ASTM C140/C140M-23a

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C140/C140M − 23a
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related
Units
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C140/C140M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
Section
Measurement of Dimensions 6
1.1 These test methods provide various testing procedures
Compressive Strength 7
commonly used for evaluating characteristics of concrete Absorption 8
Calculations 9
masonry units and related concrete units. Methods are provided
Report 10
for sampling, measurement of dimensions, compressive
Keywords 11
strength, absorption, unit weight (density), moisture content, Annexes—Test Procedures
Concrete Masonry Units Annex A1
flexural load, and ballast weight. Not all methods are appli-
Concrete and Calcium Silicate Brick Annex A2
cable to all unit types, however.
Segmental Retaining Annex A3
Wall Units
1.2 Specific testing and reporting procedures are included in
Concrete Interlocking Paving Units Annex A4
annexes to these test methods for the following specific unit
Concrete Grid Paving Annex A5
Units
types:
Concrete Roof Pavers Annex A6
Annex A1—Concrete masonry units
Dry-Cast Articulating Annex A7
(Specifications C90, C129)
Concrete Block
Annex A2—Concrete and calcium silicate brick
Segmental Concrete Paving Slabs Annex A8
(Specifications C55, C73, C1634)
Concrete Ballast Block Annex A9
Annex A3—Segmental retaining wall units (Specification C1372)
Worksheet and Test Report for Appendix X1
Annex A4—Concrete interlocking paving units
Concrete Masonry Units
(Specification C936/C936M)
Test Report for Concrete Interlocking Appendix X2
Annex A5—Concrete grid paving units (Specification C1319)
Paving Units
Annex A6—Concrete roof pavers
Calculation of Normalized Web Area Appendix X3
(Specification C1491)
Annex A7—Dry-cast articulating concrete block
NOTE 1—The testing laboratory performing these test methods should
(Specification D6684)
be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.
Annex A8—Segmental concrete paving slabs
(Specification C1782/C1782M)
1.5 The text of this test method references notes and
Annex A9—Concrete ballast block
footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and
(Specification C1884)
footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be
1.3 The test procedures included in these test methods are
considered as requirements of the standard.
also applicable to other types of units not referenced in these
test methods, but specific testing and reporting requirements
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
for those units are not included.
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
1.4 These test methods include the following sections: each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
Section
Scope 1
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
Referenced Documents 2
with the standard.
Terminology 3
Significance and Use 4
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Sampling 5
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Manufactured Masonry Units and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2023 as C140/C140M – 23.
DOI: 10.1520/C0140_C0140M-23A. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C140/C140M − 23a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3. Terminology
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C1232 and E6
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
shall apply for these test methods.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 lot, n—any number of concrete masonry units or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
related units, designated by the producer, of any configuration
C55 Specification for Concrete Building Brick
or dimension manufactured by the producer using the same
C73 Specification for Calcium Silicate Brick (Sand-Lime
materials, concrete mix design, manufacturing process, and
Brick)
curing method.
C90 Specification for Loadbearing Concrete Masonry Units
3.2.2 web, n—any portion of a hollow concrete masonry
C129 Specification for Nonloadbearing Concrete Masonry
Units unit connecting the face shells.
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement 3.2.2.1 Discussion—A web can be either an end web or
Concrete interior web connecting face shells. All portions of a unit
C936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking
connecting face shells are considered webs.
Paving Units
C1093 Practice for Accreditation of Testing Agencies for
4. Significance and Use
Masonry
4.1 These test methods provide general testing requirements
C1232 Terminology for Masonry
for application to a broad range of concrete products. Those
C1319 Specification for Concrete Grid Paving Units
general testing requirements are included in the body of this
C1372 Specification for Dry-Cast Segmental Retaining Wall
standard.
Units
NOTE 2—Consult manufacturer, supplier, product specifications, or
C1491 Specification for Concrete Roof Pavers (Withdrawn
other resources for more specific measurement or testing guidelines for
2023) those products not addressed with the annex of this standard.
C1552 Practice for Capping Concrete Masonry Units, Re-
4.2 These test methods provide specific testing requirements
lated Units and Masonry Prisms for Compression Testing
in two distinct sections, the requirements applicable to all units
C1634 Specification for Concrete Facing Brick and Other
covered by these test methods and those applicable to the
Concrete Masonry Facing Units
specific unit types. The requirements applicable to all units are
C1716/C1716M Specification for Compression Testing Ma-
included in the body of these test methods and those applicable
chine Requirements for Concrete Masonry Units, Related
to the specific unit types are included within the annexes.
Units, and Prisms
C1782/C1782M Specification for Segmental Concrete Pav-
5. Sampling
ing Slabs
5.1 Selection of Test Specimens:
C1884 Specification for Manufactured Concrete Ballast
5.1.1 For purposes of testing, full-sized units shall be
Units
selected by the purchaser or authorized representative. The
D1056 Specification for Flexible Cellular Materials—
selected specimens shall be of similar configuration and
Sponge or Expanded Rubber
dimensions. Specimens shall be representative of the whole lot
D6684 Specification for Materials and Manufacture of Ar-
of units from which they are selected.
ticulating Concrete Block (ACB) Systems
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
5.2 Number of Specimens:
ing Machines
5.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex, a
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
set of units shall consist of six full-size units.
2.2 Other Documents:
5.3 Remove loose material from the specimens (including
SP 960-12 NIST Recommended Practice Guide – Stopwatch
4 the cores) prior to determining the received weight.
and Timer Calibration
NOTE 3—An abrasive stone or wire brush is typically used to remove
loose material.
5.4 Identification—Mark each specimen so that it may be
identified at any time. Markings shall cover not more than 5 %
of the surface area of the specimen.
5.5 Received Weight—Prior to performing tests, weigh each
full-size specimen after sampling and marking, and record as
w (received weight) to the accuracy required in Table 1.
r
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Record time and place w was measured.
r
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
NOTE 4—Received weights often have direct relationships with other
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
unit properties and are therefore a useful method of evaluating results or
the ASTM website.
for sorting purposes. It is good laboratory practice to separate sampled
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. units for strength and absorption testing by received weight, such that the
Available at http://tf.nist.gov/general/pdf/2281.pdf averages of the subsets of specimens are similar and representative of the
C140/C140M − 23a
TABLE 1 Required Accuracy for Recording and Reporting have been replaced with reference to Specification C1716/C1716M.
A
Specimen Weights
7.2 Test Specimens:
Weight of Smallest Required
7.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,
Specimen Tested Accuracy
Less than 10 lb [4 kg] 0.002 lb [0.001 kg]
test three specimens in compression.
10 lb [4 kg] to less than 20 lb [10 kg] 0.005 lb [0.002 kg]
7.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,
20 lb [10 kg] to less than 50 lb [25 kg] 0.05 lb [0.02 kg]
specimens shall be full-sized units except when the units
50 lb [25 kg] or more 0.1 lb [0.04 kg]
A
cannot be tested full-size due to specimen configuration or
These accuracy requirements are to be used for all specimens unless specified
separately in the applicable annex. testing machine requirements. In these cases, reduce the
specimen size in accordance with Annex A1.
7.2.3 After delivery to the laboratory, store compression
specimens (unstacked and separated by not less than 0.5 in.
sampled units. Received weight may also be useful in evaluating incon-
sistency in test results or unit production issues. The weight of a concrete [13 mm] on all sides) continuously in air at a temperature of
masonry unit and related unit changes with time and exposure conditions,
75 6 15°F [24 6 8°C] and a relative humidity of less than
primarily as a result of the moisture within the unit. Therefore, to
80 % for not less than 48 h. Alternatively, if compression
understand the context of a received weight value, it is also important to
results are required sooner, store units unstacked in the same
understand the point in time and the frame of reference when that weight
environment described above with a current of air from an
was determined. “Time and place” should not refer to when and where the
unit was sampled but when and where the received weights were electric fan passing over them for a period of not less than 4 h.
determined. In addition to date and time references, it is also important to
Continue passing air over the specimens until two successive
know if those weights were determined after units reached equilibrium
weighings at intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not
with lab environment, or before units were shipped, or after delivery to the
greater than 0.2 % of the previously determined weight of the
job site, and so forth. Moisture content is not a physical property
specimen and until no moisture or dampness is visible on any
requirement of concrete masonry units, therefore field measurement of
received weight is not necessary (unless specifically specified for a
surface of the unit. Specimens shall not be subjected to
particular job).
oven-drying.
6. Measurement of Dimensions
NOTE 8—In this test method, net area (other than certain solid units, see
9.5) is determined from specimens other than those subjected to compres-
6.1 Apparatus:
sion testing. The compressive strength method is based on the assumption
6.1.1 Measurement Devices—Devices used to measure
that units used for determining net volume (absorption specimens) have
specimen dimensions shall have divisions not greater than the same net volume as units used for compression testing. Sampled split
face units, which have irregular surfaces, should be divided at the time
0.1 in. [2.5 mm] when the dimension is to be reported to the
they are sampled from the lot, such that the absorption test specimens have
nearest 0.1 in. [2.5 mm] and not greater than 0.01 in.
a net volume that is visually representative and a weight that is
[0.25 mm] when the dimension is to be reported to the nearest
representative of the compression test specimens.
0.01 in. [0.25 mm].
7.2.4 Where saw-cutting of test specimens is allowed or
6.1.2 Measuring devices shall be readable and accurate to
required by the standard or applicable annex, sawing shall be
the division required to be reported. Accuracy shall be verified
performed in an accurate, competent manner, subjecting the
at least once annually. Verification record shall include date of
specimen to as little saw vibration as possible. Use a diamond
verification, person or agency performing verification, identi-
saw blade of proper hardness. Following cutting, residue from
fication of reference standard used, test points used during
the cutting operation shall be removed prior to continuing
verification, and readings at test points.
testing (see Note 9). If the specimen is wetted during sawing,
6.2 Specimens—Three full-size units shall be selected for
allow the specimen to dry to equilibrium with laboratory air
measurement of dimensions.
conditions before testing, using the procedures outlined in
7.2.3.
6.3 Measurements—Measure specimens in accordance with
the applicable annex of this standard. For those products not
NOTE 9—For specimens cut with a wet saw, rinsing with clean water is
covered by the annexes of this standard, measure overall
typically sufficient for removing cutting residue. For specimens cut with a
dimensions (width, height, length) in at least two locations on
dry saw, brushing with a soft-bristle brush is typically sufficient for
removing cutting residue.
opposite sides of the specimen to the nearest division required
to be reported. Document location of each measurement on a
7.2.5 If compression test specimens have been saw-cut from
sketch or photograph of the specimen.
full-sized units and the net area of the compression test
specimens can not be determined by 9.5.1, saw-cut an addi-
NOTE 5—Specimens used for measurement of dimensions may be used
in other tests. tional three units to the dimensions and configuration of the
NOTE 6—Calipers, micrometers, and steel scales and dividers of the
three compression test specimens. The average net area for the
appropriate accuracy and readability have been shown to be adequate for
saw-cut compression specimens shall be taken as the average
these measurements.
net area of the additional three saw-cut units calculated as
required in 9.5. Calculated net volumes of saw-cut specimens
7. Compressive Strength
shall not be used in calculating equivalent thickness.
7.1 Test Apparatus—The compressive strength testing ma-
7.3 Capping—Cap test specimens in accordance with Prac-
chine shall conform to Specification C1716/C1716M.
tice C1552.
NOTE 7—Previous versions of this standard have contained specific
requirements for compressive strength test machines. These requirements 7.4 Compression Testing Procedure:
C140/C140M − 23a
7.4.1 Determination of Mass Centroidal Axes—Determine 8.1.1 Balance—A balance readable and accurate to the
the location of the two perpendicular mass centroidal axes of accuracy required in Table 1 for the weight of the smallest
the bearing surfaces in accordance with 7.4.1.1 or 7.4.1.2. specimen tested. Balances shall be calibrated in accordance
with Practice C1093.
NOTE 10—One mass centroidal axis should be determined along the
8.1.2 Oven—A ventilated oven of appropriate size capable
length of the masonry unit and the other should be determined along the
width of the unit. The mass centroidal axes are used to correctly align the
of maintaining a uniform temperature of 230 6 9°F
specimen in the compression testing machine.
[110 6 5°C]. Ovens shall be verified in accordance with
7.4.1.1 For masonry units that are symmetrical about an
Practice C1093.
axis, determine the location of the mass centroidal axis 8.1.3 Timer—A timer readable and accurate to 1 second.
geometrically by dividing the dimension perpendicular to that
Timers shall be verified in accordance with Practice C1093.
axis (but in the same plane) by two. Once determined, mark the (See Note 13.)
centroidal axis on each end of the unit.
NOTE 13—Recommended procedures for verifying timers can be found
7.4.1.2 For masonry units that are nonsymmetrical about an
in NIST Special Publication 960-12 (2009): NIST Recommended Practice
axis, determine the location of the mass centroidal axis by
Guide—Stopwatch and Timer Calibrations.
balancing the masonry unit on a metal rod placed parallel to
8.2 Test Specimens:
that axis. Use a metal rod that is straight, cylindrical (able to
8.2.1 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,
roll freely on a flat surface), has a diameter of not less than 0.25
test three specimens in absorption.
in. [6 mm] and not more than 0.75 in. [19 mm], and has a
8.2.2 Unless specified otherwise in the applicable annex,
length sufficient to extend past each end of the specimen when
tests shall be performed on full-sized units or specimens
placed upon it. Place the metal rod on a smooth, flat, level
saw-cut from full-sized units. Calculated values for absorption
surface (Note 11). Once determined, mark the centroidal axis
and density of reduced-size absorption specimens shall be
on each end of the unit.
considered as representative of the whole unit.
NOTE 11—A tamping rod used for consolidation of concrete and grout
8.2.2.1 When test specimens are saw-cut from full-sized
for slump tests performed in accordance with Test Method C143/C143M
units, the test specimen shall have an initial weight after cutting
is often used as a balancing rod.
of no less than 20 % of the initial received weight of the
7.4.2 Position of Specimens—Wipe clean the bearing faces
full-sized unit.
of the platens, the bearing plates, and the test specimen. Place
NOTE 14—When performing absorption tests on reduced-sized
the test specimen on the lower platen or bearing plate. Align
specimens, it is preferable to have a test specimen that is as large as
both mass centroidal axes of the specimen with the center of
practically possible and can be accommodated by laboratory equipment.
thrust of the machine (Note 11). Except for special units
This helps to reduce any location-specific variability from the absorption
intended for use with their cores in a horizontal direction, test results.
all hollow concrete masonry units with their cores in a vertical
8.3 Procedure:
direction. Test masonry units that are 100 % solid and special
8.3.1 Immerse the test specimens in water at a temperature
hollow units intended for use with their hollow cores in a
of 60 to 80°F [15 to 27°C] for 24 to 28 h such that the top
horizontal direction in the same direction as in service. As the
surfaces of the specimens are at least 6 in. [150 mm] below the
spherically seated upper platen or plate is brought to bear on
surface of the water. Specimens shall be separated from each
the specimen, rotate the movable portion of the upper platen
other and from the bottom of the immersion tank by at least
gently by hand so that uniform seating is obtained.
0.125 in. [3 mm], using wire mesh, grating, or other spacers.
7.4.3 Moisture Condition of Specimens—At the time the
The spacer shall not cover more than 10 % of the area of the
specimens are tested, they shall be free of visible moisture or
face that is in direct contact with the spacer (see Note 15).
dampness.
NOTE 15—The intent of the requirement for spacer contact with the
7.4.4 Speed of Testing—Apply the load (up to one half of the
specimen surface is to limit the possibility of reduced absorption of water
expected maximum load) at any convenient rate, after which
due to blockage by the spacer. In order to determine compliance, only the
adjust the controls of the machine as required to give a uniform
area of the surface of the specimen in contact with the spacer should be
rate of travel of the moving head such that the remaining load considered. For example, when a spacer is used between the bottom of the
specimen and the bottom of the tank, only the area of the bottom of the
is applied in not less than 1 nor more than 2 min. The results
unit should be used to determine the 10 % limit (not the surface area of the
of the first specimen shall not be discarded so long as the actual
entire specimen).
loading time for the second half of the actual load is greater
8.3.2 Weigh the specimens while suspended by a metal wire
than 30 s.
and completely submerged in water and record w (immersed
i
NOTE 12—The allowance for a loading rate outside of 1 to 2 min for the
weight).
first specimen acknowledges that the expected load may be different than
8.3.3 Remove the specimens from water and allow to drain
the actual maximum load. The load rate for the remaining two specimens
by placing them on a 0.375-in. [10-mm] or coarser wire mesh.
should be adjusted based on the first specimen results.
While the specimen is draining and before weighing, remove
7.4.5 Maximum Load—Record the maximum compressive
visible surface water with a damp cloth. Weigh specimens 60
load in pounds [newtons] as P .
max
6 5 s following removal from water. Record as w (saturated
s
8. Absorption
weight).
8.1 Apparatus—Unless specified otherwise in the appropri- 8.3.4 Subsequent to saturation, dry all specimens in a
ate annex, the following equipment shall be used: ventilated oven at 230 6 9°F [110 6 5°C] for not less than 24
C140/C140M − 23a
h and until two successive weighings at intervals of 2 h show Net Volume V , ft 5 w ⁄ D 5 w 2 w ⁄ 62.4 (5)
~ ! ~ !
n d s i
an increment of loss not greater than 0.2 % of the last
3 6 3
@Net Volume ~V !, cm 5 w ⁄D × 10 5 ~w 2 w ! × 10 #
n d s i
previously determined weight of the specimen. Record weight
of dried specimens as w (oven-dry weight).
d where:
8.3.5 Record the immersed, saturated, and oven dry weights 3 3
V = net volume of specimen, ft [cm ],
n
(w , w , and w ) to the accuracy required in Table 1.
i s d
w = oven-dry weight of specimen, lb [kg],
d
3 3
D = oven-dry density of specimen, lb/ft [kg ⁄m ],
9. Calculations
w = saturated weight of specimen, lb [kg], and
s
9.1 Absorption—Calculate absorption as follows:
w = immersed weight of specimen, lb [kg].
i
Absorption, lb/ft 5 @~w 2 w !/~w 2 w !# × 62.4 (1)
s d s i
9.5 Average Net Area—Calculate net area in accordance
3 with 9.5.1 and 9.5.2 as follows:
Absorption, kg/ m 5 w 2 w / w 2 w × 1000
@ @~ ! ~ !# #
s d s i
9.5.1 Except for irregularly shaped specimens, such as those
Absorption, % 5 w 2 w /w × 100
@~ ! #
s d d with split surfaces, calculate the net area of coupons and those
specimens whose net cross-sectional area in every plane
where:
parallel to the bearing surface is equal to the gross cross-
w = saturated weight of specimen, lb [kg],
s
sectional area measured in the same plane, as follows:
w = immersed weight of specimen, lb [kg], and
i
2 2
Net Area A , in. mm 5 L × W (6)
w = oven-dry weight of specimen, lb [kg]. ~ ! @ #
n
d
9.2 Moisture Content—Calculate the moisture content of the where:
2 2
unit at the time it is sampled (when w is measured) as follows:
r
A = net area of coupon or specimen, in. [mm ],
n
L = average length of coupon or specimen, in. [mm], and
Moisture Content, % of total absorption 5
W = average width of coupon or specimen, in. [mm].
□ w 2 w / w 2 w × 100 (2)
@~ ! ~ !#
r d s d
9.5.2 Calculate net area for all other specimens, including
where:
hollow units as follows:
w = received weight of unit, lb [kg],
r
Average Net Area A , in. 5 V × 1728 ⁄ H (7)
~ ! ~ !
w = oven-dry weight of unit, lb [kg], and n n
d
w = saturated weight of unit, lb [kg].
s
2 3
@Average Net Area ~A !, mm 5 ~V × 10 ! ⁄ H#
n n
NOTE 16—When determining the moisture content of a unit or set of
units, the value determined is a measure of the water content of a unit
where:
based upon the received weight of the unit w . Thus, the moisture content
r
3 3
V = net volume of specimen, ft [cm ],
calculation above is only applicable to the unit moisture content at the
n
2 2
A = average net area of specimen, in. [mm ], and
time the received weight, w , is obtained.
n
r
H = average height of specimen, in. [mm].
9.3 Density—Calculate oven-dry density as follows:
NOTE 17—In SI units, net volume is calculated in terms of cubic
Density ~D!, lb/ft 5 w ⁄ w 2 w × 62.4 (3)
@ ~ !#
d s i centimetres to be consistent with the reporting requirements of this
standard. Net area, however, is calculated in terms of square millimetres
Density ~D!, kg/ m 5 w ⁄ w 2 w × 1000
@ @ ~ !# # in order to facilitate calculation of compressive strength in MPa which is
d s i
defined as N/mm .
where:
9.6 Gross Area—Calculate gross area of each specimen as
w = oven-dry weight of specimen, lb [kg],
d
follows:
w = saturated weight of specimen, lb [kg], and
s
2 2
w = immersed weight of specimen, lb [kg].
i Gross Area ~A !, in. @mm # 5 L × W (8)
g
9.4 Net Volume—Calculate net volume in accordance with
where:
either 9.4.1 or 9.4.2:
2 2
A = gross area of specimen, in. [mm ],
g
9.4.1 Except for irregularly shaped specimens, such as those
L = average length of specimen, in. [mm], and
with split surfaces, calculate the net volume of those specimens
W = average width of specimen, in. [mm].
whose net cross-sectional area in every plane parallel to the
9.6.1 The gross cross-sectional area of a specimen is the
bearing surface is equal to the gross cross-sectional area
total area of a section perpendicular to the direction of the load,
measured in the same plane, as follows:
including areas within cells and reentrant spaces, unless these
Net Volume ~V !, ft 5 ~L × W × H!⁄1728 (4)
n
spaces are to be occupied in the masonry by portions of
3 3
adjacent masonry.
Net Volume V , cm 5 L × W × H ⁄ 10
@ ~ ! ~ ! #
n
9.7 Compressive Strength:
where:
3 3
9.7.1 Net Area Compressive Strength—Calculate the net
V = net volume of specimen, ft [cm ],
n
area compressive strength of the specimen as follows:
L = average length of the specimen, in. [mm],
W = average width of the specimen, in. [mm], and
Net Area Compressive Strength, psi @MPa# 5 P /A (9)
max n
H = average height of the specimen in. [mm].
where:
9.4.2 Calculate net volume for all other specimens, includ-
P = maximum compressive load, lb [N], and
max
ing hollow units as follows:
C140/C140M − 23a
10.3 Provide a summary report that includes the information
A = average of the net area values determined for each
n, avg
2 2
necessary to determine compliance with the applicable product
of the three absorption specimens, in. [mm ].
specification for the properties evaluated.
9.7.2 Gross Area Compressive Strength—Calculate the
NOTE 19—This summary report can be included as part of the test
gross area compressive strength of the specimen as follows:
report or provided separately as a cover letter. See Appendix X1 for an
Gross Area Compressive Strength, psi @MPa# 5 P /A (10) example of a test report with summary section for concrete masonry units.
max g
10.4 The information required by the applicable annex for
where:
the unit tested shall be reported. When a unit is not covered by
P = maximum compressive load, lb [N], and
max
an annex, the following minimum information shall be re-
A = average of the gross area values determined for
g, avg
2 2 ported for the tests performed:
each of the three specimens, in. [mm ].
10.4.1 The average width, height and length to the nearest
0.1 in. [2.5 mm] separately for each specimen and the average
10. Report
for the three specimens tested.
2 2
10.1 For the purpose of reporting test results, all observed or
10.4.2 The net area to the nearest 0.1 in. [50 mm ] sepa-
calculated values shall be rounded using the following proce-
rately for each specimen and the average for the three
dure:
specimens tested.
10.1.1 When the digit immediately after the last place to be 10.4.3 The maximum load separately for each specimen and
retained is less than 5, retain unchanged the digit in the last
the average for the three specimens tested. Record the load as
place retained.
indicated to the nearest 10 lb [50 N] or the minimum resolution
10.1.2 When the digit immediately after the last place to be of the test machine as used during testing, whichever is greater.
retained is greater than or equal to 5, increase by 1 the digit in 10.4.4 The net area compressive strength to the nearest
the last place retained. 10 psi [0.1 MPa] separately for each specimen and the average
for the three specimens tested.
NOTE 18—As an example, density results are required to be reported to
3 3 10.4.5 The received weight (w ) to the accuracy required in
r
the nearest 0.1 lb/ft [1 kg/m ] in 10.4.8. For inch-pound units, a
3 3
Table 1 separately for each unit. Report the average of the units
calculated value of 130.85 lb/ft should be reported as 130.9 lb/ft . For SI
units, a calculated value of 2095.85 kg/m should be reported as
used for compressive strength testing and the average of the
2096 kg ⁄m .
units used for absorption testing.
10.4.6 The immersed, saturated, and oven dry weights (w ,
10.2 A complete report shall include the following general
i
w , and w ) to the accuracy required in Table 1 separately for
information:
s d
each specimen and the average for the three specimens tested.
10.2.1 Name and address of the testing laboratory,
3 3
10.4.7 The absorption to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft [1 kg/m ]
10.2.2 Identification of the report and the date of issue,
separately for each specimen and the average for the three
10.2.3 Name and address of the client or the identification of
specimens tested.
the project,
3 3
10.4.8 The density to the nearest 0.1 lb/ft [1 kg/m ]
10.2.4 Description and identification of the test sample,
separately for each specimen and the average for the three
10.2.5 Date of receipt of the test sample,
specimens tested.
10.2.6 Date(s) of test performance,
10.4.9 When required, the moisture content to the nearest
10.2.7 Identification of the standard test method used, in-
0.1 % separately for each specimen and the average for the
cluding edition, and a notation of any known deviation from
three specimens tested. The time when the moisture content is
the test method,
determined (when w is measured) shall also be reported.
r
10.2.8 Name of the person(s) accepting technical responsi-
10.4.10 The size and configuration of the specimens tested
bility for the test report,
for compressive strength and absorption.
10.2.9 Age of test specimens, if known,
11. Keywords
10.2.10 Identification of any test results obtained from
another laboratory, and
11.1 absorption; compressive strength; concrete masonry
10.2.11 A photograph, sketch, or description of the configu- units; density; equivalent thickness; face shell; moisture con-
ration of the unit. tent; roof paver; web area; webs; web thickness
C140/C140M − 23a
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. TEST PROCEDURES FOR CONCRETE MASONRY UNITS
A1.1 Scope A1.3.4 For each unit, measure the web thickness (t ) at the
w
minimum thickness of each web to the nearest 0.01 in.
A1.1.1 This annex includes testing requirements that are
[0.25 mm].
particular for concrete masonry units that are manufactured for
compliance with the following unit specifications: C90, C129.
A1.3.5 For each unit, determine the minimum web area
using one of the following methods:
A1.2 Sampling
A1.3.5.1 For units with rectangular webs, measure the web
A1.2.1 Sample in accordance with Section 5 including
height (t ) at the minimum height of each web to the nearest 0.1
h
removal of loose material, identification, and measuring re-
in. [2.5 mm]. For each unit, calculate the minimum web area
ceived weight.
for each web (A ) by multiplying the minimum web thickness
w
(t ) and minimum web height (t ) for measured web dimen-
A1.3 Measurement
w h
sions of 0.75 in. [19 mm] or greater. For each unit, calculate the
A1.3.1 For each unit, measure and record the following to
total minimum web area (A ) by summing the web area (A )
wt w
the nearest division required to be reported (see Fig. A1.1):
of each web. See Appendix X3.
(1) Width (W) at mid-length across the top and bottom
A1.3.5.2 For units with webs that are not rectangular,
bearing surfaces. Average the two recorded values to determine
disregard portions of the web that have a thickness of less than
the width of the specimen.
0.75 in. [19 mm]. Make necessary measurements to determine
(2) Height (H) at mid-length on each face. Average the two
the web area of each web at the minimum area based on the
recorded values to determine the height of the specimen.
configuration of the web (see Note A1.2). For each unit,
(3) Length (L) at mid-height on each face. Average the two
calculate the total minimum web area (A ) by summing the
recorded values to determine the length of the specimen.
wt
web area (A ) of each web. See Appendix X3.
w
A1.3.2 For each unit, measure the face shell thicknesses (t )
fs
at the thinnest point 0.50 in. [13 mm] down from the top
NOTE A1.1—Webs with minimum heights over their entire length or
surface of the unit as manufactured (typically the bottom
thickness over their entire height of less than 0.75 in. [19 mm] do not
typically contribute to the unit’s structural stability. Such webs are not
surface of the unit as laid) and record to the nearest division
included in the minimum web area calculation. When a web has a portion
required to be reported. Disregard grooves, scores, and similar
that is less than 0.75 in. [19 mm] in thickness, the web area should be
details in the face shell thickness measurements.
determined based only on the portions of the web that are equal to or
greater than 0.75 in. [19 mm] in thickness. See Fig. A1.2 and Fig. A1.3.
A1.3.3 For each unit, when the thinnest point of opposite
face shells differ in thickness by less than 0.125 in. [3 mm], NOTE A1.2—It can be difficult on some units to access the minimum
web area. If necessary, the unit can be saw-cut along the length at the
calculate the minimum face shell thickness by averaging the
minimum web area to facilitate measurements. Fig. A1.3 shows an
recorded measurements. When the thinnest points differ by
example of a non-rectangular web, where the upper portion would be
more than 0.125 in. [3 mm], the minimum face shell thickness
discarded from the measurement because it is less than 0.75 in. [19 mm]
shall be taken as the smaller of the two recorded measure-
in thickness, and the lower portion would be used to determine web area
ments. because it is equal to or greater than 0.75 in. [19 mm] in thickness.
FIG. A1.1 Diagram Showing Location of Measurements for CMU
C140/C140M − 23a
NOTE 1—If t is less than 0.75 in. [19 mm] over the entire height of the web, disregard entire area of that web when determining minimum web area.
w
FIG. A1.2 Example of Web with Irregular Cross-section—Plan View
NOTE 1—Web Area = t * h
w
FIG. A1.3 Example of Irregular Web Area Calculation—Section View
A1.4 Compressive Strength Testing beyond the load capacity of the test machine, saw-cut the units
to properly size them to conform to the capabilities of the
A1.4.1 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-sized units
testing machine. The resulting specimen shall have no face
unless full-size units cannot be tested due to specimen con-
shell projections or irregular webs and shall be fully enclosed
figuration or testing machine requirements. When necessary,
in a four-sided cell or cells. The compressive strength of the
modify specimens as required in A1.4.1.1 through A1.4.1.3.
segment shall be considered to be the compressive strength of
A1.4.1.1 Unsupported projections having a length greater
the whole unit.
than the thickness of the projection shall be removed by
A1.4.1.3 When compression testing units of unusual size
saw-cutting. For units with recessed webs, the face shell
projecting above the web shall be removed by saw-cutting to and shape where a suitable reduced-size specimen in accor-
dance with A1.4.1.2 cannot be obtained, (see Note A1.3 and
provide a full bearing surface over the net cross section of the
unit. Where the resulting unit height would be reduced by more Note A1.4), the specimens shall be saw-cut to remove any face
shell projections. The resulting specimen shall be a cell or cells
than one-third of the original unit height, the unit shall be
coupon tested in accordance with A1.4.1.3. containing four sides that will ensure a 100 % bearing surface.
A1.4.1.2 When compression testing full-sized units that are Where saw-cutting will not result in an enclosed four-sided
too large for the test machine’s bearing block and platens or are unit, the specimen shall be a coupon cut from a face shell of
C140/C140M − 23a
each unit. The coupon shall be cut from the unit such that the A1.6.2.1 For rectangular webs, calculate the web area for
coupon height dimension is in the same direction as the unit’s each web (or portion thereof) that has measured web dimen-
height dimension. The compressive strength of the coupon sions (height and thickness) greater than 0.75 in. [19 mm] as
shall be the net area compressive strength of the whole unit. follows:
The coupon size shall conform with the following:
2 2
A ,in. @mm # 5 t × t (A1.1)
wx wx hx
(1) Targeted coupon width shall be equal to the face shell
where:
thickness and shall not be less than 0.75 in. [19 mm].
2 2
A = minimum area of web ‘x’, in. [mm ],
(2) Targeted aspect ratio (height divided by width, H /W )
s s wx
t = minimum thickness of web ‘x’, in. [mm], and
of 2.0 before capping.
wx
t = minimum height of web ‘x’, in. [mm].
(3) Targeted length to width ratio (L /W ) of 4.0. hx
s s
(4) Actual coupon dimensions shall not differ by more than
A1.6.2.2 For non-rectangular webs, see A1.3.5.2 to deter-
0.12 in. [3 mm] from targeted dimensions.
mine minimum web area.
(5) Coupons shall be solid and not contain voids.
A1.6.3 Total Minimum Web Area—Calculate the total mini-
A1.4.1.4 If a coupon complying with to A1.4.1.3 is used for
mum web area (A ) as follows:
wt
compressive strength testing, measure the coupons in accor-
2 2
dance with A1.4.2.
A ,in. @mm # 5 A 1A 1A 1.1A (A1.2)
wt w1 w2 w3 wy
A1.4.2 Coupon Measurement—Coupon measurements shall
where:
2 2
be performed to the nearest 0.01 in. [0.25 mm] using a
A = total minimum web area, in. [mm ],
wt
2 2
measurement device readable and accurate to 0.01 in. [0.25
A = minimum web area of web 1, in. [mm ],
w1
2 2
mm]. Measurements shall be taken as follows:
A = minimum web area of web 2, in. [mm ],
w2
2 2
A1.4.2.1 Width—Measure and record the width of the cou-
A = minimum web area of web 3, in. [mm ], and
w3
2 2
pon (W ) across the top and bottom surfaces at mid-length. A = minimum web area of web ‘y’, in. [mm ].
s wy
Average the two recorded values to determine the width of the
NOTE A1.5——The total minimum web area is determined by adding
the individual web areas for each web of the unit that has measured web
coupon.
dimensions (height and thickness) greater than 0.75 in. [19 mm]. See also
A1.4.2.2 Height—Measure and record the height of the
Note A1.7.
coupon (H ) at mid-length on each face. Average the two
s
A1.6.4 Normalized Web Area—Calculate the normalized
recorded values to determine the height of the coupon.
web area (A ) of each unit by dividing the total minimum web
A1.4.2.3 Length—Measure and record the length of the wn
area (A ) by the nominal length and height of the unit as
coupon (L ) at mid-height of each face. Average the two wt
s
follows (see Note A1.7 and Appendix X3):
recorded values to determine the length of the coupon
NOTE A1.3—Examples of units having unusual size or shape include,
A
wt
2 2
A in. ⁄ ft 5 × 144 (A1.3)
but are not limited to, bond beam units, open end units, and pilaster units. ~ !
wn
L × H !
~
nom nom
NOTE A1.4—A full-size unit should be tested if feasible. If that is not
feasible, then a reduced-size unit should be tested. If it is not feasible to
A
wt
2 2 6
test a full-size or reduced-size unit, then a coupon should be tested.
A mm ⁄ m 5 × 10
F ~ ! G
wn
L × H !
~
nom nom
A1.4.3 Testing—Cap and test specimens in accordance with
where:
7.3 and 7.4.
2 2 2 2
A = normalized web area, in. /ft [mm /m ],
wn
2 2
A1.5 Absorption Testing
A = total minimum web area, in. [mm ] (see A1.3.5 and
wt
A1.6.3),
A1.5.1 Apparatus—Absorption testing apparatus shall com-
L = nominal length of unit, in. [mm], and
nom
ply with 8.1.
H = nominal height of unit, in. [mm].
nom
A1.5.2 Test Specimens—Specimens shall be full-size or
NOTE A1.6—Minimum web area does not apply to the portion of the
reduced-size specimens in accordance with 8.2 except as unit to be filled with grout. The portion of the unit to be filled with grout
should be deducted from the calculation of the normalized web area.
modified in A1.5.2.1.
NOTE A1.7—There are two common calculation errors that have been
A1.5.2.1 Tests shall be performed on full-size units when
observed in determining normalized web area. The first is in determining
test results are to be used to determine moisture content in
total minimum web area (A ). This value should be calculated by
wt
accordance with 9.2 or equivalent thickness in accordance with
determining the web area of each individual web (by multiplying the
A1.6.5. minimum web thickness for each web by the web height for rectangular
webs) and then summing the values for all webs of the unit that exceed
A1.5.3 Testing—Perform absorption tests in accordance
0.75 in. [19 mm].
with 8.3.
The second error arises from using the incorrect value for nominal
length and nominal height. As defined in Terminology C1232, a nominal
A1.6 Calculations
dimension is the ‘dimension that is greater than the specified dimension by
the thickness of a mortar joint. It is usually expressed as a whole number.’
A1.6.1 Calculate absorption, moisture content, density, av-
It is important to note that when calculating normalized web area, the
erage net area, and net area compressive strength in accordance
values for length and height are the nominal dimensions of the unit, not
with Section 9. the actual measured length and height.
To illustrate this, consider a concrete masonry unit with specified
A1.6.2 Minimum Web Area—Calculate the minimum web
dimensions of 7.625 in. [190 mm] in width, 7.625 in. [190 mm] in height,
area using A1.6.2.1 or A1.6.2.2 (see Appendix X3): and 15.625 in. [390 mm] in length. These specified dimensions are what
C140/C140M − 23a
actual dimensions are compared to for compliance with dimensional
A1.6.7.2 Specified dimensions shall be obtained from the
tolerances, and are typically similar to those actual measured dimensions.
unit manufacturer.
The unit has nominal dimensions of 8 in. [200 mm] in width, 8 in.
[200 mm] in height, and 16 in. [400 mm] in length because a typical
A1.7 Report
masonry mortar joint is 0.375 in. [10 mm]; these nominal dimensions
should be used when calculating normalized web area.
A1.7.1 Test reports shall include all of the information in
10.2, 10.3, and the following:
A1.6.5 Equivalent Thickness—Equivalent thickness for
concrete masonry is defined as the average thickness of solid A1.7.1.1 The average width, height and length to the nearest
material in the unit and is calculated as follows: 0.1 in. [2.5 mm] separately for each specimen and the average
for the three specimens tested.
T , in. 5 ~V / ~L × H!! × 1728 (A1.4)
e n
A1.7.1.2 The minimum face shell thickness to the nearest
T , mm 5 V / L × H
@ ~
...