ASTM D5217-91(1998)

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An American National Standard
Designation: D 5217 – 91 (Reapproved 1998)
Standard Guide for
Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion
Exchange Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5217; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 5042 Test Methods for Estimating the Organic Fouling of
Particulate Anion Exchange Resins
1.1 This guide presents a series of tests and evaluations
E 830 Test Method for Ash in the Analysis Sample of
intended to detect fouling and degradation of particulate ion
Refuse-Derived Fuel
exchange materials. Suggestions on reducing fouling and on
cleaning resins are given.
3. Terminology
1.2 This guide is to be used only as an aid in the evaluation
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
of particulate ion exchange material performance and does not
refer to Terminology D 1129.
purport to address all possible causes of unsatisfactory perfor-
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
mance. The evaluations of mechanical and operational prob-
3.2.1 organic fouling—the buildup of organic material in or
lems are not addressed.
on anion exchange resins by sorption during the service cycle
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
and incomplete removal during normal regeneration.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 Resins used in demineralization systems may deteriorate
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
due to many factors including chemical attack, fouling by
2. Referenced Documents organic and inorganic materials, mishandling, or the effects of
aging. Detection of degradation or fouling may be important in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
determining the cause of poor demineralizer performance.
D 1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
5. Sampling
D 1782 Test Methods for Operating Performance of Par-
3 5.1 Follow the recommendations of Practices D 2687 for
ticulate Cation-Exchange Materials
obtaining samples of particulate ion exchange materials. Core
D 2187 Test Methods for Physical and Chemical Properties
samples are important for obtaining representative samples;
of Particulate Ion Exchange Resins
however, special problems may dictate other sampling require-
D 2332 Practice for Analysis of Water-Formed Deposits by
ments, such as surface, interface, or other samples.
Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence
D 2687 Practices for Sampling Particulate Ion-Exchange
6. Preliminary Examination
Materials
6.1 Examine the sample visually or with the aid of a
D 3087 Test Method for Operating Performance of Anion-
magnifier for any abnormalities. Note any unusual color,
Exchange Materials for Strong Acid Removal
precipitates, biological material (slime), particulate matter, or
D 3375 Test Method for Column Capacity of Particulate
small pieces or fragments of resin. Note that the color of resin
Mixed Bed Ion Exchange Materials
may vary from lot to lot or with normal use and would not be
D 3682 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal
4 considered unusual.
and Coke Ash by the Atomic Absorption Method
6.2 Note any peculiar odor associated with the sample, such
D 3683 Test Method for Trace Elements in Coal and Coke
4 as from oil, solvents, or biological activity.
Ash by the Atomic Absorption Method
7. Moisture and Particule Size Distribution
7.1 Follow procedures given in Test Methods D 2187,
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is
the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.08 on Membranes and Ion Exchange
Methods A, B, and D for determining moisture (water retention
Materials.
capacity) and particle size distribution.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 1991. Published February 1992.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.02.
4 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.04.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5217 – 91 (1998)
TABLE 1 Detection of Fouling and Degradation of Particulate Ion Exchange Materials
Section
Property Tested Test Results Possible Indications
No.
6 Visual appearance Unusual color or precipitates Coating on beads from foulants or improper regeneration
Pieces/fragments present Physical degradation
6 Odor Unusual odor Fouling of resin by oil, solvents, etc. or biological activity
7 Moisture Higher than expected (>10 % above) Degradation of resin causing decrosslinking
Lower than expected Fouling of resin by heavy materials, such as metal oxides
7 Particle size distribution Smaller sizes than expected Physical degradation or non-representative sample
Larger sizes than expected Loss of smaller beads by backwash or through strainers
8 Mixed bed resin separation Poor separation Ionic form of resin may not be correct
Resin may be fouled
Particle size distribution of beads may be incorrect
9 Ash content and metals Higher than expected Fouling of resin by expected metal oxides or silica (from corrosion products,
influent water, or regenerants)
10 Organic fouling of anion resins Moderate to severe Presence of sufficient organic fouling to affect performance
11 Column performance Poorer than expected Degradation or fouling sufficient to affect performance
12 Kinetics Poorer than expected Degradation or fouling sufficient to affect performance
7.2 Compare the values obtained in 7.1 to those expected for 12. Kinetics Testing
the resin when in good condition. It is preferred that new resin,
12.1 The evaluation of the kinetics properties of ion-
treated in the same way, be used for this comparison, but
exchange resins is especially important for anion resins used in
manufacturer’s specifications can also be used.
high flow rate applications such as condensate polishing.
8. Mixed-Bed Resin Separation
12.2 Test the resin’s kinetics properties according to pub-
lished procedures such as those by the Central Electricity
8.1 Observe resin during separation according to Test Meth-
6 7
ods D 2187, Method A. Adjust backwash rate to give optimium Generating Board and Rohm & Haas Company .
separation, then let resin settle and observe interface and note
degree of cross-mixing. 13. Interpretation of Results
13.1 Table 1 gives general guidelines for the interpretation
9. Ash Content and Metals Analysis
of results from these tests. Note that in most cases, test results
9.1 Follow the procedure given in Test Method E 830 for
must be compared to those obtained for resins of the same type
determining the ash content of the pretreated and dried sample.
which are in good operating condition.
A larger sample portion may be used for low-ash resins.
13.2 Caution must be exercised in applying these test results
9.2 Analyze the ash for silica or metals such as iron, copper,
to the evaluation of operating demineralizer systems. However,
manganese, barium, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, or others
Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 give some suggestions for
which might be suspected as contaminants. Use X-ray fluores-
cence analysis to determine major elements (see Practice pretreatment and resin cleaning procedures. The user should
also consult with the resin supplier before using any new
D 2332). Employ digestion, fusion, and analysis techniques as
would be used for other types of ash. (See Test Methods treatment process.
D 3682 and D 3683.) Note that some elements may be lost
during the 575°C ashing, and spike recoveries must be
14. Precision and Bias
checked.
14.1 No statement is made about either the precision or the
bias of this guide since the result merely states whether there is
10. Detection of Organic Fouling of Anion Resins
conformance to the criteria for success specified in the proce-
10.1 Follow procedures given in Test Methods D 5042 for
dure.
estimation of the degree of organic fouling of anion resins.
10.2 For a more rapid, but less reliable evaluation of the
15. Keywords
resin, the caustic-brine extract from Test Methods D 5042 may
be judged by color rather than by total organic carbon
15.1 degradation; fouling; ion exchange; kinetics; resin
measurement: the darker the color, the heavier the organic
fouling. Note that colorless foulants such as detergents or
synthetic polyelectrolytes will not be detected.
Harris, R. R., “Anion Exchange Kinetics in Condensate Purification Mixed
11. Column Performance Testing
Beds-Assessment and Performance Prediction,” Proceedings of EPRI Condensate
Polishing Workshop, October 1985, pp. 31–40.
11.1 Follow procedures given in Test Methods D 3375,
McNulty, J. T., et al., “Anion Exchange Resin Kinetic Testing: An Indispens-
D 3087, or D 1782 as needed to evaluate the performance of
able Diagnostic Tool for Condensate Polisher Troubleshooting,” Proceedings of
mixed bed, anion, or cation exchange materials, respectively. International Water Conference, October, 198
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