessive pick-up of metal on the surface of
clearance under objective to accommodate the test block. It
the test cup. The form of surface failure more usually
should be fitted with a filar micrometer so that the scar width
encountered, however, consists of a comparatively smooth
maybemeasuredwithanaccuracyof 60.05mm(60.002in.).
scar, which shows local damage that usually extends beyond
the width of the scar. Scratches or striations that occur in an 6.5 Timer, graduated in minutes and seconds.
otherwisesmoothscarandthatdonotextendbeyondthewidth
7. Reagents and Materials
of the scar are not considered as evidence of scoring.
7.1 Acetone, reagent grade. (Warning—Extremely flam-
3.2.4 seizure or asperity welding—localized fusion of metal
mable. Harmful when inhaled. See A3.1.)
between the rubbing surfaces of the test pieces. Seizure is
usuallyindicatedbystreaksappearingonthesurfaceofthetest
7.2 Stoddard Solvent or White Spirit, reagent grade.
cup, an increase in friction and wear, or unusual noise and
(Warning—Flammable. See A3.2.)
vibration. Throughout this test method the term seizure is
4,5
7.3 Test Cup, of carburized steel, having a Rockwell
understood to mean seizure or asperity welding.
Hardness“C”ScaleNumberof58to62,oraVickersHardness
Number of 653 to 756. The cups have a width of
4. Summary of Test Method
0.514 60.002in.,aperimeterof6.083 60.009in.,adiameter
4.1 The tester is operated with a steel test cup rotating
of 1.938+0.001,−0.005in. and a maximum radial run-out of
against a steel test block. The rotating speed is 123.71 60.77
0.0005in.Theaxialsurfaceroughnessshouldliebetween0.51
m⁄min (405.88 62.54 ft/min) which is equivalent to a spindle
and 0.76µm (20 and 30µin.) C.L.A.
speed of 800 6 5 rpm. Fluid samples are preheated to
4,6
7.4 TestBlocks, withtestsurfaces0.485 60.002in.wide
37.8 62.8°C (100 65°F) before starting the test.
and 0.750 60.016 in. long, of carburized steel, having a
4.2 Two determinations are made: the minimum load (score
RockwellHardness“C”ScaleNumberof58to62,oraVickers
value) that will rupture the lubricant film being tested between
Hardness Number of 653 to 756. Each block is supplied with
the rotating cup and the stationary block and cause scoring or
fourgroundfacesandthesurfaceroughnessshouldliebetween
seizure; and the maximum load (OK value) at which the
0.51 and 0.76µm (20 and 30µin.) C.L.A.
rotating cup will not rupture the lubricant film and cause
scoring or seizure between the rotating cup and the stationary
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
block.
is Falex Corp., 1020 Airpark Dr., Sugar Grove, IL 60554. If you are aware of
alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International
5. Significance and Use Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the
responsible technical committee, which you may attend.
5.1 This test method is used widely for the determination of
Available from Falex Corp., under Part No. F-25061.
extreme pressure properties for specification purposes. Users Available from Falex Corp., under Part No. F-25001.
D2782 − 02 (2014)
FIG. 3 Timken Tester
8. Preparation of Apparatus blockholderandadjusttheleverssothatalltheknifeedgesare
inproperalignment.Exercisespecialcareinplacingthestirrup
8.1 Clean the apparatus with (1) Stoddard solvent or White
of the spring-weight platform assembly (selection of which
Spirit, and (2) acetone and blow dry. (Warning—Extremely
will depend on the loading device) in the groove of the
flammable. Harmful when inhaled. See A3.1.) (Warning
load-leverarmtoavoidprematureshocktothetestblockwhen
—Flammable. See A3.2.) Flush with approximately 1 L(1 qt)
the load is applied. To ensure that the test block, test block
ofthefluidtobetested.Discardtheflushingfluid.(Warning—
holder,andleverarmsareproperlyalignedandseated,coatthe
Sinceacetoneishighlyflammable,usetheminimumquantity.)
testblockandtestcupwiththelubricanttobetested,androtate
8.2 Select a new test cup and block, wash with Stoddard
the machine slowly for a few revolutions either by hand or by
solvent or White Spirit (Warning—Flammable. See A3.2.)
suitable control mechanism. When the parts are in alignment,
and dry with a clean soft cloth or paper. Immediately before
the fluid will be wiped off the cup over its entire width.
use rinse the test cup and block with acetone and blow them
NOTE 3—At this point it is recommended that a dial indicator used to
dry. Do not use solvents such as carbon tetrachloride or others
checktheradialrun-outofthecup in situnotexceed0.025mm(0.001in.)
that may inherently possess load-carrying properties which
total indicator movement.
may effect the results.
9. Procedure
NOTE 2—This cleaning may be done in an ultrasonic cleaner.
9.1 Fill the reservoir of the tester to within 76 mm (3 in.) of
8.3 Assemble the tester carefully (Fig. 4), placing the test
the top (approximately 3 L or 3 qt) with the fluid to be tested.
cup on the spindle and making certain that it is well seated,
Preheat the fluid to 37.8 6 2.8°C (100 6 5°F).
drawing it up firmly but avoiding possible distortion from
excessive tightening (Note 3). Place the test block in the test NOTE 4—The fluid may be heated by the use of an immersion heater
D2782 − 02 (2014)
FIG. 3 (continued)
but may be difficult because of fluid leakage.
9.2 Set the discharge valve at full open.Allow the lubricant
to flood the test cup and block. When the sump is about half
filledwiththefluid,startthemotorandrunfor30stobreak-in.
If the equipment used is equipped with acceleration control,
start the motor and increase the spindle speed gradually to
achieve 800 6 5 rpm after 15 s. Run for a further 15 s to
complete the break-in.
9.3 After a break-in period of 30 s, start the timer and apply
at 8.9 to 13.3 N/s (2 to 3 lbf/s), a load that is less than the
expected score load. In the absence of a better estimate, a
FIG. 4 Assembly of Tester Showing Test Pieces
starting load of 30 lbf is recommended. The load-lever arm,
spring-weightplatformassemblyisnotconsideredapartofthe
located in the tester reservoir or by heating the fluid prior to filling the
applied load. In the event a lower starting load is used, it must
reservoir. If an immersion heater is used, localized overheating must be
be a multiple of 6. Then allow the machine to run at
avoided. This may be done by stirring or by circulating prior to the
800 6 5 rpm for 10 min 6 15 s after load application is
assembly of the lever arm.
NOTE 5—Fluids having a viscosity above about 5000 cSt (5000 mm /s) initiated, unless a score is detected before that period.
at 40°C often cannot be tested at the prescribed fluid temperature of 37.8
9.4 If, after the load has been applied, scoring is evident by
6 2.8°C (100 6 5°F) because of inability of the pump to recirculate the
fluid at this temperature. However, results from limited cooperative tests,
vibration or noise, stop the tester at once, turn off the flow of
covered in TablesA1.1 and A1.2, indicate that the starting fluid tempera-
lubricant, and remove the load. Since the excessive heat
turecouldbeincreasedto65.6°C(150°F)toobtainadequateflowwithout
developed with deep scoring may alter the surface character-
affectingOKorscorevalues.Testingofsuchhigh-viscosityfluidsatroom
temperature in the Test Method D2509 grease feeder also appears valid istics of the entire block, discard the test block. (Warning—
D2782 − 02 (2014)
The machine and test pieces may be hot at this point and care where:
should be exercised in their handling.)
L = mechanical advantage of load-lever arm, 10,
G = load-lever constant (value is stamped on lever arm of
9.5 If no scoring is detected, allow the tester to run for
each tester),
10min 615 s from the start of the application of the load.At
X = mass (weight) placed on the weight pan, lb,
theendofthe10-min 615-speriod,reversetheloadingdevice
X' = mass (weight) placed on the weight pan, kg,
and remove the load from the lever arm. Turn off the motor,
Y = length of test scar ( ⁄2 in.),
allowthespindletocometorest,thenturnofftheflowoffluid.
Y' = length of test scar (12.7 mm),
Remove the load lever and inspect the condition of the test
Z = average width of test scar, in., and
block surface at 1× magnification. Microscopical observations
Z' = average width of test scar, mm.
shall not be used to define when scoring has occurred. The
10.2 Forconvenience,contact(unit)pressuresinpoundsper
lubricant has failed at the imposed load if the wear scar
square inch are listed in Table X3.1.
indicates any scoring or welding.
11. Report
NOTE 6—A microscope may be used to examine the wear scar for
further information as required in 9.9.
11.1 Report the OK and score values in terms of the mass
9.6 If no score is observed, turn the test block to expose a
(weights)placedontheweightpanhangingfromtheendofthe
newsurfaceofcontactand,withanewtestcup,repeatthetest,
load-lever arm; do not include the mass (weight) of the pan
asin9.5,at10-lbfincrementsuntilaloadthatproducesascore
assembly. Report the values in multiples of 5 lb above 30 lb
is reached.At this point decrease the load by 5 lbf for the final
and in multiples of 3 lb below 30 lb.
determination.
12. Precision and Bias
NOTE 7—Before each test in 9.6 – 9.8 cool the fluid in the reservoir to
12.1 The precision and this test method as determined by
37.8 6 2.8°C (100 6 5°F), cool the shaft to less than 65.6°C (150°F),
install a new test cup, and turn the test
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