ASTM C1084-19

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1084 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Portland-Cement Content of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement
Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C823Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened
Concrete in Constructions
1.1 This test method covers the determination of portland-
C856Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened
cement content of a sample of hardened hydraulic-cement
Concrete
concrete.
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
Sieves
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
E832Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 This test method consists of two independent proce-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
dures: an oxide-analysis procedure that consists of two sub-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
procedures and an extraction procedure. Each procedure re-
Disposal of some or all of the chemicals used in this method
quires a substantial degree of chemical skill and relatively
may require adherence to EPA or other regulatory guidelines.
elaboratechemicalinstrumentation.Exceptfortheinfluenceof
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
knowninterferences,determinedcementcontentsarenormally
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
equal to, or slightly greater than, actual values except for the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Maleic Acid procedure where results can also be significantly
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
low when the paste is carbonated (Note 1).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
NOTE 1—With certain limitations, the procedure is also applicable for
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
estimating the combined content of portland cement and pozzolan or slag
in concretes made with blended hydraulic cement and blends of portland
2. Referenced Documents
cement with pozzolans or slags. The results of this test method when
applied to concretes made with blended cements or pozzolans depend on
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the composition of the pozzolan, the age of the concrete, the extent of
C42/C42MTest Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled
reaction of the pozzolan and the fact that this test method may determine
Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
only the portland-cement component of a blended cement. The test
C114Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic method should be applied to determination of the blended cement content
or the pozzolanic content only by use of calibration concrete samples or
Cement
other information. Earlier versions of this test method can provide useful
C670Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
3 4
information as detailed by Hime and Minnick.
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C702PracticeforReducingSamplesofAggregatetoTesting
4. Interferences
Size
4.1 Many constituents of concrete may interfere with the
analysis of the concrete for portland-cement content. The
following limited lists of materials have been provided as a
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and ConcreteAggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C09.69 on Miscellaneous Tests.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2019. Published January 2020. Originally Hime, W. G., “Cement Content,” Significance of Tests and Properties of
approvedin1987.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2010asC1084–10,whichwas Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials, ASTM STP 169B, ASTM, 1978, pp.
withdrawninJanuary2019andreinstatedinDecember2019.DOI:10.1520/C1084- 462–470, and “Analyses for Cement and Other Materials in Hardened Concrete,”
19. Chapter 29, Significant of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Materials, ASTM STP 169C, 1994, pp. 315–319.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Minnick, L. J., “Cement-Content, Hardened Concrete,”Significance of Tests
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials, ASTM STP 169A,
the ASTM website. ASTM, 1966, p. 326–329.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1084 − 19
guide. The rocks, minerals or mineral admixtures listed will not soluble, will bias the cement content low. This may be
interferewiththecementcontentdeterminationtotheextentof significant at early ages and less significant at later ages.
their solubility during the dissolution procedure used. The
solubilityofrocks,mineralsormineraladmixturesmaydepend 5. Apparatus
onthefinenessofthetestsample,thewater-cementratioofthe
5.1 Choose the apparatus from applicable items given in
concrete, the extent of hydration, and the age of the concrete
Test Methods C114 and from the following:
(extended exposure to the high pH of the concrete may affect
5.1.1 Chipmunk (jaw ore crusher).
the solubility of some minerals).
5.1.2 Disk Pulverizer.
4.2 Substances Affecting Calcium Oxide Sub-procedure: 5.1.3 Rotary Mill (rotating puck).
5.1.4 Sieve, 300 µm (No. 50), 1.18mm (No. 16), and
4.2.1 The following are soluble in even the cold dilute
hydrochloric acid of this procedure and will contribute a high 4.75mm (No. 4).
5.1.5 Ice Bath or electric cooling apparatus.
bias to the cement content calculated from the soluble calcium
oxide: limestone, marble, dolomitic limestone, calcareous 5.1.6 Steam Bath.
5.1.7 Funnel, Buchner-type porcelain funnel.
sandstone, calcareous chert, and caliche encrusted and calcite
5.1.8 FilterPaper,TypeII,ClassFandClassGasdescribed
or dolomite coated rocks.
in Specification E832.
4.2.2 The following may be soluble depending on the age
5.1.9 Beakers, 1000mL and 250 mL.
and pH of the concrete; whether the mineral present is glassy
5.1.10 Magnetic stirrer, variable speed, with a TFE-
or crystalline, or weathered or strained; and the fineness of the
fluorocarbon-coated magnetic stirring rod, or an overhead
mineral present, and, if soluble, will bias the cement content
stirrer with a propeller.
calculated from the soluble calcium oxide high depending on
5.1.11 Volumetric flask, 1000 mL and 500 mL.
the calcium content of the minerals: weathered or altered
5.1.12 Filtering flask, 2000 mL.
plagioclase feldspar, caliche-encrusted rocks, altered volcanic
5.1.13 Vacuum pump.
rocks (with calcareous inclusions), and many other calcium
5.1.14 Watch glass, 125 mm.
containing rocks.
4.2.3 Everypercentofsolublecalciumoxidethatiscontrib-
6. Reagents and Materials
uted by soluble aggregate or mineral admixtures will bias the
cement content high by approximately 1.6%.
6.1 Soluble Silica Sub-procedure:
4.2.4 Silica fume may lower the acid solubility of the
6.1.1 Hydrochloric Acid, reagent grade, density 1.19 Mg/
sample and hence bias the result low.
m .
6.1.2 Hydrochloric Acid (1:3)—Mix 300 mL of hydrochlo-
4.3 Substances affecting the Soluble Silica Sub-procedure:
ric acid into 900 mL of water.
4.3.1 The following may be soluble depending on the age
6.1.3 Hydrochloric Acid (1:9)—Mix 100 mL of hydrochlo-
and pH of the concrete; whether the aggregate is glassy or
ric acid into 900 mL of water.
crystalline, or weathered or strained; and the fineness of the
6.1.4 Sodium Hydroxide (10 g/L)—Dissolve5gof reagent
mineral: chert, opal, chalcedony, glassy volcanic rock, strained
grade sodium hydroxide in 200 mL of water and dilute to
quartz (highly strained), quartzite, cataclastic rocks (mylonite,
500mL.
phyllonite), gneiss, schist, metagraywacke, and many other
6.1.5 Hydrofluoric Acid, 48%, reagent grade.
soluble silicon containing rocks or minerals.
6.1.6 Sulfuric Acid, density 1.84 g/ml, reagent grade.
4.3.2 Every percent of soluble SiO contributed by aggre-
gates or mineral admixtures will bias the reported cement 6.2 Calcium Oxide Sub-procedure—Use reagents as re-
content high by approximately 4.7%. quired in Test Methods C114.
4.3.3 Silica fume may lower the acid solubility of the
6.3 Maleic Acid Procedure:
sample and hence bias the result low. If the digestion time or
6.3.1 Maleic acid, technical grade.
temperature are sufficient to digest all of the portland cement,
6.3.2 Methanol, technical grade, anhydrous.
the silica fume will also be solubilized and bias the calculated
6.3.3 Maleicacidsolution—prepareafreshsolutionof15%
cement content high.
maleicacidinmethanolbydissolvinganddiluting180+1gof
maleic acid with methanol to a final solution volume of
4.4 Substances affecting the Maleic Acid Procedure:
1200mL. Prepare this solution fresh daily. Care must be taken
4.4.1 The same substances that are soluble in the soluble
to use methanol only in well ventilated areas, preferably under
calcium or the soluble silica subprocedures may be soluble in
ahood,toavoidskincontactandbreathingvapors.Disposalof
the maleic acid procedure. (See 4.2.1, 4.2.2, and 4.3.1.)
the maleic acid/methanol solution shall be according to appli-
4.4.2 Every 1% of the sample that is aggregate or mineral
cable regulations.
admixture dissolved by the maleic acid will bias the cement
6.3.4 Fuller’s earth—a clay-like material consisting of a
content high by 1%.
porous colloidal aluminum silicate. Its high adsorptivity has
4.4.3 Carbonated cement paste may not be soluble in the
been found very beneficial for decolorizing and purifying
maleicacid-methanoldissolutionandthusmaybiasthecement
materials.
content results low.
4.4.4 The unhydrated iron and aluminum phases of the 6.4 Water—All references to water shall be understood to
portland cement may not be soluble in the maleic acid and, if meanreagentwaterTypesIthroughIVofSpecificationD1193.
C1084 − 19
7. Sampling andstirthemixtureeithercontinuouslyoratleastseveraltimes
during this period (Note 4).
7.1 Choose the concrete sample in accordance with the
purposes of the investigation (Note 2). NOTE 4—Observation of the solution during the introduction of the
sample may provide useful information. Considerable effervescence
NOTE2—Astandardprocedureforsamplinghardenedconcreteisgiven
indicates a substantial amount of calcite or carbonated paste. Delayed
in Practice C823 and a standard procedure for obtaining cores is given in
effervescence suggests a dolomitic aggregate. Lack of effervescence
Test Method C42/C42M.
suggests the applicability of the calcium oxide sub-procedure.
7.2 Boththesampleforcementcontentandfordensityshall
8.1.4.3 Decant through a Buchner-type porcelain funnel
haveaminimumlengthanddiameteroffourtimesthenominal
fitted snugly with two disks of a quantitative filter paper for
maximum size of the aggregate (Note 3).
fine precipitates, Type II, Class G filter paper. Once the
filtration has begun, take care so that the mat and accumulated
NOTE 3—A single concrete core taken through the entire depth of the
residue do not dry completely until the filtration process is
concrete is ordinarily an appropriate sample. This sample may be sawed
or split lengthwise to provide samples for cement content, density, and complete.Regulatethesuctionsoastomaintainarapidrateof
petrographic examination, provided that the length and thickness of the
drippingduringthegreaterpartofthefiltration.Retainasmuch
split samples for cement content and density meet the minimum size
of the residue in the beaker as possible. Wash twice by
specified in 7.2. If the split sample would not meet the minimum size
decantation with hot water. Save the filtrate. Transfer the filter
requirement, perform the density measurement first, and then crush the
paper from the funnel to the beaker containing the balance of
entire dry sample for cement content determination. The recommended
mass of concrete for cement content determination is 4.5 kg (10 lb). This
the residue, being careful that no residue is lost.Add 75 mLof
massshouldbeobtainedfrommorethanonecorewhentheconcretedepth
hot sodium hydroxide solution (10 g/L) to the residue while
is small and one core will not supply a mass of 4.5 kg (10 lb). If the
stirring, macerate the filter paper, and digest, covered, on a
concretesampledidnothaveamassof4.5kg(10lb)itshouldbesostated
steam bath for 15 min. During the digestion, occasionally stir
in the final report for the cement content result.
the mixture. Filter all solids, and wash twice with hot water
7.3 For cement content determination, crush the sample to
until the filtrate is neutral to litmus. Combine the filtrates.
pass a 4.75mm (No. 4) sieve, mix thoroughly, and obtain a
8.1.4.4 The filtrate now contains the silica in the form of
representativesubsampleforanalysisbyconingandquartering
silicic acid, either in true solution or in suspension in the
or by riffle splitting as described in Practice C702. The
hydrochloric acid medium. To ensure analysis of only the
subsample should have a mass of 0.45 kg (1 lb).
soluble silica, refilter any filtrate that is cloudy. (Allowing the
filtrate to stand overnight will usually permit suspended silica
8. Cement Content Procedure
to settle.) The soluble silica may be analyzed by either of the
8.1 Oxide Analysis Procedure:
following procedures (1)or(2).
8.1.1 Crushorgrindthesubsamplepreparedasdescribedin
(1) Analysis of soluble silica by conversion to silicon
7.3 using a chipmunk (jaw ore crusher), a disk pulverizer, or a
tetrafluoride with hydrofluoric acid—In the case where the
rotary mill (rotating-puck) device, so that all of the material
aggregate of the original sample contains substantial amounts
passes a 300µm (No. 50) sieve. To minimize production of
of material that yields calcium oxide (CaO) on acid treatment,
veryfinematerial,useseveralpassesofthesamplethroughthe
add 10 mL of hydrochloric acid (density 1.19Mg⁄m ) to the
equipment, removing the portion passing the sieve before
solution from 8.1.4.4. Transfer to a suitable beaker, with
regrinding the remainder of the sample. Thoroughly mix by
several rinsings of the filter flask. Evaporate to dryness with
coning ten times from one paper to another.
great care to minimize spattering, bake at not over 120 °C
8.1.2 Dry the crushed or ground material in an oven at
(248°F) for 1 h, moisten with hydrochloric acid (density1.19
105°C to 115 °C (220°F to 240 °F) for 3 h and retain the
Mg⁄m ), evaporate and bake again, and take up for filtration in
sample in a sealed container.
75mLofhydrochloricacid(1:3).Heattoboiling,filterthrough
8.1.3 Sub-procedure to be Used:
an ashless filter paper, and wash the residue with 50 mLof hot
8.1.3.1 The soluble silica sub-procedure shall be performed
hydrochloric acid (1:9) and then with hot water until the
in all cases except where a petrographic examination has
washings are free of chlorides. Determine the silica present in
indicated there are siliceous aggregates or mineral admixtures
the sample by treatment with hydrofluoric acid and sulfuric
that will be soluble in cold hydrochloric acid.
acid in accordance with the procedure given in Test Methods
8.1.3.2 The calcium oxide sub-procedure shall also be C114.
employedunlesstheaggregatecontainsasignificantamountof
(2) Instrumental analysis of soluble silica—Transfer the
calca
...