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ASTM C856/C856M-20

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete

Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete

ABSTRACT
This practice outlines the standard procedures for performing petrographic examination of hardened concrete samples. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, that is, all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete. They may also be concrete products or portions thereof, or concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments or simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. This practice applies to samples of all types of hardened hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. The equipments generally used for specimen preparation are diamond saw, cutting lubricant, horizontal lap wheels, free abrasive machine, polishing wheel, hot plate or oven, prospector's pick and/or bricklayer's hammer, abrasives, plate-glass squares, suitable media, and microscope slides. For specimen examination, the equipments needed are stereomicroscope, dollies, petrographic or polarizing microscope, metallographic microscope, eyepiece micrometer, stage micrometer, microscope lamps, needleholders and points, bottles with droppers, assorted forceps, lens paper, refractometer, and immersion media. Appropriate procedures for the sampling, preparation, and examination of specimens are detailed methodically.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.  
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for examination is designated as “concrete,” even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the reference is specifically to media other than concrete.  
1.3 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:    
Section  
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians  
4  
Purposes of Examination  
5  
Apparatus  
6  
Selection and Use of Apparatus  
7  
Samples  
8  
Examination of Samples  
9  
Specimen Preparation  
10  
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination  
11  
Polarizing Microscope Examination  
12  
Paste Features  
13  
Report  
14  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guid...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Jan-2020
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.65 - Petrography
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM C1293-20a - Standard Test Method for Determination of Length Change of Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction
Effective Date
15-Jan-2020
Referred By
ASTM C1723-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Examination of Hardened Concrete Using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Effective Date
15-Jan-2020
Referred By
ASTM C1324-20a - Standard Test Method for Examination and Analysis of Hardened Masonry Mortar
Effective Date
15-Jan-2020

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C856/C856M − 20
Standard Practice for
1
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C856/C856M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
fication E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for
1. Scope*
information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
concreteormortarspecimensthathavebeenexposedinnatural
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A
environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected
specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are appli-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
cable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for
2. Referenced Documents
examination is designated as “concrete,” even though the
2
commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the reference is specifically to media other than concrete.
C125Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
gregates
1.3 Thepurposesofandproceduresforpetrographicexami-
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse,
nationofhardenedconcretearegiveninthefollowingsections:
Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of
Section
Concrete Specimens
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians 4
C452Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-
Purposes of Examination 5
Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate
Apparatus 6
C457Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Pa-
Selection and Use of Apparatus 7
Samples 8
rameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
Examination of Samples 9
C597Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
Specimen Preparation 10
C803/C803MTest Method for Penetration Resistance of
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination 11
Polarizing Microscope Examination 12
Hardened Concrete
Paste Features 13
C805Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Con-
Report 14
crete
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
C823Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Concrete in Constructions
eachsystemarenotnecessarilyexactequivalents;therefore,to
C1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate Solution
used independently of the other, and values from the two
C1723Guide for Examination of Hardened Concrete Using
systems shall not be combined.
Scanning Electron Microscopy
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Speci-
E3Guide for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
Sieves
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete
andConcreteAggregatesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC09.65on
2
Petrography. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2020. Published February 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C856–18a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C0856_C0856M-20. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © AS
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C856 − 18a C856/C856M − 20
Standard Practice for
1
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C856;C856/C856M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined
may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar
specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The
phrase “concrete constructions” is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic
cement concrete.
NOTE 1—A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction products discussed in Sections 8 – 13 and Tables 1–6 are available as Adjunct
C856 (ADJCO856).
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened mixtures,
including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for examination is designated
as “concrete,” even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the reference is specifically to media
other than concrete.
1.3 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:
Section
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians 4
Purposes of Examination 5
Apparatus 6
Selection and Use of Apparatus 7
Samples 8
Examination of Samples 9
Specimen Preparation 10
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination 11
Polarizing Microscope Examination 12
Paste Features 13
Report 14
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The SI units in
parentheses are provided for information purposes only.values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents;
therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two
systems shall not be combined.
NOTE 1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information
only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 6.2.10.1.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
Petrography.
Current edition approved July 1, 2018Jan. 15, 2020. Published Sept. 1, 2018February 2020. Originally approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as
C856 – 18.C856–18a. DOI: 10.1520/C0856-18A.10.1520/C0856_C0856M-20.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C856/C856M − 20
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudinal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Concrete Specimens
C452 Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate
C457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
C597 Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
C803/C803M Test Method for Penetration Resistance of Hardened Concrete
C805 Test Method for Rebound Number of Hard
...

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This specification covers ground calcium carbonate (GCC, a type of ground limestone) and other finely divided aggregate mineral filler (AMF) materials for use in concrete mixtures. It defines the types of GCC and AMF materials for use in concrete. If concrete in service is subject to sulfate exposure, fillers derived from ground limestone should not be used unless mitigation methods are used.
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1.1 This specification applies to ground calcium carbonate (GCC is a type of ground limestone) and other finely divided aggregate mineral filler (AMF) materials for use in concrete mixtures. The specification defines the types of GCC and AMF materials for use in concrete.  
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This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
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This specification defines the requirements for grading and quality of fine and coarse aggregate for use in concrete. Fine aggregate shall consist of natural sand, manufactured sand, or a combination thereof. Fine aggregate shall be free of injurious amounts of organic impurities. Fine aggregate for use in concrete that will be subject to wetting, extended exposure to humid atmosphere, or contact with moist ground shall not contain any materials that are deleteriously reactive with the alkalis in the cement in amount sufficient to cause excessive expansion of mortar or concrete. Fine aggregate subjected to five cycles of the soundness test shall have a required weighted average loss. Coarse aggregate shall consist of gravel, crushed gravel, crushed stone, air-cooled blast furnace slag, or crushed hydraulic-cement concrete, or a combination thereof. The sampling and test methods shall be done with grading and fineness modulus test, organic impurities test, effect of organic impurities on strength test, soundness test, clay lumps and friable particles test, coal and lignite test, bulk density of slag test, abrasion of coarse aggregate test, reactive aggregate test, freezing and thawing test, and chert test method.
SCOPE
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1.4 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the specification.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged use.2)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C470/C470M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Molds for Forming Concrete Test Cylinders Vertically

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with molds for forming concrete test cylinders vertically. Molds shall be constructed in the form of right circular cylinders and have a nominal inside height equal to twice the nominal inside diameter. The following are types of molds covered: reusable molds and single-use molds. Reusable molds shall be made of nonabsorptive materials and shall be tested for water leakage. Single-use molds may be made of sheet metal, plastic, suitably treated paper products, or other materials. These materials shall conform to the following requirements: water leakage, absorptivity, and elongation. The following are additional requirements for the types of single-use molds: plastic mold—wall thickness, bottom design, and material; paper molds—side walls, bottom caps, and waterproofing; and sheet metal molds—metal thickness, bottom design, top edge, and coating. Test for elongation, absorption, and water leakage shall also be performed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers molds for use in forming cylindrical concrete specimens. The provisions of this specification include the requirements for both reusable and single-use molds.  
Note 1: Sizes included are molds having diameters from 50 mm [2 in.] to 900 mm [36 in.].  
1.2 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and the values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method described in this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C330/C330M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Structural Concrete

ABSTRACT
This specification covers lightweight aggregates intended for use in structural concrete in which prime considerations are reducing the density while maintaining the compressive strength of the concrete. Procedures covered in this specification are not intended for job control of concrete. Two general types of lightweight aggregates are covered by this specification: aggregates prepared by expanding, pelletizing, or sintering products such as blast-furnace slag, clay, diatomite, fly ash, shale, or slate; and aggregates prepared by processing natural materials, such as pumice, scoria, or tuff. The aggregates shall be composed predominately of lightweight-cellular and granular inorganic material. Lightweight aggregates shall be tested, and should not contain excessive amounts of deleterious substances; and should conform to the specified values of organic impurities, aggregate staining, aggregate loss of ignition, clay lumps and friable particles, loose bulk density, compressive strength, drying shrinkage, popouts, and resistance to freezing and thawing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers lightweight aggregates intended for use in structural concrete in which prime considerations are reducing the density while maintaining the compressive strength of the concrete. Procedures covered in this specification are not intended for job control of concrete.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 With regard to other units of measure, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 The text of this specification references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
Note 1: This specification is regarded as adequate to ensure satisfactory lightweight aggregates for most concrete. It is recognized that it may be either more or less restrictive than needed for some conditions and for special purposes, such as fire resistance, fill, and concrete constructions, the use of which is based on load tests rather than conventional design procedures.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C332-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Insulating Concrete

ABSTRACT
This specification covers lightweight aggregates intended for use in concrete not exposed to the weather, in which the prime consideration is the thermal insulating property of the resulting concrete. Two general types of lightweight aggregate are group I aggregates, which are prepared by expanding products, such as perlite or vermiculite, and group II aggregates which are prepared by expanding, calcining, or sintering products such as blast-furnace slag, clay, diatomite, fly ash, shale, or slate; and aggregates prepared by processing natural materials, such as pumice, scoria, or tuff. The thermal insulating properties of concrete made from the lightweight aggregate under test shall conform to the maximum average thermal conductivity indicated in the specification. To ensure reasonable uniformity in the gradation of successive shipments of lightweight aggregates, fineness modulus determination shall be made periodically. The aggregate shall be composed predominantly of lightweight cellular and granular inorganic material. The test methods for insulating concrete properties include specimen preparation, then concrete density determination, and determinacy of thermal conductivity. When lightweight aggregates covered by this specification are delivered in packages, the name of the manufacturer, type of aggregate, and minimum mass and approximate volume of the contents shall be plainly indicated thereon.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers lightweight aggregates intended for use in concrete not exposed to the weather, in which the prime consideration is the thermal insulating property of the resulting concrete.  
1.2 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.3 With regard to sieve size and the size of aggregate as determined by the use of testing sieves, the values in inch-pound units are shown for the convenience of the user; however, the standard sieve designation shown in parentheses is the standard value as stated in Specification E11.  
1.3.1 With regard to other units of measure, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of the specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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