ASTM F2928-18(2023)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2928 − 18 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Practice for
Specimens and Testing Conditions for Testing Polyethylene
(PE) Pipe Butt Fusions Using Tensile and Hydrostatic Test
Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2928; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.1.7 In this standard, text in parentheses, notes in the body
of the standard and appendices are informational and non-
1.1 This practice provides standardized sample butt fusion
mandatory. For tables in the body of the standard, table notes
preparation, conditioning, and testing conditions for tension
are mandatory.
testing of specimens prepared from sample butt fusion joints or
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
hydrostatic tests of sample butt fusion joints in accordance
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
with:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.1.1 Test Method D638, tension testing;
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1.1.1 The preparation or use of tensile specimens other
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
than Test Method D638 Type I through Type V is beyond the
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
scope of this practice.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1.2 Test Method D1598, constant (sustained) hydraulic
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
pressure testing; Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1.3 Test Method D1599, short-term hydraulic pressure
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
testing.
1.1.4 It is not within the scope of this practice to include
2. Referenced Documents
plastic materials other than polyethylene or other tests for butt
2.1 ASTM Standards:
fusions. The exclusion of other plastic materials and other tests
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
does not imply that other plastic materials are suitable or
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
unsuitable for butt fusion, or that the tests cited herein are
D1598 Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe
adequate or inadequate for qualitative characterization and for
Under Constant Internal Pressure
research and development of butt fusion joints, or that other
D1599 Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydraulic
tests do not have lesser, equal, or greater utility for such
Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
purpose.
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-
1.1.5 The evaluation of test results and the determination of
tics
test result evaluation criteria are not within the scope of this
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
practice. This practice is limited to standardized butt fusion test
F2620 Practice for Heat Fusion Joining of Polyethylene Pipe
specimens and testing conditions for the comparison of test
and Fittings
data from multiple parties.
2.2 PPI Standards:
1.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
PPI2 TR-3 Policies and Procedures for Developing Hydro-
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
static Design Basis (HDB), Pressure Design Basis (PDB),
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
Strength Design Basis (SDB), and Minimum Required
information only and are not considered standard.
Strength (MRS) Ratings for Thermoplastic Piping Mate-
rials or Pipe
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.40 on Test contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Methods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2023. Published February 2023 Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as F2928–18. DOI: Available from Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI), 105 Decker Court, Suite 825,
10.1520/F2928–18R23. Irving, TX 75062, http://www.plasticpipe.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2928 − 18 (2023)
PPI TR-33 Generic Butt Fusion Joining Procedure for Field selected by the parties involved. All pipe lengths in the sample
Joining of Polyethylene Pipe butt fusion shall be the same length plus or minus five percent.
The minimum pipe length shall be as specified in 7.1 or 8.1.2
3. Terminology
or 9.1.2.
6.1.1 Multiple Joint Sample Butt Fusions—For Test Method
3.1 Definitions shall be in accordance with Terminology
D1598 or D1599, sample butt fusions containing multiple butt
F412, Test Method D638, Test Method D1598, and Test
fusion joints shall be acceptable. The pipe length between butt
Method D1599 as applicable. Abbreviations and initialisms
fusion joints shall be the same length plus or minus five percent
shall be in accordance with Terminology F412 and D1600.
and shall not be less than the minimum pipe length specified in
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
8.1.2 or 9.1.2. The overall length of multiple joint sample butt
3.2.1 failure, hydraulic, n—any continuous loss of pressure
fusions shall not exceed testing equipment capabilities.
with or without the transmission of test fluid through the body
6.2 Sample butt fusions shall be conditioned to the test
of the specimen under test.
temperature in accordance with Table 1.
3.2.2 ductile failure, hydraulic, n—the continuous loss of
pressure through a break in the pipe specimen under test where
NOTE 1—Butt fusion procedures such as Practice F2620 require cooling
the fusion joint to ambient temperature before pulling, installation or
localized expansion (deformation, elongation, necking down,
rough handling. Conditioning in this practice is intended to stabilize test
or ballooning) of the pipe wall at the break is apparent.
samples to test temperature. Additional conditioning time may be neces-
3.2.3 non-ductile failure, hydraulic, n—the continuous loss
sary when testing at temperatures significantly above or below 73 °F
(23 °C), or when samples have been temporarily stored at temperatures
of pressure through a break in the pipe specimen under test
significantly above or below test temperature.
where localized expansion (deformation, elongation, necking
down, or ballooning) of the pipe wall at the break is not 6.3 Each sample butt fusion shall be marked, labeled,
apparent. tagged or otherwise identified so that information relating to
the sample butt fusion joint such as date, time, operator,
3.2.4 pressure depletion, hydraulic, n—a temporary loss of
location, joining procedure, pipe material, etc., and testing
test sample source pressurization due to equipment or control
results will be cross-referenced and documented.
failure, power loss, etc.
6.3.1 Each Test Method D638 tension test specimen shall be
marked, labeled, tagged or otherwise identified so that infor-
4. Summary of Practice
mation relating to the tension test specimen such as date, time,
4.1 This practice specifies procedures for preparing sample
operator, location, joining procedure, pipe material, etc., and
butt fusions, preparing test specimens from sample butt
testing results will be cross-referenced and documented.
fusions, sample and specimen conditioning, and requirements
for testing sample butt fusions or specimens from sample butt
7. Tension Testing
fusions in accordance with Test Method D638, Test Method
7.1 Tension Test Specimen Preparation—Prepare sample
D1598, and Test Method D1599.
butt fusions in accordance with Section 6 and 7.1.1. Prepare
4.2 Alternate testing conditions for research, development
tension test specimens from the sample butt fusions in accor-
or other purposes are allowed.
dance with 7.1.3 – 7.1.5 .
7.1.1 The minimum pipe length on each side of the butt
5. Significance and Use
fusion shall be at least 6 in. (152 mm) so that the sample butt
5.1 This practice provides requirements for standardized
fusion is at least 12 in. (305 mm) in overall length.
preparation of sample butt fusions, preparation of specimens
7.1.2 For pipe smaller than 1 in. (25 mm) outside diameter,
from sample butt fusions, and conditioning for testing in
each sample butt fusion shall be cut longitudinally in half. For
accordance with Test Method D638, Test Method D1598, or
pipe 1 in. (25 mm) outside diameter and larger, each sample
Test Method D1599. This practice is intended to improve the
butt fusion shall be cut longitudinally into quadrants.
ability to reliably compare test results from multiple parties.
7.1.3 Depending on pipe wall thickness and the Test Method
D638 specimen type, tension test specimens are prepared from
6. Sample Butt Fusions
all or parts of the pipe wall. Where wall thickness exceeds the
6.1 Sample Preparation—Each sample butt fusion shall be thickness of the chosen Test Method D638 specimen type, pipe
at least two lengths of PE pipe that are joined together in wall is machined away to achieve the thickness specified for
accordance with a butt fusion joining procedure that has been the Test Method D638 specimen type.
TABLE 1 Minimum Sample Butt Fusion Conditioning Time
Minimum Conditioning Time in Medium at Test Temperature
A
Pipe Wall Thickness Circulating water per Practice D618, Procedure D Circulating air per Practice D618, Procedure A
#1 in. (#25 mm) 1 h 4 h
>1 in. (250 mm) to #2.5 in. (64 mm) 2 h 8 h
>2.5 in. (64 mm) to #4 in. (102 mm) 3 h 12 h
>4 in. (102 mm) 4 h 16 h
A
For butt fusions between unequal wall thickness pipes, use the greater wall thickness of the two pipes.
F2928 − 18 (2023)
NOTE 2—Where the thickness of the Test Method D638 specimen type
Practice D618, Procedure A for not less than 4 hours at the
spans all or most of the pipe wall thickness, equal amounts of inside wall
testing temperature without regard to humidity, or in water in
thickness and outside wall thickness are removed to achieve the required
accordance with Practice D618, Procedure D for not less than
specimen thickness.
one hour at the testing temperature.
7.1.3.1 From each sample butt fusion half or quadrant,
7.3 Testing—Tension test specimens shall be tested in ac-
machine Type I, II, III, IV or V test specimens in accordance
cordance with Test Method D638. Unless otherwise specified,
with Test Method D638. (Note 3) The butt fusion shall be in the
the test shall be conducted at 73 °F (23 °C), and the grip
center of the test specimen gauge length. The center shall be
separation rate shall be 2 in/min (50 mm/min). Testing at an
half the gauge length plus or minus five percent of the gauge
alternate temperature or grip separation rate shall be by
length. Pipe wall curvature shall be ignored.
agreement among the parties making and testing the joints.
NOTE 3—Tension test specimens should be the same type. Tension
7.3.1 Gauge area measurement—Measure the width and
testing results from different tension specimen types may not be compa-
thickness of the tension test specimen in the gauge area to the
rable. The specimen type should be determined by agreement among the
nearest 0.001 in. (0.025 mm) using a measuring device such as
involved parties.
a micrometer caliper. Measurements shall be taken at both
7.1.3.2 For pipe wall thickness less than or equal to Test
sides of the fusion, excluding fusion beads if present, and the
Method D638 tension specimen thickness, machine tension test
smaller measurement shall be used to calculate the cross
specimens using the full wall thickness. Pipe wall curvature in
section of the gauge area. Calculate and record the gauge area
the gauge area shall be ignored. Machining to remove pipe wall
cross section by multiplying the minimum width and thickness
curvature in the grip area is permissible.
measurements.
7.1.3.3 For pipe wall thickness greater than Test method
7.3.2 Record the load and extension curve of the specimen
D638 tension specimen thickness but less than three times
7.3.3 Record the load and extension at the yield point and
tension specimen thickness, and where the parties have not
the load and extension at the moment of specimen separation.
determined a specific wall area such as outside, middle or
7.3.3.1 If testing is discontinued before specimen
inside wall for testing, specimens shall be prepared from the
separation, record the load and extension at the moment the test
center of the pipe wall. Machine Type I, II, III, IV or V tension
is discontinued.
test specimens, and for the length of the tension test specimen,
remove equal amounts of material from the pipe outside 7.4 Calculations and Report:
surface and the pipe inside surface so that the tension test
7.4.1 Calculate tensile strength at yield by dividing the
specimen gauge area thickness is from the center of the pipe maximum load in pounds-force (newtons) by the gauge area
wall.
cross section. Report the results in pounds-force per square
7.1.3.4 For pipe wall thickness greater than three times inch (pascals) to three significant figures for tensile strength at
specimen thickness, section the pipe wall into one-third yield and tensile strength at break. If there is no apparent
sections, for example, outer one-third, middle one-third, and yielding, report tensile strength at separation and indicate that
inner one-third, and prepare tension test specimens from the
separation was without apparent yielding.
outer, middle, and inner pipe wall.
7.4.2 If the specimen separates, calculate tensile strength at
separation by dividing the maximum load in pounds-force
NOTE 4—Where greater wall thickness and specimen type permit,
(newtons) by the gauge area cross section. Report the results in
additional specimens from between the inner and middle wall and from
pounds-force per square inch (pascals) to three significant
between the middle and outer wall (for example, one-fifth thickness
sections) may be prepared to provide additional data.
figures for tensile strength at separation. If there is no
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