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ASTM C1321-04

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction

Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice recognizes that effectiveness, safety, and durability of an IRCCS depends not only on the quality of the materials, but also on the proper installation.
Improper installation of an IRCCS will reduce its thermal effectiveness, cause fire risks and other unsafe conditions, and promote deterioration of the structure in which it is installed. Specific hazards that can result from improper installation include: heat buildup in recessed lighting fixtures, deterioration of failure of electrical wiring components, and deterioration of wood structures and paint failure due to moisture accumulation.  
This practice provides recommendations for the installation of IRCCS materials in a safe and effective manner. Actual conditions in existing buildings will vary greatly.In some cases additional care should be taken to ensure safe and effective installation.
This practice presents requirements that are general in nature and considered practical. They are not intended as specific recommendations. The user should consult the manufacturer for recommended application methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice has been prepared for use by the designer, specifier, and applicator of IRCCS (Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems) for use in building construction. The scope is limited to recommendations related to the use and installation of IRCCS, including a surface(s) having a far-infrared emittance of 0.25 or less that is sprayed or painted. Some examples that this practice is intended to address include: (1) low emittance surfaces in vented building envelope cavities intended to retard radiant transfer across the vented airspace; (2) low emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to retard radiant transfer to or from building inhabitants; and (3) low emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to reduce radiant transfer to or from heating or cooling systems. See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for typical applications.
1.2 This practice covers the installation process from pre-installation inspection through post-installation. It does not cover the production of the Interior Radiation Control Coating Materials.
1.3 This practice is not intended to replace the manufacturer's installation instructions, but it shall be used in conjunction with such instructions. This practice is not intended to supersede local, state, or federal codes.
1.4 This practice assumes that the installer possesses a good working knowledge of the application codes and regulations, safety practices, tools, equipment, and methods necessary for the installation of Interior Coating Materials. It also assumes that the installer understands the fundamentals of building construction that affect the installation of an IRCCS.
1.5 When the installation or use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Materials, accessories, and systems may pose safety or health problems, the manufacturer shall provide the user appropriate current information regarding any known problems associated with the recommended use of the company's products and shall also recommend protective measures to be employed in their safe utilization. The user shall establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are contained in Sections 5 and 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2004
ICS
91.120.10 - Thermal insulation of buildings
Technical Committee
C16 - Thermal Insulation
Drafting Committee
C16.21 - Reflective Insulation
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1321-98 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
Effective Date
01-May-2004
Replaced By
ASTM C1321-09 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM C1841-23 - Standard Specification for Interior Radiation Control Coating (IRCC) for Building Applications
Effective Date
01-May-2004

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ASTM C1321-04 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building ConstructionASTM C1321-04 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
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ASTM C1321-04 - Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C1321–04
Standard Practice for
Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating
1
Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope be employed in their safe utilization. The user shall establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
1.1 This practice has been prepared for use by the designer,
applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
specifier, and applicator of IRCCS (Interior Radiation Control
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
CoatingSystems)foruseinbuildingconstruction.Thescopeis
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
limited to recommendations related to the use and installation
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of IRCCS, including a surface(s) having a far-infrared emit-
2
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tanceof0.25orlessthatissprayedorpainted. Someexamples
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
that this practice is intended to address include: (1) low
tionary statements are contained in Sections 5 and 7.
emittance surfaces in vented building envelope cavities in-
tended to retard radiant transfer across the vented airspace; (2)
2. Referenced Documents
low emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
retard radiant transfer to or from building inhabitants; and (3)
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
low emittance surfaces at interior building surfaces intended to
C1371 Test Method for Determination of Emittance of
reduce radiant transfer to or from heating or cooling systems.
Materials Near Room Temperature Using Portable Emis-
See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 for typical applications.
someters
1.2 This practice covers the installation process from pre-
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
installation inspection through post-installation. It does not
Building Materials
cover the production of the Interior Radiation Control Coating
E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
Materials.
Materials
1.3 This practice is not intended to replace the manufactur-
3
2.2 NFPA Standards:
er’s installation instructions, but it shall be used in conjunction
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code
with such instructions. This practice is not intended to super-
NFPA 211 Standard for Chimneys, Fireplaces and Vents
sede local, state, or federal codes.
2.3 Other Documents:
1.4 This practice assumes that the installer possesses a good
CPSC Product Safety Fact Sheet No. 18 “The Home Elec-
working knowledge of the application codes and regulations,
4
trical System”
safety practices, tools, equipment, and methods necessary for
the installation of Interior Coating Materials. It also assumes
3. Terminology
that the installer understands the fundamentals of building
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this prac-
construction that affect the installation of an IRCCS.
tice, refer to Terminology C168.
1.5 When the installation or use of Interior Radiation
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Control Coating Materials, accessories, and systems may pose
3.2.1 applicator—the person or persons who apply interior
safety or health problems, the manufacturer shall provide the
reflective coating materials in buildings.
user appropriate current information regarding any known
3.2.2 conditioned space—any space in a building that is
problems associated with the recommended use of the compa-
served by a heating or cooling system.
ny’s products and shall also recommend protective measures to
3.2.3 Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems
(IRCCS)—a building construction consisting of a low emit-
1
tance (0.25 or less) surface bounded by an open air space. An
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on Thermal
Insulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.21 on Reflective
Insulation.
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
3
approved 1996. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as C1321–98. DOI: Available from National Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park,
10.1520/C1321-04. Quincy, MA 02269.
2 4
The as-manufactured emittance of Interior Radiation Control Coating product, Available from U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, Washington, DC
as determined on a typical substrate, should be stated on the label (see 7.2.1). 20207.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, W
...

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ASTM C1373/C1373M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Attic Insulation Systems Under Simulated Winter Conditions

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4.1 The thermal resistance of a ceiling system is used to characterize its steady-state thermal performance.  
4.2 The thermal resistance of insulation is related to the density and thickness of the insulation. Test data on thermal resistance are obtained at a thickness and density representative of the end use applications. In addition, the thermal resistance of the insulation system will be different from that of the thermal insulation alone because of the system construction and materials.  
4.3 This practice is needed because the in-service thermal resistance of some permeable attic insulations under winter conditions is different, lower or higher R, than that measured at or close to simulated room temperature conditions utilizing small-scale tests in which the insulation is sandwiched between two isothermal impermeable plates that have a temperature difference (ΔT) of 20 to 30°C [36 to 54°F]. When such insulation is installed in an attic, on top of a ceiling composed of normal building materials such as gypsum board or plywood, with an open top surface exposed to the attic air space, the thermal resistance under winter conditions with heat flow up and large temperature differences is significantly less because of additional heat transfer by natural convection. Fig. 1 illustrates the difference between results from small scale tests and tests under the conditions of this practice. See Ref (1-12) for discussions of this phenomenon.3
FIG. 1 Schematic of Thermal Resistance for a Permeable Attic Insulation Under Simulated Winter Conditions (Heat Flow Up)
Note 1: A constant hot-side temperature (T, hot) is used for both tests and the temperature difference increases as the cold side temperature (T, cold) is decreased. See 5.1.6 for requirements on size of air space.  
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1.1 This practice presents a laboratory procedure to determine the thermal resistance of attic insulation systems under simulated steady-state winter conditions. The practice applies only to attic insulation systems that face an open attic air space.  
1.2 The thermal resistance of the insulation is inferred from calculations based on measurements on a ceiling system consisting of components consistent with the system being studied. For example, such a system might consist of a gypsum board or plywood ceiling, wood ceiling joists, and attic insulation with its top exposed to an open air space. The temperature applied to the gypsum board or plywood shall be in the range of 18 to 24°C [64 to 75°F]. The air temperature above the insulation shall correspond to winter conditions and ranges from –46°C to 10°C [–51 to 50°F]. The gypsum board or plywood ceiling shall be sealed to prevent direct airflow between the warm and cold sides of the system.  
1.3 This practice applies to a wide variety of loose-fill or blanket thermal insulation products including fibrous glass, rock/slag wool, or cellulosic fiber materials; granular types including vermiculite and perlite; pelletized products; and any other insulation material that is installed pneumatically or poured in place. The practice considers the effects on heat transfer of structures, specifically the ceiling joists, substrate, for example, gypsum board, air films, and possible facings, films, or other materials that are used in conjunction with the insulation.  
1.4 This practice measures the thermal resistance of the attic/ceiling system in which the insulation material has been preconditioned according to the material Specifications C549, C665, C739, and C764.  
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ASTM C1859-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Thermal Resistance of Pneumatically Installed Loose-Fill Building Insulation (Behind Netting) for Enclosed Applications of the Building Thermal Envelope

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thermal resistance, R, of an insulation is used to describe its thermal performance.  
4.2 The thermal resistance of an insulation is related to the density and thickness of the insulation. It is desirable to obtain test data on thermal resistances at thicknesses and densities related to the end uses of the product.  
4.3 In normal use, the thickness of these products range from less than 100 mm (4 in.) to greater than 150 mm (6 in.). Installed densities depend upon the product type, the installed thickness, the installation equipment used, the installation techniques, and the geometry of the insulated space.  
4.4 Loose-fill insulations provide coverage information using densities selected by manufacturers to represent the product installed densities. Generally, it is necessary to know the product thermal performance at a representative density.  
4.5 When applicable specifications or codes do not specify the nominal thermal resistance level to be used for comparison purposes, a recommended practice is to use the Rsi (metric) = 2.65 m F/Btu]) label density and thickness for that measurement.  
4.6 If the density for test purposes is not available from the coverage chart, a test density shall be established by use of applicable specifications and codes or, if none apply, agreement between the requesting body and the testing organization.  
4.7 Generally, thin sections of these materials are not uniform. Thus, the test thickness must be greater than or equal to the product’s representative thickness if the results are to be consistent and typical of use.
Note 1: The representative thickness is specific for each product and is determined by running a series of tests in which the density is held constant but the thickness is increased. The representative thickness is defined here as that thickness above which there is no more than a 2 % change in the resistivity of the product. The representative thickness is a function of product blown density. In gene...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice presents a laboratory guide to determine the thermal resistance of pneumatically installed loose-fill building insulations for enclosed applications of the building thermal envelope behind netting at mean temperatures between –10 and 35°C (14 to 95°F).  
1.2 This practice applies to a wide variety of loose-fill thermal insulation products including but not limited to fibrous glass, rock/slag wool, or cellulosic fiber materials and any other insulation material that can be installed pneumatically. It does not apply to products that change their character after installation either by chemical reaction or the application of binders, adhesives or other materials that are not used in the sample preparation described in this practice, nor does it consider the effects of structures, containments, facings, or air films.  
1.3 Since this practice is designed for reproducible product comparison, it measures the thermal resistance of an insulation material which has been preconditioned to a relatively dry state. Consideration of changes of thermal performance of a hygroscopic insulation by sorption of water is beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.4 The sample preparation techniques outlined in this practice do not cover the characterization of loose-fill materials intended for open applications and not intended for spray-applied applications.  
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ASTM C1594-23(Specification)
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ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the composition and physical properties of rigid polyimide cellular foams intended for use as thermal and sound-isolating insulation in commercial and industrial environments. The polyimide insulations covered are classified into three types (Types I, II, and III) according to closed cell content, and into four grades (Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4) according to density. Type II insulation is further divided into two classes (Classes 1 and 2) according to upper temperature limits. Materials shall be manufactured from the appropriate monomers and necessary ingredients. Specimens shall be sampled, tested, and conform accordingly to the following physical property requirements: apparent thermal conductivity; water and gas permeability; density; percent closed cell; upper temperature limit; high temperature stability; compressive strength; compressive force deflection; water vapor transmission; steam aging characteristics (tensile strength, dimensional and weight changes), corrosiveness; chemical resistance; vertical burn characteristics (flame application and time, burn length, and dripping); specific optical smoke density for both flaming and non-flaming exposures; toxic smoke generation; surface burning characteristics (flame spread and smoke developed indices); combustion by-products (carbon monoxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and hydrogen cyanide); oxygen index, and 14 scale room burn.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the composition and physical properties of polyimide foam insulation with nominal densities from 1.0 lb/ft3 to 8.0 lb/ft3 (16 kg/m3 to 128 kg/m3) and intended for use as thermal and sound-isolating insulation for temperatures from −423°F to +600°F (−253°C to +316°C) in commercial and industrial environments.  
1.1.1 The annex shall apply to this specification for marine applications.  
1.1.2 This standard is designed as a material specification and not a design document.  
1.1.3 The values stated in Table 1 and Table 2 are not to be used as design values. It is the buyer’s responsibility to specify design requirements and obtain supporting documentation from the material supplier.  
* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
NA = Not Applicable
NB = A manufacturer can only claim conformance to this standard to the values reported in this table. The * notes are confidential data to the manufacturers and as such are not considered part of any qualifying requirements for the standard and only tell the user to inquire about that data.  
* = Not available consult manufacturer for additional information.
NA = Not Applicable
NB = A manufacturer can only claim conformance to this standard to the values reported in this table. The * notes are confidential data to the manufacturers and as such are not considered part of any qualifying requirements for the standard and only tell the user to inquire about that data.
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ASTM C1058/C1058M-10(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Selecting Temperatures for Evaluating and Reporting Thermal Properties of Thermal Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The various methods for measuring and calculating thermal properties provide data and information for manufacturer's published information, for comparison of related products, and for designers and users to evaluate insulation products for particular applications. For these purposes it is advisable to provide basic data and information produced under standard temperature conditions.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers standard mean temperatures for reporting thermal properties of thermal insulations, products, and materials, and of related systems and components, both insulated and uninsulated.  
1.2 Thermal properties shall be determined as a function of temperature by standard test methods. (Test Methods C177, C201, C335/C335M, C518, C745, C1114, C1363, Guide C653, and Practice C687, all in combination with Practice C1045.)  
Note 1: Standard referenced materials are needed to span the temperature range of the tests.  
1.3 This practice recommends standard conditions for use in testing and evaluating thermal properties as a function of temperature by standard test methods.  
1.4 General applications of thermal insulations include:  
1.4.1 Building envelopes,  
1.4.2 Mechanical systems or processes, and  
1.4.3 Building and industrial insulations.  
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ASTM C1374-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Installed Thickness of Pneumatically Applied Loose-Fill Building Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was designed to give the manufacturer of loose-fill insulation products a way of determining what the initial installed thickness should be in a horizontal open attic for pneumatic applications.  
5.2 The installed thickness value developed by this test method is intended to provide guidance to the installer in order to achieve a minimum mass/unit area for a given R-value.  
5.3 For the purpose of product design, testing should be done at a variety of R-values. At least three R-values should be used: the lowest R-value on the product label, the highest R-value on the product label, and an R-value near the midpoint of the R-value range.
Note 1: For quality control purposes, testing may be done at one R-value of R-19 (h×ft 2×°F/Btu) or higher.  
5.4 Specimens are blown in a manner consistent with the intended installation procedure. Blowing machine settings should be representative of those typically used for field application with that machine.  
5.5 The material blown for a given R-value as part of the installed thickness test equals the installed mass/unit area times the test chamber area. This mass can be calculated from information provided on the package label at the R-value prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the installed thickness of pneumatically applied loose-fill building insulations prior to settling by simulating an open attic with horizontal blown applications.  
1.2 This test method is a laboratory procedure for use by manufacturers of loose-fill insulation for product design, label development, and quality control testing. The apparatus used produces installed thickness results at a given mass/unit area.  
1.3 This test method is not the same as the design density procedures described in Test Methods C520 or Specifications C739 or C764.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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Standard Specification for Self-Supported Spray Applied Cellulosic Thermal Insulation

ABSTRACT
This specification covers self-supported spray applied cellulosic thermal insulation for use as thermal insulation or acoustical absorbent material, or both. The chemically-treated cellulosic materials that are also covered in this specification are used for pneumatic applications operating within a specific temperature range. The materials are classified into two types based on the type of adhesive used and exposure of the application. Specimens for testing should be prepared and tested using the prescribed methods and should conform to the specified values of density, thermal resistance, surface bonding characteristics, adhesive strength, cohesive strength, smoldering combustion, fungi resistance, corrosion, moisture vapor absorption, odor, flame resistance permanency, substrate deflection, and air erosion.
SCOPE
1.1 The specification covers the physical properties of self-supported spray applied cellulosic fibers intended for use as thermal insulation or an acoustical absorbent material, or both.  
1.2 This specification covers chemically treated cellulosic materials intended for pneumatic applications where temperatures do not exceed 82.2°C and where temperatures will routinely remain below 65.6°C.  
1.2.1 Type I—Material applied with liquid adhesive and suitable for either exposed or enclosed applications.  
1.2.2 Type II—Materials containing a dry adhesive that is activated by water during installation and intended only for enclosed or covered applications.  
1.3 This is a material specification only and is not intended to deal with methods of application that are supplied by the manufacturer.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C1919-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measurement of the Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties of Small Specimens Using the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal conductivity measurements on small insulation specimens are important during new product development processes or when larger specimens cannot be collected during forensic investigation (that is, failure analysis) (1, 2).  
5.2 Numerous research projects have recently been initiated to develop insulation materials that have very high thermal resistivities (greater than 83 (m K)/W). Projects ranging from coatings to improve the thermal performance of single pane/layer glazing systems to the development of novel insulation products for building envelopes are being undertaken (1-4). All these projects have struggled in the development of new material technologies due to the difficulty associated with the measurement of thermal conductivity of small sections (approximately 0.025 m by 0.025 m) of high thermal resistance materials. As new materials are being developed, the size of each test specimen impacts the cost of development. Most of the existing test equipment and the methods do not align with the researcher’s need; the equipment requires a large specimen size is time consuming, and expensive to produce.  
5.3 This practice provides a standardized procedure to enable the thermal characterization of small specimens of insulation materials. Accurate, and reliable thermal metrology to assess thermal properties of new insulation materials, such as novel very low thermal conductivity (  
5.4 The ratio of the area of the specimen and the heat flux transducer has a significant impact on the uncertainty of the results obtained from this practice. As the specimen area decreases this ratio decreases, a smaller percentage of the total heat flow is associated with the unknown specimen. Information from the literature (4) shows that some heat-flow-meter apparatus, generally not available commercially and used by the research laboratories only, can be modified to change out the heat flux transducer so that transducers of varying sizes can be deployed. The observat...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission properties of the small flat slab thermal insulation specimen using a heat-flow-meter apparatus.  
1.2 This practice provides a supplemental procedure for use in conjunction with Test Method C518 for testing a small specimen. This practice is limited to only small specimens and, in all other particulars, the requirements of Test Method C518 apply.  
1.3 This practice characterizes small specimens having lateral dimensions less than the lateral dimensions of the heat flux transducer used to measure the heat flow. The procedure in Test Method C518 shall be used for specimens having lateral dimensions equal to or larger than the lateral dimensions of the heat flux transducer.
Note 1: The lower limit for specimen size is typically determined by the user for their particular material. As an example, Ref. (1)2 established a lower limit for specimen dimensions of 0.1 m by 0.1 m for several different thermal insulation materials for a 0.3 m by 0.3 m heat-flow-meter apparatus having a heat flux transducer 0.15 m by 0.15 m.  
1.4 This practice is intended only for research purposes, in particular, when larger specimens are unavailable. This practice shall not be used in conjunction with Test Method C518 for certification testing of products; compliance with ASTM Specifications; or compliance with regulatory or building code requirements.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM C1199-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Steady-State Thermal Transmittance of Fenestration Systems Using Hot Box Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method details the calibration and testing procedures and necessary additional temperature instrumentation required in applying Test Method C1363 to measure the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems mounted vertically in the thermal chamber.  
4.2 The thermal transmittance of a test specimen is affected by its size and three-dimensional geometry. Care must be exercised when extrapolating to product sizes smaller or larger than the test specimen. Therefore, it is recommended that fenestration systems be tested at the recommended sizes specified in Practice E1423 or NFRC 100.  
4.3 Since both temperature and surface heat transfer coefficient conditions affect results, use of recommended conditions will assist in reducing confusion caused by comparing results of tests performed under dissimilar conditions. Standardized test conditions for determining the thermal transmittance of fenestration systems are specified in Practice E1423 and Section 6.2. The performance of a test specimen measured at standardized test conditions is potentially different than the performance of the same fenestration product when installed in the wall of a building located outdoors. Standardized test conditions often represent extreme summer or winter design conditions, which are potentially different than the average conditions typically experienced by a fenestration product installed in an exterior wall. For the purpose of comparison, it is essential to calibrate with surface heat transfer coefficients on the Calibration Transfer Standard (CTS) which are as close as possible to the conventionally accepted values for building design; however, this procedure can be used at other conditions for research purposes or product development.  
4.4 Similarly, it would be desirable to have a surround panel that closely duplicates the actual wall where the fenestration system would be installed. Since there are such a wide variety of fenestration system openings in North American...
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1.1 This test method covers requirements and guidelines and specifies calibration procedures required for the measurement of the steady-state thermal transmittance of fenestration systems installed vertically in the test chamber. This test method specifies the necessary measurements to be made using measurement systems conforming to Test Method C1363 for determination of fenestration system thermal transmittance.  
Note 1: This test method allows the testing of projecting fenestration products (that is, garden windows, skylights, and roof windows) installed vertically in a surround panel. Current research on skylights, roof windows, and projecting products hopefully will provide additional information that can be added to the next version of this test method so that skylight and roof windows can be tested horizontally or at some angle typical of a sloping roof.  
1.2 This test method refers to the thermal transmittance, U of a fenestration system installed vertically in the absence of solar radiation and air leakage effects.
Note 2: The methods described in this document may also be adapted for use in determining the thermal transmittance of sections of building wall, and roof and floor assemblies containing thermal anomalies, which are smaller than the hot box metering area.  
1.3 This test method describes how to determine the thermal transmittance, US of a fenestration product (also called test specimen) at well-defined environmental conditions. The thermal transmittance is also a reported test result from Test Method C1363. If only the thermal transmittance is reported using this test method, the test report must also include a detailed description of the environmental conditions in the thermal chamber during the test as outlined in 10.1.14.  
1.4 For rating purposes, this test method also describes how to calculate a standardized thermal transmittance,  UST, which can be used to compare test results from labor...

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ASTM
ASTM C1155-95(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Thermal Resistance of Building Envelope Components from the In-Situ Data

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Significance of Thermal Resistance Measurements—Knowledge of the thermal resistance of new buildings is important to determine whether the quality of construction satisfies criteria set by the designer, by the owner, or by a regulatory agency. Differences in quality of materials or workmanship may cause building components not to achieve design performance.  
5.1.1 For Existing Buildings—Knowledge of thermal resistance is important to the owners of older buildings to determine whether the buildings should receive insulation or other energy-conserving improvements. Inadequate knowledge of the thermal properties of materials or heat flow paths within the construction or degradation of materials may cause inaccurate assumptions in calculations that use published data.  
5.2 Advantage of In-Situ Data—This practice provides information about thermal performance that is based on measured data. This may determine the quality of new construction for acceptance by the owner or occupant or it may provide justification for an energy conservation investment that could not be made based on calculations using published design data.  
5.3 Heat Flow Paths—This practice assumes that net heat flow is perpendicular to the surface of the building envelope component within a given subsection. Knowledge of surface temperature in the area subject to measurement is required for placing sensors appropriately. Appropriate use of infrared thermography is often used to obtain such information. Thermography reveals nonuniform surface temperatures caused by structural members, convection currents, air leakage, and moisture in insulation. Practices C1060 and C1153 detail the appropriate use of infrared thermography. Note that thermography as a basis for extrapolating the results obtained at a measurement site to other similar parts of the same building is beyond the scope of this practice.  
5.4 User Knowledge Required—This practice requires that the user have knowledge that the data empl...
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1.1 This practice covers how to obtain and use data from in-situ measurement of temperatures and heat fluxes on building envelopes to compute thermal resistance. Thermal resistance is defined in Terminology C168 in terms of steady-state conditions only. This practice provides an estimate of that value for the range of temperatures encountered during the measurement of temperatures and heat flux.  
1.2 This practice presents two specific techniques, the summation technique and the sum of least squares technique, and permits the use of other techniques that have been properly validated. This practice provides a means for estimating the mean temperature of the building component for estimating the dependence of measured R-value on temperature for the summation technique. The sum of least squares technique produces a calculation of thermal resistance which is a function of mean temperature.  
1.3 Each thermal resistance calculation applies to a subsection of the building envelope component that was instrumented. Each calculation applies to temperature conditions similar to those of the measurement. The calculation of thermal resistance from in-situ data represents in-service conditions. However, field measurements of temperature and heat flux may not achieve the accuracy obtainable in laboratory apparatuses.  
1.4 This practice permits calculation of thermal resistance on portions of a building envelope that have been properly instrumented with temperature and heat flux sensing instruments. The size of sensors and construction of the building component determine how many sensors shall be used and where they should be placed. Because of the variety of possible construction types, sensor placement and subsequent data analysis require the demonstrated good judgement of the user.  
1.5 Each calculation pertains only to a defined subsection of the building envelope. Combining results from different subsections to characterize...

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ASTM
ASTM C518-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a rapid means of determining the steady-state thermal transmission properties of thermal insulations and other materials with a high level of accuracy when the apparatus has been calibrated appropriately.  
4.2 Proper calibration of the heat flow meter apparatus requires that it be calibrated using specimen(s) having thermal transmission properties determined previously by Test Methods C177, or C1114.
Note 1: Calibration of the apparatus typically requires specimens that are similar to the types of materials, thermal conductances, thicknesses, mean temperatures, and temperature gradients as expected for the test specimens.  
4.3 The thermal transmission properties of specimens of a given material or product may vary due to variability of the composition of the material; be affected by moisture or other conditions; change with time; change with mean temperature and temperature difference; and depend upon the prior thermal history. It must be recognized, therefore, that the selection of typical values of thermal transmission properties representative of a material in a particular application should be based on a consideration of these factors and will not apply necessarily without modification to all service conditions.  
4.3.1 As an example, this test method provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain any free moisture although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables, such as mean temperature and temperature difference. These dependencies should be measured or the test made at conditions typical of use.  
4.4 Special care shall be taken in the measurement procedure for specimens exhibiting appreciable inhomogeneities, anisotropies, rigidity, or especially high or low resistance to heat flow (see Practice C1045). The use of a heat flow meter apparatus when there are thermal bridges present in the specimen may ...
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of steady state thermal transmission through flat slab specimens using a heat flow meter apparatus.  
1.2 The heat flow meter apparatus is used widely because it is relatively simple in concept, rapid, and applicable to a wide range of test specimens. The precision and bias of the heat flow meter apparatus can be excellent provided calibration is carried out within the range of heat flows expected. This means calibration shall be carried out with similar types of materials, of similar thermal conductances, at similar thicknesses, mean temperatures, and temperature gradients, as expected for the test specimens.  
1.3 This a comparative, or secondary, method of measurement since specimens of known thermal transmission properties shall be used to calibrate the apparatus. Properties of the calibration specimens must be traceable to an absolute measurement method. The calibration specimens should be obtained from a recognized national standards laboratory.  
1.4 The heat flow meter apparatus establishes steady state one-dimensional heat flux through a test specimen between two parallel plates at constant but different temperatures. By appropriate calibration of the heat flux transducer(s) with calibration standards and by measurement of the plate temperatures and plate separation. Fourier’s law of heat conduction is used to calculate thermal conductivity, and thermal resistivity or thermal resistance and thermal conductance.  
1.5 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice C1045. Many advances have been made in thermal technology, both in measurement techniques and in improved understanding of the principles of heat flow through materials. These advances have prompted revisions in the conceptual approaches to the measurement of the thermal transmission properties (1-4).2 All users of this test method should be aware of these concepts.  
1.6 This test method is ...

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