ASTM C1656-13(2023)

ASTM C1656-13(2023) is a guide published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Guide for Measuring the Reactivity of Hydraulic Refractory Castables Using Exothermic Profile". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 The heat of hydration of a calcium aluminate-based castable is liberated over a short period of time (as compared to portland cement). This makes it easy to measure the heat profile using off-the-shelf thermocouple equipment. 4.2 The heat profile can be used to make inferences about the setting and strength gain behavior of a castable and sometimes the working time of a castable. 4.3 Factors that should be controlled when comparing two castables include: size, shape, and mass of cast object, start temperature of the mix, temperature of environment, and the thermal conductivity of the environment. If these factors are held constant, then the two castables’ heat profiles can be compared. 4.4 The temperature increase created by the castable exothermic reaction shall be at least 2.0 °C more than the normal fluctuation of the laboratory temperature so that the time of this increase is easily discernible to the user. 4.5 Varying the amount of cement in the castable, the amount of water, the type and quantity of admixtures, and so forth, will change the shape, maximum temperature, and time to maximum temperature of the curve. 4.6 Following is an example of a curve generated for an LCC (see Fig. 1) that does exhibit two peaks, the first one marking the end of working time. In this curve, one could also infer that the start temperature of the mix was 24 °C and also that the hydraulic strength gain reaction was significantly started, but not completed by 6 h. FIG. 1 Example of LCC Exo Profile SCOPE 1.1 This guide applies to all castables with a reactive binder system that produces a measurable heat profile during the setting and hardening process. The majority of these systems will have calcium aluminate cement as one component of the binder system. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 The heat of hydration of a calcium aluminate-based castable is liberated over a short period of time (as compared to portland cement). This makes it easy to measure the heat profile using off-the-shelf thermocouple equipment. 4.2 The heat profile can be used to make inferences about the setting and strength gain behavior of a castable and sometimes the working time of a castable. 4.3 Factors that should be controlled when comparing two castables include: size, shape, and mass of cast object, start temperature of the mix, temperature of environment, and the thermal conductivity of the environment. If these factors are held constant, then the two castables’ heat profiles can be compared. 4.4 The temperature increase created by the castable exothermic reaction shall be at least 2.0 °C more than the normal fluctuation of the laboratory temperature so that the time of this increase is easily discernible to the user. 4.5 Varying the amount of cement in the castable, the amount of water, the type and quantity of admixtures, and so forth, will change the shape, maximum temperature, and time to maximum temperature of the curve. 4.6 Following is an example of a curve generated for an LCC (see Fig. 1) that does exhibit two peaks, the first one marking the end of working time. In this curve, one could also infer that the start temperature of the mix was 24 °C and also that the hydraulic strength gain reaction was significantly started, but not completed by 6 h. FIG. 1 Example of LCC Exo Profile SCOPE 1.1 This guide applies to all castables with a reactive binder system that produces a measurable heat profile during the setting and hardening process. The majority of these systems will have calcium aluminate cement as one component of the binder system. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM C1656-13(2023) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

ASTM C1656-13(2023) has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM C71-12(2018), ASTM C71-12, ASTM C401-12, ASTM C71-08, ASTM C862-02(2008), ASTM C71-07, ASTM C401-91(2005), ASTM C862-02, ASTM C71-00a, ASTM C71-01, ASTM C71-01a, ASTM C71-00, ASTM C862-01, ASTM C862-91(1997), ASTM C401-91(2000). Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

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