ASTM F2986-23

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F2986 − 12 (Reapproved 2023) F2986 − 23
Standard Specification for
Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Mine
Leachate Leachate, Heap Leach Aeration and Other Mining
Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2986; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for materials, workmanship, dimensions, perforations, pipe stiffness,
elongation, joint separation resistance, quality of extruded polyethylene, brittleness, testing, and marking of corrugated
polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings for mine drainage and leachate collection drainage, leachate collection, heap leach aeration, and
transmission pipe. It covers nominal sizes 3 in. (75 mm), 4 in. (100 mm), 6 in. (150 mm), 8 in. (200 mm), 10 in. (250 mm), 12
in. (300 mm), 15 in. (375 mm), 18 in. (450 mm) and 24 in. (600 mm) diameter.50 mm (2 in.) to 250 mm (10 in.) in single-wall
profile, and 75 mm (3 in.) to 1500 mm (60 in.) in double-wall profile.
1.2 This specification covers single profile wall, annular extruded corrugated polyethylene pipe as depicted in Fig. 1, and double
wall, annular extruded corrugated polyethylene pipe as depicted in Fig. 2.
1.3 The values stated in inch-poundSI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SIinch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard
does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this
standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
D2444 Practice for Determination of the Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling
Weight)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.65 on Land Drainage.
Current edition approved July 1, 2023Nov. 1, 2023. Published July 2023December 2023. Originally approved in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 20172023 as
F2986–12(2017).F2986–12(2023). DOI: 10.1520/F2986-12R23.10.1520/F2986-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2986 − 23
FIG. 1 Typical Single Wall Profile Cross-Section
FIG. 2 Typical Double Wall Profile Cross-Section
D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Polyolefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
F2136 Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress (NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resistance of HDPE
Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
2.2 FederalISO Standards:
Fed. Std. No. 123ISO 9969 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)Thermoplastics pipes —Determination of ring stiffness
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Practices for Design, Construction, Problem Identification and Evaluation,
Inspection, Maintenance, Renovation, and Repair
2.3 Military Standard:
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions used in this specification are in accordance with Terminology F412 and abbreviations are in
accordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise specified. The abbreviation for polyethylene is PE.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 crease—a deformation that cannot be removed like a dent: generally associated with wall buckling.
3.2.2 leaching—minerals are removed (leached) from ores that have been mined, crushed, and placed on impervious pads for
removal (by chemical leaching) by percolation of the solution through the ore, and collection of that solution at the bottom of the
heap leach pile.
3.2.3 NID, n—numerical designation, which is approximately equal to the nominal inside diameter by which a pipe or fitting is
defined.
3.2.4 SN, n—numerical designation of the ring stiffness of the pipe or fitting, determined according to ISO 9969, which is a
convenient round number, indicating the minimum required ring stiffness of the pipe or stiffness of the fitting.
3.2.5 split—any break or crack that extends through the wall.
Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), ISO Central Secretariat, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland, https://www.iso.org.
F2986 − 23
4. Ordering Information
4.1 Orders for product made to this specification shall include the following information to adequately describe the desired
product:
4.1.1 This ASTM designation and year of issue,
4.1.2 Perforations:
4.1.2.1 With perforations,
4.1.2.2 Without perforations,
4.1.3 Diameters,
4.1.4 Total footage of each pipe diameter involved,
4.1.5 Pipe laying length,
4.1.6 Fitting type(s):
4.1.6.1 Size and type of fittings, including mainline and branch diameters, and
4.1.6.2 Number of fittings per diameter.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Corrugated PE pipe and fittings in this standard are intended for deep underground applications under harsh chemical exposure
from a corrosive effluent where they serve as leachate or aeration pipe under a mine heap or dump leaching process. Their major
use is to collect or convey ore leachate to a facility for processing and extraction of the desired metal or mineral. mineral or to
aerate the pile to improve the chemical extraction of the desired metal by the leachate. Heap leaching is used to extract copper,
gold, lead, nickel, silver, uranium, or zinc. The solution may be is either acidic or alkaline, depending on the metal being extracted.
6. Materials
6.1 Pipe and Fittings—The pipe and fittings shall be made of virgin PE plastic compound meeting the requirements of
Specification D3350 cell classification 435400C or 435400E.
6.2 The carbon black content shall be equal to or greater than 2.0 % but not exceed 3.0 %. Compounds that have a higher cell
classification in one or more performance properties shall be permitted if all other product requirements are met.
6.3 Pipe and Fittings—The pipe and fittings shall be made of virgin PE plastic compound meeting the requirements of
Specification D3350 cell classification 435400C or 435400E, except that carbon black content shall be equal to or greater than
2.0 % but not exceed 3.0 %. Compounds that have a higher cell classification in one or more performance properties shall be
permitted if all other product requirements are met. For slow crack-growth resistance, resins shall be evaluated using the notched
constant ligament stress (NCLS) test according to the procedure described in 9.129.13. Samples shall be taken from the extruded
pipe supplied to the project. The average failure time of the five test specimens shall exceed 24 h with no single test specimen’s
failure time less than 17 h. Samples taken from the extruded pipe supplied to the project shall have a minimum
Oxidative-Induction-Time of 20 minutes when tested in accordance with Test Method D3895.
6.4 Samples taken from the extruded pipe supplied to the project shall have a minimum Oxidative-Induction-Time of 20 minutes
when tested in accordance with Test Method D3895.
6.5 Rework Material—Clean rework material, generated from the manufacturer’s own production of this product, may be used by
the manufacturer provided that the tubing and fittings produced meet all requirements of this specification.
F2986 − 23
7. General Requirements
7.1 Workmanship—The pipe and fittings shall be homogeneous throughout and be as uniform as commercially practical in color,
opacity, and density. The pipe walls shall be free of cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or other defects that are visible
to the naked eye and that may affect the wall integrity. The ends shall be cut cleanly and squarely. Holes intentionally placed in
perforated pipe are acceptable.
7.1.1 Visible defects, cracks, creases, splits, obstruction to flow in perforations or in pipe, are not permissible.
7.2 Dimensions and Tolerance: Dimensions:
7.2.1 Nominal Size—NID—The nominal size for the pipe and fittings for single profile wall and double profile wall shall be the
minimum inside diameter as shown NID value listed in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively, rounded to the closest whole number.
7.2.2 Minimum Inside Diameter—The actual manufacturer’s stated minimum inside diameter for single profile wall and double
profile wall shall be the minimum inside diameter with a +4.5 % or – 0 % tolerance when measured in accordance with 9.3 and
as shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively.respectively, when measured in accordance with 9.3.
NOTE 1—The minimum inside diameter is the smallest diameter the pipe can be and is used for the hydraulic design of the pipe.
NOTE 2—The outside diameters and the corrugation pitch of products manufactured to this specification are not specified; therefore, compatibility between
pipe and fittings from different manufacturers or the same manufacturer shall be verified.
7.2.3 Minimum Crest, Crown, Valley and Liner, Wall Thickness—Thicknesses—The minimum wall thickness of the pipe
crestcrown shall meet the requirements given in Table 1 when measured in accordance with 9.4. The minimum wall thickness of
the valley and liner shall meet the requirements given in Table 2 when measured in accordance with 9.4.
7.2.4 Length—The pipe shall be supplied in any length agreeable to both the owner and the manufacturer. Length shall not be less
than 99 % of stated quantity when measured in accordance with 9.5.
7.2.5 Perforations—Perforations Circular perforations or slots shall be cleanly cut, placed in the valley of the corrugation rib, and
TABLE 1 Single Wall Pipe Stiffness and Pipe Dimensions
Minimum Minimum Pipe Minimum XS Pipe Minimum
Inside Stiffness at 5 % Stiffness at 5 % Crest
Diameter Deflection Deflection Thickness
in. mm lbs/in/in kPa lbs/in/in kPa in. mm
3 75 50 345 70 480 0.025 0.64
4 100 50 345 70 480 0.025 0.64
5 125 50 345 65 450 0.027 0.69
6 150 50 345 60 415 0.028 0.71
8 200 50 345 0.036 0.91
10 250 50 345 0.048 1.22
12 300 50 345 0.071 1.80
15 375 42 290 0.087 2.21
18 450 40 275 0.120 3.05
24 600 34 235 0.120 3.05
TABLE 1 Single Wall Pipe Dimension and Stiffness
Minimum Minimum Pipe SN
Minimum Crown
NID Inside Stiffness at 5 % Class
Thickness
Diameter Deflection
U.S.
Metric
Customary mm in. mm in. kPa psi
series
serie
50 2 49 1.92 0.50 0.0197 240 35 4
75 3 76 3.00 0.64 0.025 240 35 4
100 4 99 3.88 0.64 0.025 240 35 4
125 5 123 4.85 0.69 0.027 240 35 4
150 6 148 5.82 0.71 0.029 240 35 4
200 8 197 7.76 0.91 0.036 240 35 4
225 9 223 8.78 1.07 0.042 240 35 4
250 10 250 9.85 1.22 0.048 240 35 4
F2986 − 23
TABLE 2 Double Wall Pipe Stiffness and Pipe Dimensions
Minimum Minimum Pipe Minimum Minimum
Inside Stiffness at 5 % Valley Liner
Diameter Deflection Thickness Thickness
in. mm lbs/in/in kPa in. mm in. mm
3 75 50 345 0.025 0.64 0.020 0.5
4 100 50 345 0.025 0.64 0.020 0.5
5 125 50 345 0.027 0.69 0.020 0.5
6 150 50 345 0.028 0.71 0.020 0.5
8 200 50 345 0.036 0.91 0.024 0.6
10 250 50 345 0.048 1.22 0.024 0.6
12 300 50 345 0.071 1.80 0.035 0.9
15 375 42 290 0.087 2.21 0.040 1.0
18 450 40 275 0.120 3.05 0.051 1.3
24 600 34 235 0.120 3.05 0.060 1.5
TABLE 2 Double Wall Pipe Dimensions and Stiffness
Minimum Minimum Standard Minimum SN
Inside Minimum Valley Minimum Liner Pipe XS Class
NID
Diameter Thickness Thickness Stiffness at 5 % Pipe Stiffness at 5 %
Deflection deflection
U.S.
Metric
Customary mm in. mm in. mm in. kPa lbs/in./in. kPa lbs/in./in. Standard XS
series
series
50 2 48 1.90 0.64 0.025 0.05 0.020 345 50 485 70 6 9
75 3 75 3 0.64 0.025 0.05 0.020 345 50 485 70 6 10
100 4 95 3.74 0.64 0.025 0.05 0.020 345 50 485 70 6 10
125 5 125 5 0.69 0.027 0.05 0.020 345 50 450 65 6 8
150 6 145 5.71 0.71 0.028 0.05 0.020 345 50 450 65 6 8
200 8 195 7.68 0.91 0.036 0.6 0.024 345 50 415 60 6 8
225 9 229 5.82 1.07 0.042 0.6 0.024 345 50 415 60 6 8
250 10 245 9.65 1.22 0.048 0.6 0.024 345 50 415 60 6 8
300 12 295 11.61 1.80 0.071 0.9 0.035 345 50 380 55 6 7
375 15 369 14.54 2.21 0.087 1.0 0.040 290 42 310 45 5 6
400 16 392 15.43 2.49 0.098 1.1 0.045 283 41 303 44 5 6
450 18 443 17.45 3.05 0.120 1.3 0.051 275 40 297 43 5 6
500 20 490 19.92 3.05 0.120 1.4 0.055 265 39 280 41 5 6
525 21 517 20.36 3.05 0.216 1.5 0.060 260 38 276 40 5 6
600 24 588 23.15 3.05 0.120 1.5 0.060 235 34 262 38 5 6
675 27 665 26.18 3.3 0.130 1.5 0.060 195 28 . . . .
750 30 739 29.08 3.4 0.132 1.5 0.060 195 28 . . . .
800 32 785 30.91 3.8 0.150 1.6 0.063 180 26 . . . .
900 36 886 34.90 4.6 0.182 1.7 0.067 150 22 . . . .
1000 40 985 38.79 4.6 0.182 1.8 0.070 141 21 . . . .
1050 42 1034 40.72 4.6 0.182 1.8 0.071 140 20 . . . .
1200 48 1182 46.54 4.8 0.187 1.8 0.071 125 18 . . . .
1350 54 1330 52.36 4.8 0.187 2.0 0.079 110 16 . . . .
1500 60 1478 58.17 5.9 0.231 2.0 0.079 95 14 . . . .
uniformly spaced along the length and circumference of the pipe. Dimensions of the perforations and the minimum perforation
inlet area shall be as listed in Table 3. Other perforation dimensions and configurations shall be permitted, where required to meet
the needs of the specifier. All measurements shall be made in accordance with 9.6. Pipe connected by bell and spigot joints shall
not be perforated in the area of the bells and spigots. Perforations for aeration pipes shall be placed in the top 120° portion of the
pipe.
NOTE 3—For heap leach aeration pipe systems, the perforation open area will vary throughout the pipe run to achieve even distribution of the air through
the heap leach pile. Some non-perforated pipe is required as part of the air distribution manifold system.
7.2.6 Perforation covers—Perforations for aeration pipes must be protected from plugging with ore by a cover or hat as shown
in Fig. 3. This cover must permit air the be discharged through the openings between the corrugation valleys and the cover (or
“hat”). The covers are equal in thickness to the pipe couplings, are produced with resins compatible to the pipe, and welded at both
longitudinal ends to the corrugation crests by extrusion welding. Perforation covers shall be clearly marked (color, large lettering,
numbers) identifying the perforation pattern under it. Spacing of the perforations and covers are determined by the design engineer
(typically 2 meters apart).
7.2.7 Crown Marking—The perforated pipe shall have clear marking, such as a stripe, colored spots, etc., identifying the pipe
crown centered over the perforations.
F2986 − 23
TABLE 3 Perforation Dimensions
Type of Perforation
Minimum Inside Diameter Circular
Maximum Diameter Minimum Inlet Area
2 2
in. mm in. mm in /ft cm /m
3 75 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
4 100 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
5 125 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
6 150 0.187 4.75 1.0 20
8 200 0.256 6.25 1.0 20
10 250 0.315 8.00 1.0 20
12 300 0.375 10.0 1.5 30
15 375 0.375 10.0 1.5 30
18 450 0.375 10.0 1.5 30
24 600 0.375 10.0 2.0 40
TABLE 3 Perforation Dimensions
Type of Perforation Minimum Inlet Area
NID Circular Slots
Maximum Diameter Maximum Width Maximum Length
2 2
Metric Series U.S. mm in. mm in. mm in. cm /m in. /ft
Customary
Series
150 6 4.75 0.19 3 0.12 25 1.00 20 1.0
200 8 6.25 0.26 3 0.12 30 1.20 20 1.0
225 9 6.25 0.26 3 0.12 30 1.20 20 1.0
250 10 8.00 0.32 3 0.12 30 1.20 20 1.0
300 12 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 30 1.5
375 15 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 30 1.5
400 16 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 30 1.5
450 18 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 30 1.5
500 20 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
525 21 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
600 24 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
675 27 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
750 30 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
800 32 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
900 36 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
1000 40 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
1050 42 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
1350 54 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
1500 60 10.00 0.38 3 0.12 70 2.75 40 2.0
NOTE 4—For perforated pipe applications, the size of the embedment zone and permeability of the embedment material provide the desired level of
infiltration or inflow. The gradation and compaction of the embedment material shall be compatible with the perforation size to avoid embedment backfill
migration into the pipe.
7.3 Pipe Stiffness—Stiffness: The pipe shall have a minimum pipe stiffness at 5 % deflection for single wall and double wall as
shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively, when tested in accordance with 9.7. Two pipe stiffness classes, standard and XS, are
produced for 3 in.– 6 in. (75 mm through 150 mm) diameters in
...