ASTM D4535-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using Dilatometer
Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using Dilatometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Information concerning the thermal expansion characteristics of rocks is important in the design of any underground excavation where the surrounding rock may be heated. Thermal strain causes thermal stresses which ultimately affect excavation stability. Examples of applications where rock thermal strain is important include: nuclear waste repositories, underground power stations, compressed air energy storage facilities, and geothermal energy facilities.
5.2 The coefficient of thermal expansion, α, of rock is known to vary as the temperature changes. These methods provide continuous thermal strain values as a function of temperature, and therefore provide information on how the coefficient of thermal expansion changes with temperature.
5.3 Rocks are also often anisotropic, thus displaying different thermal strains depending on the orientation of strain measurement. These methods allow for measuring strain in one direction only. If anisotropy is expected, specimens with different orientations shall be prepared and tested.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the laboratory measurement of the one-dimensional linear thermal expansion of rocks using a dilatometer.
1.2 The methods are applicable between temperatures of 25°C to 300°C. Both bench top and confined measurement techniques are presented. Method A is used for unconfined or bench top measurements and Method B is used for confined conditions. Rocks of varying moisture content can be tested.
1.3 For satisfactory results in conformance with these test methods, the principles governing the size, construction, and use of the apparatus described in these test methods shall be followed. If the results are to be reported as having been obtained by either test method, then the pertinent requirements prescribed by that test method shall be met.
1.4 These test methods do not establish details of construction and procedures to cover all test situations that might offer difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat flow, temperature measurement, and general testing practices. Standardization of these test methods does not reduce the need for such technical knowledge.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4535 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using
1
Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverthelaboratorymeasurementof
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
the one-dimensional linear thermal expansion of rocks using a
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
dilatometer.
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical
1.2 The methods are applicable between temperatures of
methods for engineering design.
25°C to 300°C. Both bench top and confined measurement
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
techniques are presented. Method A is used for unconfined or
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
bench top measurements and Method B is used for confined
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
conditions. Rocks of varying moisture content can be tested.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.3 For satisfactory results in conformance with these test
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
methods, the principles governing the size, construction, and
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
use of the apparatus described in these test methods shall be
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
followed. If the results are to be reported as having been
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
obtained by either test method, then the pertinent requirements
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
prescribed by that test method shall be met.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.4 These test methods do not establish details of construc-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
tion and procedures to cover all test situations that might offer
difficultiestoapersonwithouttechnicalknowledgeconcerning
2. Referenced Documents
the theory of heat flow, temperature measurement, and general
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
testing practices. Standardization of these test methods does
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
not reduce the need for such technical knowledge.
Fluids
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
regarded as nonconformance with this test method.
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
Data
Practice D6026.
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
1.6.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the
Lot or Process
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
someter Systems
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock
2
Mechanics. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ2
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D4535 – 13 . DOI: Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4535-21. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´2
Designation: D4535 − 13 D4535 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using
1
Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections were made throughout in February 2014.
2
ε NOTE—Editorially updated units of measurement statement in April 2018.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the laboratory measurement of the one-dimensional linear thermal expansion of rocks using a
dilatometer.
1.2 The methods are applicable between temperatures of 25°C to 300°C. Both bench top and confined measurement techniques
are presented. Method A is used for unconfined or bench top measurements and Method B is used for confined conditions. Rocks
of varying moisture content can be tested.
1.3 For satisfactory results in conformance with these test methods, the principles governing the size, construction, and use of the
apparatus described in these test methods shouldshall be followed. If the results are to be reported as having been obtained by either
test method, then the pertinent requirements prescribed by that test method shall be met.
1.4 These test methods do not establish details of construction and procedures to cover all test situations that might offer
difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat flow, temperature measurement, and general
testing practices. Standardization of these test methods does not reduce the need for such technical knowledge.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided
for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as
nonconformance with this test method.
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013June 1, 2021. Published December 2013June 2021. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20042013 as
ɛ2
D4535 – 08.D4535 – 13 . DOI: 10.1520/D4535-13E02.10.1520/D4535-21.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4535 − 21
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotech
...
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