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ASTM F2248-19

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass

Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a design load suitable for sizing blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass.  
5.2 Blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass shall be sized to resist the 3-second duration equivalent design loading from this standard practice using the procedures described in Practice E1300.  
5.3 In the event a blast loading does not occur to blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass sized using the 3-second duration loading determined herein, the blast resistant glazing will have a probability of breakage less than or equal to 8 lites per 1000 at the first occurrence of a loading equal to the 3-second duration design loading determined herein.  
5.4 Blast resistant glazing designed to resist the 3-second equivalent load as determined herein, when properly supported as part of a blast resistant glazing system, is designed to perform to minimal hazard as defined in Test Method F2912.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equivalent 3-second design loading suitable to use with Practice E1300 to select the thickness and type of blast resistant glazing fabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration. Glass plies used to construct laminated glass are recommended to be either annealed or heat strengthened glass. This analytical method for glazing should be used with caution for glazing panels larger than 1.8 m by 2.4 m (6 ft by 8 ft) as this size panel exceeds database of testing upon which this standard is based.  
1.2 This practice applies to blast resistant glazing fabricated using laminated glass only, including single laminated glass and insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass. As a minimum, insulating glass shall use laminated glass for the inboard (protected side) lite.  
1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shall be attached to its supporting frame using a captured bite so that it does not detach in the event of fracture due to a blast event.  
1.4 Blast resistant glazing designed using this practice recommends the use of annealed or heat strengthened glass plies for the laminated glass. Blast testing has shown that use of fully tempered glass plies, when fractured during a blast event, have poorer post blast performance than annealed or heat strengthened glass plies. Laminated glass fabricated with fully tempered glass plies has a tendency to leave the supporting glazing system frame after fracture whereas laminated glass fabricated with annealed or heat strengthened glass plies will remain in the frame and absorb remaining load through tensile membrane behavior. Use of the annealed or heat strengthened glass plies will also reduce the amount of load transferred into the structure.  
1.5 The equivalent 3-second design load as determined herein shall not apply to the design of monolithic glazing, plastic glazing, or security film applied to existing glazing configurations in an attempt to achieve blast resistance.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only. For conversion of quantities in various systems of measurements to SI units refer to ANSI IEEE/SI 10.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers ...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2019
ICS
81.040.30 - Glass products
Technical Committee
F12 - Security Systems and Equipment
Drafting Committee
F12.10 - Systems Products and Services
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E631-14 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
Effective Date
01-Nov-2014
Refers
ASTM E631-15 - Standard Terminology of Building Constructions
Effective Date
01-Mar-2015
Refers
ASTM C1048-18 - Standard Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
Effective Date
01-Oct-2018
Refers
ASTM F1642/F1642M-17 - Standard Test Method for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM F2912-17 - Standard Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM C1422/C1422M-15 - Standard Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat Glass
Effective Date
01-Nov-2015
Refers
ASTM C1564-15 - Standard Guide for Use of Silicone Sealants for Protective Glazing Systems
Effective Date
01-Dec-2015
Refers
ASTM C1172-14 - Standard Specification for Laminated Architectural Flat Glass
Effective Date
15-Sep-2014

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ASTM F2248-19 - Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated GlassASTM F2248-19 - Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass
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REDLINE ASTM F2248-19 - Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated GlassREDLINE ASTM F2248-19 - Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2248 − 19
Standard Practice for
Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading
for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated
1
Glass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2248; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Historical records show that fragments from glazing that has failed as the result of intentional or
accidental explosions present a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blast
pressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury and
facility damage. This standard practice provides a means for designers to determine equivalent
3-second duration design loadings with which they can size blast resistant glazing comprised of
laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass, or both. Blast resistant glazing
systems of this genre can reduce the number and size of glass fragments in an explosion as well as
reducing greatly or eliminating blast pressure that enters buildings when an explosion occurs.
1. Scope event, have poorer post blast performance than annealed or
heat strengthened glass plies. Laminated glass fabricated with
1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equiva-
fully tempered glass plies has a tendency to leave the support-
lent 3-second design loading suitable to use with Practice
ing glazing system frame after fracture whereas laminated
E1300toselectthethicknessandtypeofblastresistantglazing
glass fabricated with annealed or heat strengthened glass plies
fabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration. Glass
will remain in the frame and absorb remaining load through
plies used to construct laminated glass are recommended to be
tensile membrane behavior. Use of the annealed or heat
either annealed or heat strengthened glass. This analytical
strengthened glass plies will also reduce the amount of load
method for glazing should be used with caution for glazing
panelslargerthan1.8mby2.4m(6ftby8ft)asthissizepanel transferred into the structure.
exceeds database of testing upon which this standard is based.
1.5 The equivalent 3-second design load as determined
1.2 Thispracticeappliestoblastresistantglazingfabricated
herein shall not apply to the design of monolithic glazing,
using laminated glass only, including single laminated glass
plastic glazing, or security film applied to existing glazing
and insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass. As a
configurations in an attempt to achieve blast resistance.
minimum, insulating glass shall use laminated glass for the
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
inboard (protected side) lite.
standard.Values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shall
For conversion of quantities in various systems of measure-
beattachedtoitssupportingframeusingacapturedbitesothat
ments to SI units refer to ANSI IEEE/SI 10.
it does not detach in the event of fracture due to a blast event.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.4 Blast resistant glazing designed using this practice
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
recommends the use of annealed or heat strengthened glass
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
plies for the laminated glass. Blast testing has shown that use
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
of fully tempered glass plies, when fractured during a blast
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
1 dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on Security
Systems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 on
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Systems Products and Services.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Current edition approved May 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2248–12. DOI:
10.1520/F2248-19. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 -------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2248 − 12 F2248 − 19
Standard Practice for
Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading
for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated
1
Glass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2248; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Historical records show that fragments from glazing that has failed as the result of intentional or
accidental explosions present a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blast
pressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury and
facility damage. This standard practice provides a means for designers to determine equivalent
3-second duration design loadings with which they can size blast resistant glazing comprised of
laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass, or both. Blast resistant glazing
systems of this genre can reduce the number and size of glass fragments in an explosion as well as
reducing greatly or eliminating blast pressure that enters buildings when an explosion occurs.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equivalent 3-second design loading suitable to use with Practice E1300 to
select the thickness and type of blast resistant glazing fabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration. Glass plies used to
construct laminated glass are recommended to be either annealed or heat strengthened glass. This analytical method for glazing
should be used with caution for glazing panels larger than 1.8 m by 2.4 m (6 ft by 8 ft) as this size panel exceeds database of testing
upon which this standard is based.
1.2 This practice applies to blast resistant glazing fabricated using laminated glass only, including single laminated glass and
insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass. As a minimum, insulating glass shall use laminated glass for the inboard (protected
side) lite.
1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shall be adheredattached to its supporting frame using structural silicone
sealant or adhesive glazing tape. The width of the structural silicone sealant bead shall be at least equal to the larger of 10-mm
3
(a captured bite so that ⁄8-in.) or the thickness designation of the glass to which it adheres but not larger than two times the
thickness designation of the glass to which it adheres. The minimum thickness of the structural silicone bead shall be 5-mm (it
3
does not detach in the event of fracture due to a blast event. ⁄16-in.). The width of glazing tape shall be at least equal to two times
but not more than four times the thickness designation of the glass to which it adheres. The width of silicone or glazing tape is
referred to as bite and is shown and discussed in Guide C1564.
1.4 This practice assumes that the structural silicone bead or glazing tape is applied to both sides of single lite laminated glass
but need only be applied to the inboard side (protected side) of insulating glass.
1.5 This practice assumes the framing members shall restrict deflections of edges of blast resistant glazing they support to L/60
under 2.0× the load resistance of the blast resistant glazing for inward loading, where L denotes the length of the supported edge.
1.6 This practice assumes the framing system supporting the blast resistant glazing shall attach mechanically to the structural
framing system. The system shall be designed to ensure that the glazing fails prior to the framing system that supports the glazing
and its attachment to the structural framing system. The fasteners that attach the framing system that supports the glazing to the
structural framing system shall be designed to resist a uniform load acting on the blast resistant glazing that has a magnitude of
at least:
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on Security Systems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 on Systems
Products and Services.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2012May 1, 2019. Published November 2012June 2019. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20092012 as
F2248 – 09.F2248 – 12. DOI: 10.1520/F2248-12.10.1520/F2248-19.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is generally recognized that excess moisture and air within an interlayer will cause bubble formation in a laminate when exposed to heat or UV radiation, or both. These may be caused by initial moisture and air in the interlayer and be generated by thermal exposure. The purpose of this test method is to measure quantitatively the laminate stability under controlled conditions, specifically in relation to the formation of bubbles in the body of the laminate.  
5.2 Subjecting the laminated glazing to extended heat at a controlled temperature and time provides the excess moisture and air which are forced into the interlayer during processing to surface as bubbles. This occurs only if there are excess moisture and air trapped in between the glass. Therefore, making these thermal tests efficient to determine proper de-airing of laminated glass products.  
5.3 This test method provides a means to visually determine if discoloration has or is occurring and serves as a pass/fail test for some aspects of lamination quality.  
5.4 This test method can be performed after natural or accelerated exposure to determine if there are changes to the polymer such as the stability with high temperature which is useful for understanding the visual stability of installed glazing.  
5.5 This test method does not provide an indication of laminated glass capability for impact resistance, glass shard retention on breakage or edge stability of laminated glass.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this test method is to measure quantitatively the laminate stability under controlled conditions, specifically in relation to the formation of bubbles in a laminate with heat exposure.  
1.2 This test method can be performed on laminates which have been exposed to weathering or as manufactured samples to determine the amount of excess air dissolved in the interlayer.  
1.3 This test method determines the stability of laminated glass when subjected to high heat environments.  
1.4 This test method outlines a procedure to be used on laminated glass with two or more layers of glass bonded by an interlayer.  
1.5 This test method covers visual rating of tested specimens.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C623-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio for Glass and Glass-Ceramics by Resonance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test system has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems in the measurement of glass and glass-ceramics:  
4.1.1 Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing the possibility of fracture.  
4.1.2 The period of time during which stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds, making it feasible to perform measurements at temperatures where delayed elastic and creep effects proceed on a much-shortened time scale, as in the transformation range of glass, for instance.  
4.2 The test is suitable for detecting whether a material meets specifications, if cognizance is given to one important fact: glass and glass-ceramic materials are sensitive to thermal history. Therefore the thermal history of a test specimen must be known before the moduli can be considered in terms of specified values. Material specifications should include a specific thermal treatment for all test specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic properties of glass and glass-ceramic materials. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonance frequencies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and mechanical resonance frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. Young's modulus is determined using the resonance frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonance vibrations. Young's modulus and shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio, the factor of lateral contraction.  
1.2 All glass and glass-ceramic materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic may be tested by this test method.2 The test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that represent inhomogeneities in the material; neither is it satisfactory when these materials cannot be prepared in a suitable geometry. Non-glass and glass-ceramic materials should reference Test Method E1875 for non-material specific methodology to determine resonance frequencies and elastic properties by sonic resonance.
Note 1: Elastic here means that an application of stress within the elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause an instantaneous and uniform deformation, which will cease upon removal of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original size and shape without an energy loss. Glass and glass-ceramic materials conform to this definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
Note 2: Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all directions in the material. Glass is isotropic and glass-ceramics are usually so on a macroscopic scale, because of random distribution and orientation of crystallites.  
1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of temperature from –195 to 1200 °C.  
1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is determined for a piece with a particular geometry and density. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each piece need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonance frequency that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are within specified tolerances.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices...

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ASTM
ASTM D116-86(2020)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Vitrified Ceramic Materials for Electrical Applications

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 For any given ceramic composition, one or more of the properties covered herein may be of more importance for a given insulating application than the other properties. Thus, it may be appropriate that selected properties be specified for testing these ceramic materials.  
3.2 Pertinent statements of the significance of individual properties may be found in the sections pertaining to such properties.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods outline procedures for testing samples of vitrified ceramic materials that are to be used as electrical insulation. Where specified limits are mentioned herein, they shall not be interpreted as specification limits for completed insulators.  
1.2 These test methods are intended to apply to unglazed specimens, but they may be equally suited for testing glazed specimens. The report section shall indicate whether glazed or unglazed specimens were tested.  
1.3 The test methods appear as follows:    
Section  
Test Method  
Related
Standard(s)  
6  
Compressive Strength  
C773  
13  
Dielectric Strength  
D618, D149  
8  
Elastic Properties  
C623  
15  
Electrical Resistivity  
D618, D257, D1829  
7  
Flexural Strength  
C674, F417  
9  
Hardness  
C730, E18  
5  
Porosity  
C373  
14  
Relative Permittivity and Dissipation
Factor  
D150, D2149, D2520  
4  
Specific Gravity  
C20, C329, F77  
10  
Thermal Conductivity  
C177, C408  
12  
Thermal Expansion  
C539, E288  
11  
Thermal Shock Resistance  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 11.3, 13.5, and 15.3.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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