ASTM D5872-95(2006)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5872 − 95(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Guide for
Use of Casing Advancement Drilling Methods for
Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5872; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope document means only that the document has been approved
through the ASTM consensus process.
1.1 This guide covers how casing-advancement drilling and
sampling procedures may be used for geoenvironmental explo-
2. Referenced Documents
ration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring
2.1 ASTM Standards:
devices.
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
1.2 Different methods exist to advance casing for geoenvi-
Fluids
ronmental exploration. Selection of a particular method should
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
be made on the basis of geologic conditions at the site. This
Rock for Site Investigation
guide does not include procedures for wireline rotary casing
D4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-
advancer systems which are addressed in Guide D5786.
ing
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound or SI units are to be
Used at Waste Sites
regarded separately as the standard. The values given in
D5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water
parentheses are for information only.
Monitoring Wells
1.4 Casing-advancement drilling methods for geoenviron-
D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations
mental exploration and monitoring-device installations will
of Soil and Rock
often involve safety planning, administration and documenta-
D5521 GuideforDevelopmentofGround-WaterMonitoring
tion. This guide does not purport to specifically address
Wells in Granular Aquifers
exploration and site safety.
D5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D5786 Practice for (Field Procedure) for Constant Draw-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
down Tests in Flowing Wells for Determining Hydraulic
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Properties of Aquifer Systems
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information
3. Terminology
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
course of action. This document cannot replace education or 3.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional with Terminology D653 with the addition of the following:
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
3.2.1 bentonite—the common name for drilling fluid addi-
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses.
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
3.2.2 bentonite granules and chips—irregularly-shaped par-
ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried
and separated into a specific size range.
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoilandRock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved July 1, 2006. Published July 2006. Originally approved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as E5872 – 95 (2000). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D5872-95R06. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5872 − 95 (2006)
3.2.3 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disc-shaped 3.2.12.1 Discussion—To allow for contingencies, it is rec-
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac- ommendedthattheratedcapacityofthemastshouldbeatleast
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the twice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.
water-quality analysis).
3.2.13 piezometer—an instrument placed below ground sur-
face to measure hydraulic head at a point.
3.2.4 cleanout depth—thedepthtowhichtheendofthedrill
string (bit or core barrel cutting end) has reached after an
3.2.14 subsurface water-quality monitoring device— an in-
interval of cutting. The cleanout depth (or drilled depth as it is
strument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for
referred to after cleaning out of any sloughed material in the
analyses of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-
bottom of the borehole) is usually recorded to the nearest 0.1 ft
istics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measure-
(0.03 m).
ments.
3.2.5 coeffıcient of uniformity— C (D), the ratio D /D ,
u 60 10
4. Significance and Use
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is
4.1 Casing advancement may be used in support of geoen-
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the
vironmental exploration and for installation of subsurface
cumulative particle-size distribution curve.
water-quality monitoring devices in both unconsolidated and
consolidated materials. Casing-advancement systems and pro-
3.2.6 drawworks—a power-driven winch, or several
cedures used for geoenvironmental exploration and instrumen-
winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s)
tation installations consist of direct air-rotary drilling utilizing
for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.
conventional rotary bits or a down-the-hole hammer drill with
3.2.7 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-
underreaming capability, in combination with a drill-through
surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or
casing driver.
boring.
NOTE 1—Direct air-rotary drilling uses pressured air for circulation of
3.2.8 drill string—the complete rotary drilling assembly
drill cuttings. In some instances, water or foam additives, or both, may be
under rotation including bit, sampler/core barrel, drill rods and
injected into the air stream to improve cuttings-lifting capacity and
connector assemblies (subs). The total length of this assembly cuttings return. The use of air under high pressures may cause fracturing
of the formation materials or extreme erosion of the borehole if drilling
is used to determine drilling depth by referencing the position
pressures and techniques are not carefully maintained and monitored. If
of the top of the string to a datum near the ground surface.
borehole damage becomes apparent, consideration to other drilling meth-
3.2.9 filter pack—also known as a gravel pack or primary od(s) should be given.
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The
4.1.1 Casing-advancement methods allow for installation of
gravel pack is usually granular material, having selected
subsurface water-quality monitoring devices and collection of
grain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring
water-quality samples at any depth(s) during drilling.
device and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter
4.1.2 Other advantages of casing-advancement drilling
pack or gravel envelope is to act as: a non-clogging filter when
methods include: the capability of drilling without the intro-
the aquifer is not suited to natural development or, act as a
duction of any drilling fluid(s) to the subsurface; maintenance
formation stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural
of hole stability for sampling purposes and monitor-well
development.
installation/construction in poorly-indurated to unconsolidated
3.2.9.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances a clean,
materials.
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a
4.1.3 The user of casing-advancement drilling for geoenvi-
pre-packed screen may be used.
ronmental exploration and monitoring-device installations
should be cognizant of both the physical (temperature and
3.2.10 hoisting line—or drilling line, is wire rope used on
airborne particles) and chemical (compressor lubricants and
the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.
possiblefluidadditives)qualitiesofcompressedairthatmaybe
3.2.11 in-situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used for
used as the circulating medium.
obtaining mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typically
pushed, rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole 4.2 The application of casing-advancement drilling to
geoenvironmental exploration may involve soil or rock sam-
following completion of an increment of drilling. However,
some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure pling, or in-situ soil, rock, or pore-fluid testing. The user may
install a monitoring device within the same borehole wherein
transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and so forth) may
require lowering and setting of the device(s) in pre-existing sampling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or coring was per-
formed.
boreholesbymeansofasuspensionlineorastringoflowering
rods or pipes. Centralizers may be required to correctly
4.3 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that
position the device(s) in the borehole.
are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened- or
3.2.12 mast—or derrick, on a drilling rig is used for sup- porous-intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed
porting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains, hoisting with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit,
lines, etc. It must be constructed to safely carry the expected and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter
loads encountered in drilling and completion of wells of the the movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between
diameteranddepthforwhichtherigmanufacturerspecifiesthe hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice
equipment. D5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used
D5872 − 95 (2006)
for measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a
piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be
made only after consideration of the overall quality and
integrity of the installation to include the quality of materials
that will contact sampled water or gas. Both water-quality
monitoring devices and piezometers should have adequate
casing seals, annular isolation seals and backfills to deter
communication of contaminants between hydrologic units.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Casing-advancement systems and procedures used for
geoenvironmental exploration and instrumentation installa-
tions include: direct air rotary in combination with a drill-
through casing driver, and conventional rotary bits or down-
the-holehammerdrillwithorwithoutunderreamingcapability.
Each of these methods requires a specific type of drill rig and
tools.
NOTE 2—In NorthAmerica, the sizes of casings bits, drill rods and core
barrels are standardized by American Petroleum Institute (API) and the
Diamond Core Drill Manufacturers Association (DCDMA). Refer to the
DCDMA Technical Manual and to published materials of API for
available sizes and capacities of drilling tools equipment.
5.1.1 Direct air-rotary drill rigs equipped with drill-through
casing drivers have a mast-mounted, percussion driver that is
used to set casing while simultaneously utilizing a top-head
rotary-driveunit.Thedrillstringisgenerallyadvancedwithbit
being slightly ahead of the casing. Fig. 1 shows the various
components of the drill-through casing driver system. Other
mechanical components include casings, drill rods, drill bits,
air compressors, pressure lines, swivels, dust collectors, and
air-cleaning device (cyclone separator).
5.1.1.1 Mast-Mounted Casing Driver, using a piston acti-
vated by air pressure to create driving force. Casing drivers are
devisedtoprincipallydrivecasingdownwhiledrillingbutthey
canalsobeusedtodrivethecasingupwardforcasingremoval.
FIG. 1 Casing Drivers can be Fitted to Top-Head Drive Rotary
5.1.1.2 Standard Casings,drivenwiththecasingdriver.The
Rigs to Simultaneously Drill and Drive Casing
bottom of the casing is equipped with a forged or cast alloy
drive shoe. The top of the casing fits into the casing driver by
means of an anvil. In hard formations casings may be welded
rod and casing are usually assembled as a unit and raised into
at connections for added stability. The casing size is usually
position on the mast. Individual drill rods should be straight so
selected to provide a drill hole of sufficient diameter for the
they do not contribute to excessive vibrations or “whipping” of
required sampling or testing or for insertion of instrumentation
the drill-rod column. All threaded connections should be in
device components such as the screened intake and filter pack
good repair and not leak significantly at the internal air
and installation devices such as a tremie pipe.
pressure required for drilling. Drill rods should be made up
5.1.1.3 Other considerations for selection of casing size are
securely by wrench tightening at the threaded joint(s) at all
borehole depth and formation type. The casing size should
times to prevent rod damage. Drill pipes usually require
allowforadequateannulusbetweenthecasingandthedrillrod
lubricants on the threads to allow easy unthreading (breaking)
forupwarddischargeofcuttings.Also,considerationshouldbe
of the connecting joints. Some lubricants have organic or
made when difficult formations are expected to require tele-
metallic constituents, or both, that could be interpreted as
scoping from larger to smaller casing diameters.
contaminants if detected in a sample. Various lubricants are
5.1.1.4 Drill Rods, used inside the casing for rotary air
available that have components of known chemistry.The effect
drilling. The rods extend through the casing driver and are
of pipe-t
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