ASTM D5217-91(2004)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D5217–91(Reapproved 2004)
Standard Guide for
Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion
Exchange Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in
Combustion Residues from Coal Utilization Processes
1.1 This guide presents a series of tests and evaluations
D 3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke
intended to detect fouling and degradation of particulate ion
Ash by the Atomic Absorption Method
exchange materials. Suggestions on reducing fouling and on
D 5042 Test Methods for Estimating the Organic Fouling of
cleaning resins are given.
Particulate Anion Exchange Resins
1.2 This guide is to be used only as an aid in the evaluation
E 830 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of
of particulate ion exchange material performance and does not
Refuse-Derived Fuel
purport to address all possible causes of unsatisfactory perfor-
mance. The evaluations of mechanical and operational prob-
3. Terminology
lems are not addressed.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
refer to Terminology D 1129.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 organic fouling—the buildup of organic material in or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
on anion exchange resins by sorption during the service cycle
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and incomplete removal during normal regeneration.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Significance and Use
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 Resinsusedindemineralizationsystemsmaydeteriorate
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
due to many factors including chemical attack, fouling by
D 1782 Test Methods for Operating Performance of Par-
organic and inorganic materials, mishandling, or the effects of
ticulate Cation-Exchange Materials
aging. Detection of degradation or fouling may be important in
D 2187 Test Methods for Physical and Chemical Properties
determining the cause of poor demineralizer performance.
of Particulate Ion Exchange Resins
D 2332 Practice for Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits by
5. Sampling
Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence
5.1 Follow the recommendations of Practices D 2687 for
D 2687 Practices for Sampling Particulate Ion-Exchange
obtaining samples of particulate ion exchange materials. Core
Materials
samples are important for obtaining representative samples;
D 3087 Test Method for Operating Performance of Anion-
however, special problems may dictate other sampling require-
Exchange Materials for Strong Acid Removal
ments, such as surface, interface, or other samples.
D 3375 Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate
Mixed Bed Ion Exchange Materials
6. Preliminary Examination
6.1 Examine the sample visually or with the aid of a
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D19 on Water and is
magnifier for any abnormalities. Note any unusual color,
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion Exchange
precipitates, biological material (slime), particulate matter, or
Materials.
small pieces or fragments of resin. Note that the color of resin
Current edition approved June 1, 2004. Published June 2004. Originally
may vary from lot to lot or with normal use and would not be
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 5217 – 91 (1998).
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
considered unusual.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.2 Note any peculiar odor associated with the sample, such
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
as from oil, solvents, or biological activity.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5217–91 (2004)
TABLE 1 Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion Exchange Materials
Section
Property Tested Test Results Possible Indications
No.
6 Visual appearance Unusual color or precipitates Coating on beads from foulants or improper regeneration
Pieces/fragments present Physical degradation
6 Odor Unusual odor Fouling of resin by oil, solvents, etc. or biological activity
7 Moisture Higher than expected (>10 % above) Degradation of resin causing decrosslinking
Lower than expected Fouling of resin by heavy materials, such as metal oxides
7 Particle size distribution Smaller sizes than expected Physical degradation or non-representative sample
Larger sizes than expected Loss of smaller beads by backwash or through strainers
8 Mixed bed resin separation Poor separation Ionic form of resin may not be correct
Resin may be fouled
Particle size distribution of beads may be incorrect
9 Ash content and metals Higher than expected Fouling of resin by expected metal oxides or silica (from corrosion products,
influent water, or regenerants)
10 Organic fouling of anion resins Moderate to severe Presence of sufficient organic fouling to affect performance
11 Column performance Poorer than expected Degradation or fouling sufficient to affect performance
12 Kinetics Poorer than expected Degradation or fouling sufficient to affect performance
7. Moisture and Particule Size Distribution 11. Column Performance Testing
11.1 Follow procedures given in Test Methods D 3375,
7.1 Follow procedures given in Test Methods D 2187,
MethodsA,B,andDfordeterminingmoisture(waterretention D 3087, or D 1782 as needed to evaluate the performance of
mixed bed, anion, or cation exchange materials, respectively.
capacity) and particle size distribution.
7.2 Comparethevaluesobtainedin7.1tothoseexpectedfor
12. Kinetics Testing
the resin when in good condition. It is preferred that new resin,
12.1 The evaluation of the kinetics properties of ion-
treated in the same way, be used for this comparison, but
exchange resins is especially important for anion resins used in
manufacturer’s specifications can also be used.
high flow rate applications such as condensate polishing.
12.2 Test the resin’s kinetics properties according to pub-
8. Mixed-Bed Resin Separation
lished procedures such as those by the Central Electricity
8.1 Observe resin during separation according toTest Meth-
3 4
Generating Board and Rohm & Haas Company .
odsD 2187,MethodA.Adjustbackwashratetogiveoptimium
separation, then let resin settle and observe interface and note
13. Interpretation of Results
degree of cross-mixing.
13.1 Table 1 gives general guidelines for the interpretation
of results from these tests. Note that in most cases, test results
9. Ash Content and Metals Analysis
must be compared to those obtained for resins of the same type
9.1 Follow the procedure given in Test Method E 830 for
which are in good operating condition.
determining the ash content of the pretreated and dried sample.
13.2 Cautionmustbeexercisedinapplyingthesetestresults
A larger sample portion may be used for low-ash resins.
totheevaluationofoperatingdemineralizersystems.However,
9.2 Analyze the ash for silica or metals such as iron, copper,
Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 give some suggestions for
manganese, barium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or others
pretreatment and resin cleaning procedures. The user should
which might be suspected as contaminants. Use X-ray fluores-
also consult with the resin supplier before using any new
cence analysis to determine major elements (see Practice
treatment process.
D 2332). Employ digestion, fusion, and analysis techniques as
14. Precision and Bias
would be used for other types of ash. (See Test Methods
D 3682 and D 3683.) Note that some elements may be lost 14.1 No statement is made about either the precision or the
during the 575°C ashing, and spike recoveries must be
bias of this guide since the result merely states whether there is
checked. conformance to the criteria for success specified in the proce-
dure.
10. Detection of Organic Fouling of Anion Resins
15. Keywords
10.1 Follow procedures given in Test Methods D 5042 for
15.1 degradation; fouling; ion exchange; kinetics; resin
estimation of the degree of organic fouling of anion resins.
10.2 For a more rapid, but less reliable evaluation of the
resin, the caustic-brine extract from Test Methods D 5042 may
Harris, R. R., “Anion Exchange Kinetics in Condensate Purification Mixed
Beds-Assessment and Performance Prediction,” Proceedings of EPRI Condensate
be judged by color rather than by total organic carbon
Polishing Workshop, October 1985, pp. 31–40.
measurement: the darker the color, the heavier the organic
McNulty, J. T., et al., “Anion Exchange Resin Kinetic Testing: An Indispens-
fouling. Note that colorless foulants such as detergents or
able Diagnostic Tool for Condensate Polisher Troubleshooting,” Proceedings of
synthetic polyelectrolytes will not be detected. Internat
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